高中英语语法词法知识讲解连系动词.doc

高中英语语法词法知识讲解-连系动词（即系动词）一、概念:连系动词(link verb)是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须后接表语(通常为名词或形容词)。二、特点:连系动词的功能主要是把表语（名词、形容词、某些副词、非谓词、介词短语、从句）和它的主语联系在一起，说明主语的属性、特征或状态。它有自己的但不完全的词义，不能在句中独立作谓语，必须和后面的表语一起构成句子的谓语。它是虚词。三、分类：系动词分类如下：1. 根据系动词后所跟结构，可以把英语系动词分为两大类：完全系动词(其后只能跟表语的动词，如be, seem)和半系动词(其后既可跟表语作系动词用法，也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用，如look) eg.He looked sad at the news.（“看起来”，系动词用法） He looked sadly at the boy.(“看着”，实义动词用法)2. 根据系动词的意义，我们把英语系动词分为几类：A感官系动词：表示“起来”，有feel(摸起来，感觉) , smell(闻起来) , sound(听起来) , taste(尝起来，吃起来) 等; 五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词。eg. This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布摸起来很软。He looks honest, but actually hes a rogue. 他看起来很老实，实际他是一个坏蛋。They all look alike to me. 他们的模样我看起来都一样。Everybody feels contented. 每个人都感到很满足。Ice feels cold. 冰感觉起来是凉的。Silk feels soft and smooth. 丝绸摸起来很柔软平滑。It sounds a good idea. 这听起来是个好主意。This food tastes good. 这菜好吃。(1) look“看起来像是”，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。(2) smell“闻起来”，sound“听起来”，taste“尝起来”等后接分词。eg.The apples taste very good.这些苹果很好吃。(3) feel“摸起来，给感觉”；“觉得”，后接adj./p.p. 。eg. You will feel better after a nights sleep.睡上一晚，你会觉得好些。B状态系动词：be，feel，taste，sound，smell。(1) be，“是”，属完全系动词。状态系动词：只有be一词。eg. I am a student.我是一个学生。She is always like that. 她总是那样。I am used to going about alone. 我习惯于独来独往。These shoes are too tight for me. 这双鞋我穿太小(2) seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。eg. They seem quite happy.他们似乎很快乐。(3) appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。eg. It appeared(to be)a true story.看来这是一个真实的故事。(5) prove “证明是”，半系动词，后接adj.n.。eg. The treatment proved to be successful.这种疗法证明是成功的。C.持续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand , continue等。eg.I hope youll keep fit. 我希望你身体好。He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。The door remained closed. 门仍然关着。We can remain friends. 我们可以继续做朋友。Please stay seated. 请继续坐着。He stayed single. 他仍然是单身。remain,“仍是”，半系动词。eg.I remained silent. 我仍然缄默。stay“保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.或过去分词。 D. 表像系动词：表示“看起来好像”，主要有seem, appear, look等。eg.He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) quite happy. 他好像很快活。The doctor seemed very capable. 那医生似乎很能干。 He appeared quite well. 他显得身体相当好。He appeared taken aback. 他似乎很吃惊。 She appeared perplexed. 她显得迷惑不解。E变化系动词(也叫动态系动词)：表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等。eg.He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 She had grown thinner and thinner. 她越来越瘦了。His cold was growing worse. 他的感冒越来越严重了。 Hes grown used to it. 他对此已经习惯。Shes growing fat. 她正在发胖。 When she saw this, she turned red. 她看到这，脸红了。His hair turned grey in a few weeks. 在几个星期中他头发就变灰白了。The milk will soon turn sour. 牛奶很快就会变酸。 Several people fell ill, victims of blood poisoning. 几个人生病了，都是血中毒的受害者。1. We get wiser as we get old. 随着年岁的增长，我们也变得聪明些了。 Your hair has gone quite white! 你的头发全白了! She went pale at the news. 听到这消息，她脸色变得苍白。 The children must not go hungry. 孩子们不能挨饿。 When I mentioned it to him he went red. 我对他提及此事时他脸红了。 He went mad. 他疯了(from )。become， get， grow， turn， fall， go， come， run都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。(1) get“变成，变得起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。The train didnt get going again.火车还没重新启动。 (2) fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词：asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat.eg. My father fell ill and died.我的父亲生病死了。(3) grow“渐渐变得起来，长得” eg. Its growing warm.天气渐渐暖和起来了。(4) turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。eg. Maple trees turn red in autumn.枫叶在秋天变红了。 He has turned writer.他已成为一个作家。(注意：此时writer之前无冠词a.)(5) go，“变成（某种坏的状态）” eg. The telephone has gone dead.电话不通了。 The tire went flat.轮胎瘪了。go之后常接的adj. 如：bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey, naked等。.(6) become“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）” eg.It became dark.天气晚了。/ They became good friends.他们成了好朋友。(7) come，“变成为（已知的状态），证实为”，后常接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语，表示状态或情况的变化。常接形容词：apart, dear（昂贵），natural, open, short, right（好了），unstuck（没有粘住），untied（松开）。eg. His wish to become a pilot has come true.他想当飞行员的愿望实现了。(8) run,“变成”，后接adj. eg.The well has run dry.这井已经变干了。 eg. The price ran high.价格上升了。(9) make，“达到某种状态后接形容词，如sure, certain, merry, bold, free eg. We must make certain of facts.我们一定要弄清事实。(10) 表示主语已终止动作(也叫终止系动词)，主要有turn out(结果是、证明是), prove表达证实，变成之意。：eg.His story proved false. 他讲的情况原来是假的。The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。His advice proved sound. 他的劝告证明是对的My intuition turned out to be correct. 我的直觉证明是对的。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果) . prove “证明是”，半系动词，后接adj.n.。eg. The treatment proved to be successful.这种疗法证明是成功的。F双谓语系动词：此类系动词既有系动词的功能，后接表语，又保留原实义动词本身的含义。eg.The run rose red.太阳升起红艳艳。He married young.他结婚很早。The window blew open.窗户吹开了。He continued silent.他继续沉默不语。四、归纳：下面归纳一下英语系动词的用法：连系动词基本用法:连系动词是表示不完全谓语关系的动词，它与其后的表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有be(是)，become(成为)，get(变成)，remain(还是)，seem(似乎是)，look(看上去)，feel(感觉)等。连系动词后的表语通常是名词和形容词，有时也可以是代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、从句等：eg.His English is excellent. 他的很棒。(跟形容词) He is a famous poet. 他是著名诗人。(跟名词)Money isnt everything金钱不是一切。(跟代词)She was the first to arrive她是第一个到达的人。(跟数词)Who is upstairs? 谁在楼上？(跟副词)He is with his friends. 他和朋友在一起。(跟介词短语)He seems to be ill. 他似乎病了。(跟不定式)Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(跟动名词)This is what you need. 这就是你需要的。(跟从句)五、连系动词使用应注意以下几点：1. 关于连系动词后接形容词或副词作表语: 连系动词后通常可接形容词作表语，一般不接副词。eg.误：His English is very well. 他的很好。(应将well改为good)误：Be carefully. 小心点。(应将carefully改为careful)误：The soup tastes nicely. 这汤味道不错。(应将nicely改为nice) He felt comfortably here. (应将comfortably改为comfortable)但是，有时连系动词后也可接副词作表语，不过这主要限于in, on, off, out, away, behind, up, down, over, through, around, round, below, inside, outside 等少数副词小品词以及here, there, upstairs, downstairs等少数表示地点或方位的副词：eg. Mother wasnt in last night. 母亲昨晚不在家。 The meeting was over at five. 会议五点结束。2.Come along. The taxi is outside. 来吧，出租车在外面。 Mother is downstairs waiting for you. 母亲在楼下等你。2. 关于连系动词后接不定式:(1) 连系动词be后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语：eg. My dream is to be a scientist. 我的梦想是当一名科学家。All I could do was to wait. 我只能等。My plan was to go from London to Paris. 我计划从伦敦去巴黎。I was to have seen Mr Kay. 我本要去见凯先生的。(2) seem, appear, prove, continue, turn out, get, grow, come 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是to be)作表语：eg. She always seems to be sad. 她常常显得很忧伤。My advice proved to be wrong. 我的意见证明是错的。She appears to have many friends. 他好像有很多朋友。The weather turned out to be fine. 天气结果很好。Circumstances continue to be favorable. 情况仍然是有利的。He has grown to like ing English. 他渐渐喜欢学了。【注】若所接不定式为to be，通常可以省略。不过，若其后接的是表语形容词，则to be通常不宜省略。另外，连系动词look后能否接to be似乎尚有争论，不过，在现代中接to be的现象已较普遍。(3) sound, smell, feel, taste, become等连系动词后通常不能接不定式：eg. 误：These oranges taste to be good. (应去掉to be) 误：The roses smell to be nice. (应去掉to be)(4) 有的连系动词后接的从句可用不定式来改写：eg. It seems that shes right. / She seems to be right. 她似乎是对的。It appears that you have made a mistake. / You appear to have made a mistake. 似乎你弄错了。3. 系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论。一般地说，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但是在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：(1)示一种短暂的、反常的状态。eg. He is being kind.他装出和蔼可亲的样子（一时而不能持久的性质）(2) 示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。eg. Are you feeling any better?（语气亲切）你感觉好了些吗？试比较：Your hand feels cold.（无意识的静态性质。）你的手摸起来冰凉。不可以说：Your hand is feeling cold.() 但可以说：The doctor is feeling her pulse.（有意识的动态动作）总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。我们在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。例如smell的用法可见一斑。smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can, could, be able to连用。eg. The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。 eg. The girl is smelling the flower.这姑娘正在闻那朵花。smell指“含有气味”，“发出气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。eg. The dinner smells good.这饭菜闻起来真香。4. 系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越”。 eg. He is growing taller and taller.他长得越来越高了。 Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活是越来越好了。 The things are getting worse.情况是越来越糟了。5. 所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。eg. 不能说：The apple is tasted good.（taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）但可以说：The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）因此，要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法，要注意区分、识别。6. 瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。eg.不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为：He has been a write since 3 years ago. 或It is two years since he turned writer.7. 系动词能接几种表语(从句)；系动词除了接adj.n.prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：3.(1)能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look (看起来), smell (闻起来), sound (听起来), feel (觉得), appear (显得), seem (似乎)。eg.It looks as if we are going to have snow.看样子天要下雪了。 It seems as if it were spring already.好像已是春天了。(2)可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如：eg. It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。It appeared that he was talking to himself.好像他在自言自语。(3) 能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.eg.Her job is to look after the children.她的工作是照料孩子们。 He seems not to look after the children.他好像不是她的父亲。(4) 能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem.eg.There appeared to be only one room.那儿好像只有一个房间。 There seems(to be)no need to go.似乎没有必要走。8能用两种否定形式的系动词有二个：seem, appear.,举例说明：eg.He seems not to be her father.= He doesnt seem to be her father.The baby doesnt appear to be awake.= The baby appears not to be awake.另taste(用于否定句I havent tasted meat for ages.我已有好久没吃过肉了。)9. 后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构能构成系表结构的系动词有两个：第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等)；第二个是get，口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。be + P.P常可以用get + P.P.来代替，但是并不是be系动词总是可以用get来代替。get + P.P.系表结构常用于以下两种情况：(1)表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。eg. Last night I got caught in the downpour.昨夜我被雨淋了（表示意想不到） The new car got scratched.新车给刮坏了。（表突发性）(2) 表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。eg.They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。另外，要注意区分系表结构与被动语态结构的用法。六、几组易混系动词的区别：系动词的区别主要从两个方面作比较，一是其意义，二是其结构。1. get, become, go, turn, grow: “变成”。get：“变得”口语。后接形容词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式作表语，但不能与名词直接连用。become：“变成，成为（人的情绪或身体状态的变化，或表示天气、社会的发展变化好坏情况均可，与get可以互换）。”后接形容词、名词、过去分词作表语，不能与不定式连用。become可接表示职业的带有定冠词的单或复数名词。注意：关于become和get：(1) become 和get主要指一个人暂时性的身心变化或永久性的自然变化。eg. become get angry, famous, fat, ill, old, well, deaf, strong, etc 生气，成名，发胖，得病，变老，痊愈，变聋，变强，等。(2) become 和 get 还可用于指天气的变化和社会的趋势：eg.Its becoming getting cold (dark, cloudy, etc). 天渐冷了(黑了，多云了等)。Divorce is becoming getting more common. 离婚现象越来越常见了。go：“变成（人的身体、精神或事物某种由好到坏的情况）”，后接形容词、过去分词、名词作表语表示消极意义。turn：“转变成”强调与原来不同的、新的变化，如变质、变色（颜色）等，与go互换。后接形容词、不带冠词的名词作表语，后不接不定式。可接无冠词的表示职业的单或复数名词或接表示一定时间、年龄的数量词。注意：关于go和come : (1) come 和 go 都可用作连系动词，表示事物状态的变化。eg. go bald (deaf, insane, etc) 发秃，变聋，发疯等。 The meats gone off (gone bad). 肉变味(变坏)了。The radios gone wrong. 收音机出毛病了。Her wish came true. 她的愿望实现了。 Everything came right. 一切顺利。Wrong never comes right. 错的永远不会变成对的。 Your shoe-laces have come undone. 你的鞋带散了。The package is about to come unwrapped. 那个包快散开了。The children went wild with excitement. 孩子们欣喜若狂。She went pale at the news. 听了这消息她脸色变得苍白。 He went mad in the end. 最后他疯了。Fish soon goes bad in hot weather. 大热天鱼很容易坏。 The children must not go hungry. 孩子们不应挨饿。4.(2) 两者之后所接形容词通常各有其特点，有时还可从好坏方面去区别：即 come 用于“好”的变化，go 用于“坏”的变化。eg.The meat has gone bad. 这肉变味了。 Things will come right. 一切会顺利地进行。Something has gone wrong with the radio. 这收音机什么地方出了毛病。Her dream has come true. 她的梦想实现了。(3) 表示人的生理变化通常用 go。eg. go blind 变瞎 /go deaf 变聋 /go grey 两鬓渐白(4) go还可用于人或事物颜色的变色，与turn用法相同：eg. She went turned blue with cold. 她冻得脸色发青了。 The rotten meat went turned green. 这块腐烂的肉变绿了。【注】 但是 go 一般不与 old, tired, ill 等连用，遇此情况要用其他连系动词：grow get old 变老，fall become ill (sick) 生病，get feel tired 疲劳。 go后接形容词通常表示的结果(见上例)，在个别搭配中也表示现状：go hungry 挨饿，go naked 光着身子 come 除表示向好的方面变化外，还有以下常见搭配值得注意：come untied 解开，come loose 变松，come undone 松开grow：“逐渐变得”，强调其变化过程。后接形容词、分词、不定式，不可直接跟名词。注意：关于grow : 主要表示逐渐变化，强调变化的过程。eg.It began to grow dark. 天色渐渐黑了。 The sea is growing calm. 大海变得平静起来。 The pollution problem is growing serious. 污染问题日见严峻。以上连系动词通常接形容词作表语，但有的还可接其他结构，如come, get, grow后可接不定式，become, turn后可接名词，get, grow后可接介词短语：eg.Youll soon grow to like her. 你很快就会喜欢她的。 Its becoming a serious problem它正在成为一个严重问题。The little plant grew into a tree. 幼苗长成了一棵树。 They went out of fashion years ago它们好多年前已变得不时新了。【注】turn后接名词时，往往表示意想不到的变化，名词前通常用零冠词：eg.He turned writer after he graduated from a medical college. 他从医学院毕业后当了作家。比较：He became a writer after graduating from college.2. look, seem, appear: “好像”三者作系动词时在意义上的区别：look：“好像，看起来”，一般用于非正式场合，侧重指从本身外表特征上由视觉得到的印象。seem ：“似乎，好像”，指说话人内心的估计与判断，有一定依据，接近于实际情况。appear：“显得，好像”，常用于正式文体中，指某事物或人给他人的表面印象，有时含有实质上并非如此之意。eg. He looks like his father. （指其长相看起来相像） He seems like his father. （指说话人从个性方面得到的判断）He appears like his father.（指他的外貌、衣着给他人的印象）3. keep, remain, stay“保持状态”keep系动词用时“保持状态”，后接adj.或介词短语其后常见:alive,awake,cheerful,silent,dry,well,fit,fine,close,clean,happy,firm in ones stand等。eg.I hope it will keep fine.我希望天气继续好下去。 Wed better keep in touch.我们最好保持联系。remain，系动词“仍然存在状态”，后接adj.、过去分词、名词或介词短语，强调某种状态前后无变化。eg.The door remained closed.门仍然关着。 Your room remains like this.你的房间依旧是这样子。stay，作系动词用时“保持状态”，后接形容词、分词。eg.That fellow stayed single.那个小伙子仍保持单身。The door stayed closed.门一直关着（无比较的持续状态）Its easy to stay hidden.躲起来很容易。 Please stay seated.请继续坐着。后常接的形容词有：calm, clean, fresh, healthy, tight, young, open, awake, still, warm, fine, as high as,常可与keep互换。eg. Stay/keep calm(clean, fine, healthy, awake等)4. look, sound, smell, taste, feel的用法特点:当这几个词用作连系动词的时候，它们的意思分别是“看起来”、“听起来”、“闻起来”、“尝起来”、“摸起来”，其用法特点如下：特点一: 通常以被感觉的东西作主语，虽有被动词味，但不用被动语态。eg.误：The material is felt nice. 这料子摸起来不错。(is felt 应改为feels) 误：The soup is tasted delicious. 这汤味道不错。(is tasted应改为tastes)特点二: 其后均可接介词 like。eg.This looks (tastes, smells, feels) like an orange. 这东西看起来(吃起来，闻起来，摸起来)像桔子。5.另外，taste和smell后还可接介词of，表示“有的味道”：It tastes smells of fish. 这东西有鱼的味道。特点三: 除look外均不用于进行时态(即使是look用于进行时态也不多见)。eg. You look are looking tired this evening. 今晚你好像很累。但是不说What you says is sounding reasonable.【注】feel 表示“感觉”可用于进行时：eg.How are you feeling now? 你现在感觉如何? Im feeling terrible. 我感到难受极了。另外，若以上动词用作实意动词，则可以用于进行时态： eg.He is tasting the pudding. 他在尝布丁。特点四: 除look外，均不能接 to be(即使是look后接to be也不多见)。eg. She looks (to be) the best person for this job. 她似乎是做这项工作的最佳人选。【注】feel 有时可表示“使人感觉起来”： eg. It feels cold in here. 这儿很冷。5. 系动词continue的用法: continue可用作连系动词，其后可接形容词、介词短语等。接形容词eg.He continued silent. 他继续沉默着。 We hope the weather will continue fine. 我们希望天气继续很好。It did not seem likely that he would continue long in that position. 他似乎不太可能长期留在这个职位。接介词短语eg.Mother continues in weak health. 母亲身体仍然很虚弱。He continues in good condition. 他的健康情况仍然良好。After his illness th