高中英语定语从句完美教案+改错.doc

学生姓名年级学科英语教师姓名授课时间：备课时间：课题：定语从句课时计划： 教学目标：同步教学知识内容教学方法与过程讲练结合难点：定语从句的用法重点：定语从句概念，作用，分类和用法一、什么是定语从句（attributive clause）? 定语从句是指在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在它修饰的先行词之后，在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做关系词。 I dont like the book（先行词）that I bought yesterday（定语从句）.二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 根据定语从句和先行词的语义关系把定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句与主句关系非常密切，通常没有逗号隔开。限制性定语从句在句中不可缺少，否则主句的意义将不完整。非限制性定语从句与主句关系较为松散，它只是对先行词的附加说明，即使省去也不影响主句的意义。例如：1） This is the best film that I have ever seen. (限制性定语从句)2） Last night I saw a very good film, which was about robots. ( 非限制性定语从句)三、定语从句的关系词定语从句的关系词按功能分为两类，一类为关系代词，在从句中充当主语和宾语；一类是关系副词，在从句中充当状语。详见下表： which : 指物, 在从句中可充当主语和宾语 关系代词 that : 既可指人也可指物, 成份同上 who : 主格, 指人, 在从句中可充当主语 whom : 宾格, 指人, 在从句中可充当宾语定语从句关系词 whose : 所有格, 既可指人也可指物, 充当从句中定语，指人有时也用of whom, 指物时也可用of which when : 在从句中充当时间状语 关系副词 where : 在从句中充当地点状语关系代词（1）最常用的关系代词是who, whom, whose, that和which。关系代词同时起了两个作用。它们可以像别的代词一样，可以代表一个名词，在定语从句中用作主语或宾语，同时，它们又起到了连词的作用，把主句和从句连接起来。如：1. Whats the name of the girl who just came in? 刚才进来的那位姑娘叫什么名字？2. Do you know the gentleman that spoke just now? 刚才发言的那位先生你认识吗？3. The train which has just left is for Xian.刚开的那列火车是开往西安的。4. He is a man whom we should learn from. 他是一个大家都应学习的人。5. You can take anything that you like. 你可以拿任何你喜欢的东西。【注】句1.2.3.中的关系代词who, that, which分别代表先行词girl, gentleman和train，同时引导了定语从句，在定语从句中做主语。句4.5.中关系代词whom和that分别代表先行词man和anything，同时引导了定语从句，在定语从句中作宾语。这些关系代词均起到了连词的作用，将主句和从句连接起来，构成了主从复合句。【注】限制性定语从句起到对被修饰词的限制作用，如句1.去掉定语从句who just came in，则主句whats the name of the girl就可能使对方觉得不明所指，有了这个定语从句，就特指刚进来的那位姑娘，而不是任何一位别的姑娘。再如句4.去掉定语从句后，主句Hes a man就显得毫无意义，有了定语从句，则限定了是我们应该学习的人，是一个具有模范性质的人，而不是别的性质的人。（2）限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，一般用关系代词who, whom, whose或that。在定语从句中做主语的一般用who或that，作宾语的一般用whom, who或that，作定语并具有物主性质的用whose。如：6. I dont like people who/that get angry easily. 我不喜欢容易发脾气的人。7. A scientist is a person who/that invents or discovers things. 发明或发现事物的人叫科学家。8. The students who/that had been watching started to applaud. 一直在一旁观看的学生开始鼓起掌来。9. Here is the man (whom/ who/ that) you want to see. 这就是你想见的人。10. I think one should stay faithful to the person to whom one is married.= I think one should stay faithful to the person (who/ that) one is married to.我觉得任何人应该忠诚于他所与之结婚的人。（上一句不能说to who/ that）11. Do you know the woman to whom she was talking?= Do you know the woman (who/ that) she was talking to?和她谈话的那个女人你认识吗？（上一句不说to who/that）12. Shes no longer the girl (that) she was five years ago. 她已不是五年前的她了。13. This is the girl whose wallet was stolen yesterday.这就是昨天钱包被偷的女孩。14. Is there anyone in your class whose home is the northeast?你班上有家在东北的人吗？【注】在定语从句中作宾语（动词或介词宾语）的关系代词在口语中常省略不用。在书面语中，如果介词位于关系代词前面，则应用whom（不能省），而不能用who或that，如果介词位于后面，则也可用who或that，但省略的情况更多些，如句9.10.11.。【注】当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，也一般省去，如句12.。【注】句13.中的whose的意思相当于her，但不能用her，因为her没有连词的功能。句14.中whose引导的定语从句修饰anyone，而不是修饰class，用whose而不用his是为了连接主从复合句。（3）限制性定语从句如果修饰物，用关系代词that或which，作宾语时可以省去。作宾语时，如果介词位于关系代词之前，则用which（不能省去），而不用that，（关系代词that既能代人，又能代物）。如：15. Dont buy potatoes that/which are green. 不要买青土豆。16. The fish (that /which) they sell are not fresh.他们卖的鱼不新鲜。17. The tool with which he is working is called a saw.= The tool (that/ which) he is working with is called a saw.他干活用的那个工具叫锯子。（不说 with that）18. What is the question about which they are talking?= What is the question (that/ which) they are talking about? 他们正在讨论的是什么问题？19. Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有什么事（要我做）吗？20. All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的事都已做了。【注】当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，绝大多数情况下都是省略的，特别是在口语中。【注】当先行词（即被修饰词）是不定代词时，关系代词用that，而不用which。正如上面所分析：who指人，在定语从句中一般做主语。Do you know the man who is speaking to your father? 你认识和你爸爸讲话的那个人吗？（定语从句修饰先行词the man，who在定语从句中作is speaking的主语）This is the stranger who helped us yesterday. 这是昨天帮助我们的那个陌生人。She is the girl who works hard at maths. 她就是那个努力学习数学的女孩。whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可以省略。He is the man (whom) we just talked about.他就是我们刚才谈论的那个人。The boy (whom) we met in the street yesterday is my classmate.我们昨天在大街上遇到的那个男孩是我的同学。whose既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语修饰它后面的名词。This is the girl whose father is a policeman.这就是那个爸爸是警察的女孩。They live in a house whose windows face south.他们住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。作宾语时可以省略。Physics is a subject which is very difficult to learn. 物理是一门很难学的科目。（在定语从句中做主语，不能省略）Apples are the fruit (which) she likes best. 苹果是她最喜欢的水果。that既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。She is the woman that we saw in the bookshop.她是我们在书店见到的那名妇女。We like programs that are very interesting.我们喜欢有趣的节目。关系副词when、where、why引导定语从句时，既起连接作用，又在定语从句中充当状语。When指时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语。如：1. I still remember the day when I first came to Dalian.我仍然记得第一次来大连那天的情景。2. He told me the date when he joined the party.他告诉了我他入党的时间。3. They stayed with me for three weeks when they drank all the wine I had.他们和我一起住了三个星期，在那三周里，把我所有的葡萄酒都喝光了。where指地点、在定语从句中充当地点状语。如：4. This is the house where we lived when we were young. 这就是我们小时候住的房子。5. This is the village where I grew up. 这就是我长大的那个村庄。6. Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake. 杭州是个有一个美丽的湖泊的城市。Why指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。如：7. I know the reason why he was late for the meeting. 我知道他开会迟到的原因。8. Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation? 你知道他拒绝应邀的原因吗？9. That is the reason why Ive changed so much. 那就是我变化这么快的原因。【注】如果先行词是表示时间或地点的名词，不能就一律断定要用关系副词when或where，务必要看引导词在从句中作什么成分，如果作状语，用关系副词，如做主语或宾语要用关系代词。如：10. Ill never forget the time when we worked together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起工作的时光。 （work是不及物动词，when在定语从句中作状语，故用关系副词。）11. Ill never forget the time (which/that) we spent together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起渡过的时光。 （spend是及物动词，which/that在定语从句中作宾语，故用关系代词，也可以省略。）12. This is the factory where he worked before. 这是他以前工作过的工厂。 （work是不及物动词，where在定语从句中作状语。）13. This is the factory which/that he visited before. 这是他以前参观过的工厂。 （visit是及物动词，which/that在从句中作宾语，亦可省略。）【注】同理，当reason做先行词时，也需注意其引导词在从句中作什么成分，不能断定一概用why来引导。如：14. The reason why I was absent yesterday was that I was ill. 我昨天缺席的原因是我生病了。（定语从句中缺状语，表示原因，故用关系副词why）15. The reason that he explained for his being late was that he had missed the early bus.他所解释的迟到的原因是他误了头班汽车。 （explain是及物动词，that在从句中作其宾语）四、选择关系词的诀窍通常来说,选择关系词的诀窍是：1） 判断是否为定语从句A定语从句一定要有先行词，否则不是定语从句，例如，Put the book where it is. 在此where引导的是地点状语从句，因为它没有指地点的先行词，所以不是定语从句。但很多同学会用in which来代替where, 是错把此句当定语从句看。试比较：Put the book to the place where it belongs.（此句where引导的定语从句修饰先行词the place）B定语从句为主从复合句，切莫把并列句当定语从句而使用关系词，例如， Many students got high marks this time, but only few of _ are boys. a. who b. whom c. them d. which许多学生错选答b. whom，错误在于此句有并列连词but，因此应选答c. them。 试比较：Many students got high marks this time, only few of whom are boys.2） 找出从句中缺少什么成份，再判断是指人还是指物，或指时间还是地点，据此以选择关系词，如：This is the place where I once worked for five years.This is the place that I visited a few days ago.A句用where是因为结合先行词来看从句缺少地点状语，而B句用that是因为结合先行词来看从句却少指物的宾语。3） 有时可采取这样的办法，即把从句和先行词连接起来，如果可连接且不缺任何成份，则选关系代词；如果不可直接连接而需补充其它词，则用关系副词，如：AI will never forget the days when we played and studied together.BI will never forget the days that we spent together.A句用when是因为，当我们把从句和先行词the days连接时，必需加上介词on方能连接，We played and studied together on the days.B句用that是因为，从句和先行词the days可以直接连接，而不需补充任何词，We spent the days together.五、特殊关系词引导的定语从句1）关系代词as关系代词as通常用在如下一些句型中：A As is known to all/As you know , paper was first made in China. (as在从句中作宾语，指代整个主句的含义，有“正如-”之意) 比较：It is known to all/You know that paper was first made in China. 注意：which也有类似用法，然而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首，而as引导的定语从句可放在句首，也可在句末，例如： Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course , made the others unhappy.awho bwhich cthis dwhat （本题为2000年高考题，选B）I have the same trouble as you (have). 不过，当先行词被same修饰，且指“同一物品”时要用that。如： She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday. C He is such a kind person as is always ready to help others. 2）关系副词why关系副词why（可由for which替代 ）通常跟在先行词the reason后引导定语从句，表示“-的原因”。例如： The reason why he was late is that he helped an old man on his way to school.注意比较：The reason that he gave to the teacher is unreasonable.六、指物时特定条件下which和that的选择、定语从句中宜用that，不宜用which的情况在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that，而不宜用which的情况。被修饰的先行词为不定代词，如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等。如：As we all know, all that can be done has been done. 正如我们大家所知，一切能做的事都做了。“Is there anything (that) I can do for you?” he asked me.We should do all that is useful to the people.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。Theres nothing that can be said about it.有关这件事，已没什么可说的。Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?你指的是昨天买的那个吗？先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very等词修饰时。如：This is the only dictionary (that) the student has. 那位学生只有这一本辞典。All the plans that will be discussed at the meeting are very important.会上将要讨论的所有计划都是很重要的。The only thing that we could do was to wait.我们惟一能做的事就是等待。You can take any seat that is free. 任何空位子你都可以坐。Thats the very word that is wrongly used. 那正被用错的词。先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。如：He was the first that gave us some useful advice. 他是第一个给我们提出有用建议的人。It is the first letter that I have written in French.这是我用法语写的第一封信。When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.当我们谈起无锡时，首先想到的就是太湖。This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.这是我校本学期放映的第三部片子。先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。Do the best (that) you can do. 你要尽力而为。This is the best that can be done now.这是现在能做的最好的办法。The most important thing that should be done now is how to stop him from going on.现在最重要的是如何阻止他继续下去。先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不合适，这时宜用that。They talked about the things and people that they saw in that country.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known.你刚谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。The bike and its rider that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.碰倒了一位老年妇女的那辆自行车连人一起被警察扣留了。被修饰词为数词时。如：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 昨天我捉到了两条鱼，把它们放在一盆水里。你可以看到那两条鱼还活着呢。如有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that，以避免语言的单词或重复。Do you know who is the man that said hello to us just now? 你知道刚才和我们打招呼的人是谁吗？Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.爱迪生办了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词。 They are no longer the men that they used to be.他们不再是从前那样的人了。Theres still a seat in the corner that is still free. 角落里仍有一个空位子。被修饰成分为表语，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。Thats a good book that will help you a lot.这是本对你很有帮助的书。My home village is no longer the place (that) it used to be. 我的故乡已不再是过去的那个面貌了。that可用作关系副词代替when that有时可用来代替when，引导一个定语从句，修饰表示时间的名词如day, time, moment等。如：I arrived here the day (when/ that) he left.我是在他离开的那天到这儿的。October 1, 1949 was the day when/that the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。He worked hard the whole time (when/that) he lived here. 他住在这里的整个时间工作都很努力。He hurried into the airport the moment (when/that) the plane was about to take off. 飞机正要起飞的时候他赶到了飞机场。He went hunting in the mountains most of the time (when/that) he had his holidays here.他在这儿度假的大部分时间是在山区打猎。、定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况：这里我们讨论一下定语从句中宜用which，而不宜用that指代物的情况。当关系代词前面有介词时。 A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.动物园是展览各种动物的公园。Is this the room in which Mr. White lives? 这就是White先生住的房间吗？在非限制性定语从句中。Crusoes dog, which was now very old, became ill and died. 克鲁索的狗，现在已经很老，病死了。More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country.越来越多的人开始学英语，这种情况我们国家相当普遍。在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that，另一个宜用which。Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我来给你看我从新开放的图书馆里借的一本小说。At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.我在车站买了几本杂志，这些杂志有助于我在 车上消磨时间，而且，我看完之后，还可以给别人看。当关系代词后面带有插入语时。Here is the English grammar which, as have told you, will help improve your English.这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。、定语从句中宜用who而不宜用that的情况先行词为one, ones, anyone或those时。The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.我要学习的那位同志是位学习勤奋、工作出色的同志。Anyone who failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.凡是昨天没来开会的人必须陈述理由。Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once.不称职的人应该马上辞职。I dont like the ones (= those) who talk big. 我不喜欢那些说大话的人。在There be结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人。Theres a gentleman who wants to see you.有位先生想要见你。There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses. 我们班上还有好多学生对定语从句的用法仍没有把握。当先行词有较长的后置定语时。 I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.昨天下午我在公园里遇到一位汉语说得很好的外国人。一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个则宜用who，以免重复。 The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard. 昨天在会上受到表扬的学生是位谦虚好学的班长。、“one of the+复数名词”后的定语从句中谓语单复数情况：1）one of the + 复数名词这一结构后面的定语从句中的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如：That is one of the books that are required for study at school. 那是学校里要求学生学习的书籍之一。This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990.这是自1990年以来出版的最精彩的小说之一。She is one of the few persons who know Spanish. 她是懂得西班牙语的少数几个人中的一位。This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties.这是30年代写的最著名的剧本之一。2）如果one of the + 复数名词这一结构前面带有定冠词或the only之类的限定语，后面定语从句中的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是the one或the only one，而不是那个复数名词。如：He is the one of the teachers who knows French in our school. 他是我校教师中惟一懂法语的人。（修饰the one）试比较：He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.他是我校懂法语的教师之一。（修饰the teachers）This is the only one of the rooms that is free now.这是这些房间中惟一没人住的一间。（修饰the only one）试比较：This is one of the rooms that are free now. 这是目前没人住的房间之一。（修饰rooms）七、避免从句中出现与关系代词意义重复的词要对学生强调关系词本身在从句中充当一定的成份，而避免出现重复词。常见错误：1）The book which you want to buy it is sold out. （which指代the book，it为重复词） 2）The house where he lives in is very large.（where指代in the house, in为重复词）八、如何区分定语从句与同位语从句许多学生容易混淆that引导的定语从句和that引导的同位语从句。分析要点是：定语从句的连词that一定要在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语的成份，而同位语从句的连词that只起连接作用而不充当任何成份。例如：1）We have to accept the fact that they told us just now.在这里that引导定语从句并充当从句的宾语。2）They have to come to terms with the fact that they have lost the chance of winning.本句中that从句为fact的同位语从句，that在此不充当任何成份。九、如何区分定语从句和强调句型结构 很多学生考试时容易把定语从句和强调结构混淆，尤其是强调句子的状语时。要点：可以采取删除法，即把强