高考阅读理解细节理解题的解题步骤和方法.doc

高考阅读理解细节理解题的解题步骤和方法 细节理解题.是高考英语阅读理解最重要的一类题型。根据我的分类，所有的阅读理解题型按照答案在文中出现的位置和形式不通，可以分为细节理解和主旨大意两大类，而前一类在整个题量当中大概会占到80%甚至以上的比例。一、细节理解题的分类细节理解题的答案往往不是文章中的细节在选项中的简单重复，而是根据文中的细节经过合理的推理或转化得出的。1同样，按照答案在原文中出现的位置，细节理解题可以分为集中型细节理解题和分散型细节理解题。（1）集中型：就文章的单个细节提问，答案在原文中出现的位置一般也位于单句话或几句话中。因为具体细节不同，出题形式千变万化，因题而异。如：【2010江苏】57. According to the passage, the ancestors of the Potter family most probably【2010上海】70. As is mentioned in the card, the limitation of the research paper mainly lies in that（2）分散型：题目涉及到文章某一段或几段，甚至贯穿全文的各个位置，需要考生寻找文章中的多个细节。请注意，分散型细节理解题并不意味着题目的正确答案出现在文章的不同位置，正确答案往往也是关于文章的某一个句子或细节。只是说文章的干扰选项是关于不同的细节，需要我们在定位的时候阅读某一个区域。分散型细节理解题常见的出题方式有：Which of the following is not true?We can learn/infer from the passage thatWhich of the following is NOT mentioned about ?也有因题而异的，有些看似集中的其实也分散在文中，需要考生仔细定位。如：【2010江苏】61. Some people are against killing wolves because .原文所陈述的原因有很多段，而并不是单个的句子。2. 就题目形式而言，细节理解题的表现形式是多种多样的，最常见的有：（1）文章细节：针对文中细节直接提问（2）指代判断：判断文中某个代词或特定词组的指代关系（3）图表数据：对题目中的图标和数据进行简单的计算（4）词义猜测：推测文中某个词或词组的含义（5）顺序排列：选择文中细节出现的正确的时间顺序或逻辑顺序（6）态度目的：作者在文中引入某个细节的目的，或对某个细节或细节人物的态度二、 细节理解解题方法三大法宝： 顺序原则、定位词、排除法1. 把握解题的顺序原则。一般来说隐含题目答案的位置与题目的顺序是一致的，这能帮助我们缩小寻找范围，大大提高效率。我们做题时可以采用采用步步为营法，看一题做一题。【2010广东】CFood sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly,51题答案 The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.52题答案Certain microorganisms (微生物) cause most types of food poisoning. 53题答案 Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things release (释放) poisons that make people sick.Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning.53题答案 They are often added to food while it is being grown, processed, or prepaid. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. 53题答案 These includecertain kinds of seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with ditty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from gnawing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat raid mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.54题答案Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.51. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Food when poisoned can make people sick.B. Food poisoning means death.C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.D. Food poisoning can be serious.52. We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning .A. are always accompanied by a feverB. are too common to be notedC. can be noticed within hoursD. can be ignored53. Food poi soning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT .A. some chemicalsB. low temperturesC. some tiny living things D. certain natural materials54. From Paragraph 5, we can learn thatA. mushrooms should not be eatenB. vegetables are safer than meat and seafoodC. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicalsD. different types of food should be handled differently55. It can be inferred from the passage thatA. natural materials are safe in food processingB. chemicals are needed in food processingC. food poisoning can be kept under controlD. food poisoning is out of control该篇文章除了最后一题是主旨大意题外，其他都是细节理解题，而且答案位置的先后顺序与题号顺序是基本一致的。2. 通过定位词寻找出题点定位词和主题句是英语阅读理解解题方法的最重要的两个要素，前者适用于解答细节理解题，后者用于解答主旨大意题。通过定位词解题，就是说我们在阅读题干的时候迅速的把题干中有标记意义的词或词组划记出来，然后用这个词回到原文当中定位。（1）什么词才算是定位词呢？我们首先要关注的是表示人名、地名等的专有名词和表示年份、数字、百分数等的数词，以及题干中出现的大写的名词。如【2010辽宁】64. According to California study, the low-scoring group might .【2010全国卷II】51. Why are some Chinese likely to go skiing in the Europe?【2010辽宁】61. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York?【2010全国I】61. How did Christy McKinley know Ms. Schatzmans opinion of the chi tea?【2010山东】57. D was created for .【2010湖南】62, We can know that before 1995 Mary .【2010四川】46. What is an advantage of the buildings meeting the Green Communities Standards?在上面的例子当中，表示地名的California, New York, Europe；表示人名的 Christy McKinley, Ms. Schatzman，表示时间的1995 以及大写的特殊专有名词D, Green Communities Standards等都是定位词，在原文当中都有出现，能帮助我们迅速地找找到出题点。可是我们不一定每次都运气好碰到专有名词等，在没有上面这些类词的时候我们需要留意一些表示实体意义，指代一件具体事物的具象的名词。如：【2010广东】48. When your colleague brings about a problem, you should .【2010江苏】56. Which of the following do the surnames in the passage NOT cover?【2010全国I】56. Where is the nearest parking place to Shakespeares Birthplace?【2010全国I】66. Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes?如果我们在题干中连一个实体名词都找不到的话应该怎么办呢？这时我们还可以关注题干中词义鲜明的动词、形容词、副词等。但是因为动词、形容词、副词的同义表达太多，题干中这些词往往是原文中的同义表达或转化，需要引起我们的注意。这个我们在下文中还会专门提到。请看下面一个用形容词、副词作定位词的例子：【2010上海】67. Indian elephants are getting increasingly angry and they revenge because在原文中我们可以找到对应的句子：Increasingly, the Indian elephant is angry: for many years, illegal hunters have attacked it and its home in the jungle has been reduced to small pieces of land. It is now fighting back.在找定位词的时候，请同学们注意以下几点：（1）文章中反复出现的专有名词是全文描述对象的中心，没有唯一出处，所以不能算是定位词。我们如果发现大部分题干中都有这个专有名词的，就应该排除它作为定位词的可能。如：【2010全国II】A篇（文章略）41. What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family?A. Look at them sadly.B. Keep them company.C. Play games with them.D. Touch them gently.42. We can infer from Paragraph 2 that Brownie_.A. world eat anything when hungryB. felt sorry for her mistakeC. loved playing hide-and-seekD. disliked the authors dad43.Why does the author say that Brownie was more than just a family pet?A. She was treated as a member of the family.B. She played games with anyone she liked.C. She was loved by everybody she met.D. She went everywhere with the family.44. Some people got frightened by Brownie when she_.A. smiledB. barkedC. rushed to themD. tried to be funny45.Which of the following best describes Brownie?A. ShyB. PoliteC. BraveD. Caring我们发现，这篇文章的每一个题目的题干中都有Brownie, 因此Brownie不是定位词。这也是在上面讲第一类首选定位词的时候给出例子里全国卷I的56、66两题不把hoatzinsShakespeares Birthplace 当做定位词的原因。他们虽然是特殊名词或专有名词，但是在文中反复出现，没有定位价值。（2）大多数时候我们选择的定位词都是名词，因为名词的可替代性相对较低，容易找到唯一出处。但是我们所找的名词要尽量是实体名词，也就是能指代一件具体事物的名词。一般来说，下面两类名词都不可取。a. 抽象词。如opinion, idea, result, information, role, effect, trend, theory等等。b. 言语词。如statement, argument, comment, response, reaction, enquiry, answer，reason等等。如：【2010江苏】60. According to the passage, some people in North America favor killing wolves for all the following reasons EXCEPT that .文章所叙述的地区正是 North America , 因此在这个题干中 North America 不能算是定位词。那么reason算不算呢，它是一个言语词，在文章当中通常也是不出现的，不能算是定位词。（3）并不是所有的我们在题干中找到的定位词在原文中都会对应出现，有些情况下，原文中出现的只是题干定位词的转换形式。在这种情况下，划出定位词并在脑中留下印象也有利于我们在浏览文章是迅速发现文中定位词的对应形式，从而找到题目答案的位置。一般来说，定位词的转换有下面几种形式：a. 同义改写。题干将原文中的词或词组换成另外的词或者词组，词性和结构不变，意义相近。如：【2010全国II】A篇When I was six, Dad brou ght home a dog one day, who was called “Brownie”, My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things with her. One of us would walk her, another would feed her ,then there were baths, playing catch and many other games . Brownie, in return, loved each and every one of us. One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them. We always felt better when she was around.41. What would Brownie do when someone was ill in the family?A. Look at them sadly.B. Keep them company.C. Play games with them.D. Touch them gently.这里原文中的sick 被转换成了题干中的ill。【2010广东】A篇When I was growing up in America, I was ashamed of my mothers Chinese English. Because of her English, she was often treated unfairly. People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.41. Why was the authors mother poorly served?A. She was unable to speak good English.B. She was often misunderstood.C. She was not clearly heard.D. She was not very polite.我们发现原文中的treated unfairly 与题干中的 poorly served 意义相近，因此在浏览文章的时候就能够注意到treated unfairly ，并在这个定位词附近寻找正确答案。【2010江苏】D篇But the key issue is really moneyChina is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan ondomestic railway expansion68According to the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is Atechnical issuesBsafety of the systemCfinancial problemsDmaintenance of railway tracks这里文章中的名词词组 key issue 转换成了题干中的 greatest challenge, 意义相近.【2010陕西】B篇Tuesdays Daily News said 29-year who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Saturday.51. What did Duret do shortly after the ambulance came?A. He was interviewed by a newspaperB. He asked his girlfriend for his dry clothesC. He went to the hospital in the ambulanceD. He disappeared from the spot quickly这里文章中的quickly 转化成了题干中的shortlyb.转变词性与结构: 题干定位词并不一定与原文中相关词的词性和结构形式一致，而是做了一定的概括与总结。如将名词词组转化为意思相近的动词、形容词等等。【2010江西】 CConfucius suggested Rule as a principle for the conduct of life: “Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you.” He assumed that all men were equal at birth, though some potential than others, are that it was knowledge that set men apart. Socrates focused on individual, and thought that the greatest purpose of man was to seek wisdom. He believed that some had more potential to develop their reason than others did. Like Confucius, he believed that the superior class should rule the inferior(下层的)classes.66. What made some people different from others according to Confucius?A. FamilyB. PotentialC. KnowledgeD. Community我们发现文章中的set men apart 即有题干中的different 之意。这里将一个动词词组转化成为一个形容词。因此看题干的时候如果划出了定位词different（Confucius 在文中反复出现）就容易让我们定位到set men apart 这里来。我们已经了解了怎样在阅读题干是找出其中的定位词，现在让我们用高考真题来演练一下定位词是如何帮助我们迅速解决细节理解题的。【2010江苏】D篇It11 be a win-win project. For other countries，the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for business，tourism and so on，not to mention the better communication among those countries.For China，such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources，but would also help develop Chinas far westWe foresee that in the coming decades，millions of people will migrate to the western regions，where the land is empty and resources unusedWith high-speed trains，people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11And they11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries67Chinas new high-speed railway plan will be a win-win project because AChina will get much-needed resources and develop its western regionsBChina and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various waysCChina will develop its railway system and communication with other countriesD the foreign countries involved will develop their railway transportation，business and tourism我们发现题干中的引号处的“win-win project”是一个特色比较鲜明的名词，对应到文章中马上找到原词。根据后面的for other countries 和 for China 我们可以发现，中国的高速铁路计划应该是对外国和中国双方都是十分有利的。因此本题的正确选项应该为B选项。【2010湖南】A篇HOW TO TAKE LIPITORDO：Take Lipitor as prescribed by your doctorTry to eat heart-healthy foods while you take LipitorTake Lipitor at any time of day, with or without foodIf you miss a dose(一剂)，take it as soon as you rememberBut if it has been more than 12 hours since your missed dose，waitTake the next dose at your regular timeDont：Do not change or stop your dose before talking to your doctorDo not start new medicines before talking to your doctor58. If it has been over 12 hours since you missed a dose, you should.A. change the amount of your next doseB, eat more when taking your next doseC. have a dose as soon as you rememberD. take the next dose at your regular time这是一篇药品说明书，我们在58题的题干中发现了一个很典型的表示时间的定位词 12 hours, 对应到文中我们知道如果漏服了一剂药超过十二个小时以后应该在下一次正常服药的时候服一次药即可。因此这里应该选择D选项。【2010全国II】A篇Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet, she went everywhere with us .People would stop and ask if they could pet her. Of course shed let anyone pet her. She was just the most lovable dog. There were many times when wed be out walking and a small child would come over and pull pm her hair. she never barked(吠) or tried to get away. Funny thing is she would smile. This frightened people because they thought she was showing her teeth. Far from the truth, she lovely everyone.44. Some people got frightened by Brownie when she_.A. smiledB. barkedC. rushed to themD. tried to be funny这个题目的题干中我们只能找到动词frightened 有可能充当定位词。在文中我们浏览frightened 所在的前一句和后一句发现，Brownie是因为“微笑”的时候露出牙齿才吓到别人的，所以本题应该选择A选项。请注意：离散型细节理解题的解题步骤和技巧基本上与集中型是一致的，但是离散型细节理解题在题干中除了告知特定的目标段落之外，往往找不到定位词。这就需要我们在题干找不到定位词时，迅速的浏览一下选项，在选项中找到定位词。例如：【2010山东】C篇Rae Armantrout, who has been a poetry professor at the University of California San Diego(UCSD) for two decades, has won the 2010 Pulitzer Prize in the poetry category for her most recent book, “Versed”.“Im delighted and amazed at how much media recognition that the Pulitzer brings, as compared to even the National Book Critics Award, which I was also surprised and delighted to win,” said Armantrout.“For a long time, my writing has been just below the media radar, and to have this kind of attention, suddenly, with my 10th book, is really surprising.”Armantrout, a native Californian, received her bachelors degree at UC Berkeley, where she studied with noted poet Denise Levertov, and her masters in creative writing from San Francisco State University. She is a founding member of Language Poets, a group in American poetry that analyzes the way language is used and raises questions to make the reader think.In March, she won the National Book Critics Circle Award for “Versed.”“This book has gotten more attention,” Armantrout said, “but I dont feel as if its better.”The first half of “Versed” focuses on the dark forces taking hold of the United States as it fought the war against Iraq. The second half looks at the dark forces casting a shadow over her own life after Armantrout was diagnosed with cancer in 2006.Armantrout was shocked to learn she had won the Pulitzer but many