高中英语动词分类知识点.docx

一、动词概况1. 动词(verb)是表示动作或状态的词。1)表示动作：swim游泳；push推2)表示状态：have有；be是2. 英语动词有时态、语态、语气等形式上的变化。二. 动词的分类1. 谓语动词和非谓语动词从是否能充当句子中的谓语来看，动词有谓语动词和非谓语动词两大类。1) 谓语动词有人称和数的变化。如：He is a tractor driver.他是一个拖拉机手。Facts are more eloquent than words.事实胜于雄辩。We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。An apple falls by the force of gravitation.地心吸力使苹果落地。2) 非谓语动词非谓语动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种，在句子里都不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。如：I am pleased to meet you.我很高兴与你相识。(动词不定式)Smoking is harmful to the health.吸烟对身体有害。(动名词)I heard them singing the Internationale。我听见他们唱国际歌。(现在分词)Spoken words are often more powerful than writing.语言往往比文字更有力。(过去分词)2. 实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词从其含义来分，动词有实义动词(notional verb)，连系动词(link verb)，情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。1) 实义动词实义动词有完全的词义，并能独立作谓语动词。如：The sun shone brightly this morning.今天早晨阳光灿烂。He likes to go for a long walk on sun days.他喜欢星期日出去作长距离散步。We have a big TV set in the club.我们俱乐部有台大电视机。2) 连系动词连系动词在句中作谓语动词，后面跟表语。英语连系动词有be(是)，seem(似乎)，look(看来)，keep(保持)，become(变成)，get(变得)，grow(变得)，feel(感到)，turn(变得，变成)，appear(显得)，remain(仍旧是)等。如：It is never too late to mend.改过不嫌晚。It was a close game.那场球赛比分很接近。The children in this nursery look very healthy.这个托儿所的孩子看起来都非常健康。Keep quiet，please!请安静!，The tape recorder seems all right.这台录音机好像没有毛病。Later he became a doctor.他后来成为一名医生。The problem remained unsolved until last year.问题到去年才解决。注一下面句子中的come和go也是连系动词。如：The old mans dream has come true.这位老人的梦想实现了。Something has gone wrong with the truck.卡车出毛病了。注二 有些连系动词如seem, appear等后面常跟to be。如：The new text seems to be easy，but actually it is rather difficult.这篇新课文好像很容易，其实相当难。She appears to be the girls sister.她似乎是那女孩的姐姐。3) 情态动词情态动词有can (能)，may (可以，也许)，must(必须)等，表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。4) 助动词助动词有shall，will，have，be，should，would， do等。它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式，以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词。3. 及物动词和不及物动词从是否能直接跟宾语来分，实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。1) 及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。How long can I keep the book ?Harry asked.哈里问：这本书我可以借多久?Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。2) 不及物动词本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如：Birds fly.鸟会飞。It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三；年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。3) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：a) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)b) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?4) 与汉语的比较有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如：We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较：We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务。4. 短语动词动词常和某些其他词类用在一起，构成固定词组，形成所谓短语动词(phrasal verb)。和动词一样，短语动词也可分为及物和不及物两种。短语动词可以作为一个整体看待，同一般动词一样使用。1) 动词 + 介词这类短语动词用作及物动词，后面须跟宾语。如：The small boy insisted on going with his parents.那男孩坚持要跟父母一起去。Do you often listen to broadcasts in English? 你常听英语广播吗?Look at the children. Arent they lovely?看着这些孩子们。他们多么可爱呀!We stand for self-reliance.我们是主张自力更生的。这一类的短语动词还有很多，如depend on (upon)(依*)，wait on (服侍)，look for (寻找)，deal with(对待)，look after(照料)，wait for(等待)等。2) 动词+副词这类短语动词有的用作及物动词，有的用作不及物动词。如：I always get up as soon as the bell rings. 我总是一打铃就起床。(不及物)Look out，theres a car coming! 当心，来汽车了!(不及物)Have you handed in your exercises already? 你已经交练习了吗?(及物)Please dont forget to put on your coat；its cold outside.请不要忘记穿外衣，外面很冷。(及物)这一类的短语动词还有很多，及物如 put out (扑灭)， eat up (吃光)，put down(放下)；不及物如set off (出发)，come up(走近)，go on(继续)。注一动词+副词这类短语动词和上面第一类动词 + 介词的不同之处在于：动词+ 介词用作及物动词，后面须跟宾语。动词 + 副词则有的及物，有的不及物；用作及物动词而宾语为人称代词或自身代词时，副词往往放在宾语之后。如：Please wake me up at five tomorrow.请在明天早上五点唤醒我。If you have done your exercises，please hand them in.如果你们练习做完了请交来。She doesnt normally behave like that；shes putting it on.她通常并不如此表现，她是装出来的。注二这类短语动词有不少可兼作及物和不及物动词用。如：He took off his hat when he entered the office.他进办公室后脱下帽子。(及物)The plane took off at seven sharp.飞机在七点整起飞。(不及物)Charlie rang up Neil to ask about the time of the meeting.查理打电话给尼尔问开会的时间。(及物)If you cant come，please ring up and let us know.你如来不了，请来电话告诉我们一声。(不及物)3) 动词 + 副词 + 介词短语动词动词 + 副词之后有的可以再加一个介词，形成另一种短语动词。这类短语动词用作及物动词。如：Do not give up hope. We must go on with the experiment不要失望。我们必须继续试验。(go on with继续)He came up to me.他走到我跟前。(come up to走近)这类短语动词还有：look down upon(看不起)，do away with(去掉)，put up with(忍受)等。4) 动词 + 名词 + 介词这类短语动词也是及物的。如He shook hands with all the guests at the banquet.他在宴会上和宾客一一握手。Young pioneers often come to the Childrens Palace to take part in after=school activities. 少先队员经常到少年宫来参加课外活动。Pay attention to the temperature of the stored rice.注意仓库里的稻谷的温度。Her job is taking care of the babies.她的工作是照顾婴儿。这一类短语动词还有：put an end to (结束)，take notice of (注意)，catch hold of (抓住)，lose sight of(看不见)，make use of(利用)等