新目标八年级下英语语法大全.doc

新目标八年级下英语语法大全
◆unit 1 Will people have robots?
单词讲解:
1.fewer people更少的人(fewer修饰名词复数，表示否定)
2.less free time更少的空闲时间(less修饰不可数名词，表示否定)
3.in ten years 10年后(in的时间短语用于将来时，提问用How soon)
4.fall in love with…爱上…
例：When I met Mr. Xu for the first time, I fell in love with him at once
当我第一次见到许老师，我立刻爱上他
5. live alone 单独居住
6. feel lonely 感到孤独(比较：live alone/go along等)
The girl walked alone along the street, but she didn’t feel lonely那女孩独自沿着街道走，但她并不感到孤独
7. keep/feed a pet pig 养一头宠物猪
8. fly to the moon 飞上月球
9. hundreds of +复数 数百/几百(概数,类似还有thousands of; millions of)
10. the same as 和……相同
11. A be different from B A与B不同(=There is a difference/Thgere are differences between A and B)
12. wake up 醒来(wake sb. up表示 “唤醒某人”
13. get bored 变得厌倦(get/become是连系动词，后跟形容词如tired/angry/excited等)
14. go skating 去滑冰(类似还有go hiking/fishing /skating/bike riding等)
15. lots of/a lot of 许多(修饰可数名词、不可数名词都可以)
16. at the weekends 在周末
17. study at home on computers 在家通过电脑学习
18.agree with sb. 同意某人(的意见)
19.I don’t agree. = I disagree. 我不同意
20.on a piece of paper 在一张纸上(注意paper/information/news/work/homework/housework等常考到的不可数名词)
21.on vacation 度假
22.help sb with sth/help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事
23.many different kinds of goldfish 许多不同种金鱼
24.live in an apartment住在公寓里/live on the twelfth floor住在12楼
25.live at NO.332,Shanghai Street 住在上海路332号
26.as a reporter 作为一名记者
27.look smart 显得精神/看起来聪明
28.Are you kidding? 你在骗我吗
29.in the future 在将来/在未来
30. no more=not …anymore 不再(强调多次发生的动作不再发生)
31. no longer=not… any longer 不再(强调状态不再发生)
32. besides(除…之外还，包括)与except =but(除…之外，不包括)
33. be able to与can能、会(be able to用于各种时态，而can只能用于一般现在时态和一般过去时态中；have to用于各种时态，而must只能用于一般现在时态)例如： 1.I have been able to/will be able to speak two languages. (不可以用can)
2. had to stay at home/ will have to (不可以用must)
34.be big and crowded 大而且拥挤
34.be in college 在上大学
35.live on a space station 住在空间站
36.dress casually 穿得很随意casual clothing 休闲服饰
37.win the next World Cup 赢得世界杯 win award 获奖
e true 变成现实
39.take hundreds of years 花几百年的时间
40.be fun to watch 看起来有趣
41.over and over again 一次又一次
42.be in different shapes 形状不同
43.twenty years from now 今后20年

44.本单元目标句型：
1. What do you think life will be like in 1000 years?
2. There will be fewer trees、more buildings and less pollution in the future.
l fewer、 less表示否定之意，分别修饰可数名词和不可数名词；more二者都可以修饰.
3. Will kids go to school? No, they won’t/Yes, they will.
4. Predicting the future can be difficult.
5. I need to look smart for my job interview.
6. I will be able to dress more casually.
7. I think I’ll go to Hong Kong on vacation, and one day I might even visit Australia.
8. What will teenagers do for fun twenty years from now?
9. That may not seem possible now, but computers, space rockets and even electric toothbrushes seemed impossible a hundred years ago.
语法讲解:   一般将来时
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态.本时态标志词：
1.含tomorrow; next短语； 2.in+段时间 ； 3.how soon；4.by+将来时间；
5.by the time sb.do… 6.祈使句句型中：or/and sb. will do
7.在时间/条件状语从句中, 如果从句用一般现在时, 主句用将来时 8.another day
比较be going to 与will:
be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情，will 表示的将来时间则较远一些.
如： He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day.
2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情，will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情.
He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old.
3. be going to 含有“计划，准备”的意思，而 will 则没有这个意思，如：
She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour.
4.在有条件从句的主句中，一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如：
If any beasts comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you.
掌握了它们的这些不同，你就能很好的区分be going to与will了.
一般将来时常见的标志词
1.含tomorrow; next短语； 2.in+段时间 ；
3.how soon； 4. by+将来时间；
5.祈使句句型中：or/and sb.  will do  
例Be quick, or you will be late=If you don’t be quick, you will be late
6.在时间/条件状语从句中, 如果从句用一般现在时, 主句用将来时(另见Unit 5)
知识点：
1． 形容词，副词的比较等级考查热点透视：
a) 表示A与B在程度上相同时， “as+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构.表示A不如B时，可用“not as/so+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构.
b)表示A比B在程度上“更…..”时，可用“形容词或副词的比较级+than”结构
c)表示三者或三者以上的比较，其中一个在程度上“最…..”时，常用“the+形容词或副词的最高级”结构，后面可带“of/in的短语”来说明比较的范围.(注意：副词的最高级在句中常省略“the”.)
d)在形容词或副词的比较级前，可以用“a little, even, far, much,still”的等词语来修饰，以加强语气.
e)表示“越来越….”时，常用“形容词或副词的比较级+and+形容词或副词的比较级”结构，但要注意，对于多音节和部分双音节形容词，副词而言，若要表达此意时，要用“more and more+形容词或副词的原级“结构.
f)在表示“其中最….之一“的含义时，常使用 “one of+the+形容词最高级形式+名词复数”结构，其中的定冠词the不可以省略.
g)如果强调“两者中比较…的(一个)”的意思时，可使用“the+形容词比较级+其它”结构.
h)表示“越….越….”, 可使用“the+形容词或副词的比较级，the+形容词或副词的比较级”结构.
2 .一般将来时
a) 一般将来时的构成：由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成，shall用于第一人称.在口语中，will在名词或代词后常简略为’ll， will not常简略为won’t.这个时态的肯定，否定和疑问结构可表示如下：
肯定句 否定句 疑问句
I (We)shall(will) go.
You(He, She, They) will go. I(We)shall(will) not go.
You(He, She, They)will not go. Shall I(we) go?
Will you (he, she, they) go?
用”be going to +动词原形”也可表示将来时，表示将要发生的事，打算或决定要做的事.
b)一般将来时的用法：1)表示将要发生的动作或情况；2) 不以人的意志为转移，肯定要发生的事情.The day after tomorrow will be National Day.后天是国庆日.
3. in/after:in是指以现在时间为起点的“在一段时间以后”.也可以表示“在将来多少时间之内”，句子中的谓语动词要用一般将来时态；after常指以过去时间为起点的“一段时间之后”，所以它与过去时态连用.当after指某个特定的未来时刻或日期之后，或指以将来某一时间为起点的若干时间之后时，它可以与将来时态连用.
4.more, less, fewer的用法区别：more为many, much的比较级，意为“更多”，可修饰可数与不可数名词.Less是little的比较级，意为“更好，较少”，修饰不可数名词.Fewer是few的比较级，意为“更少”，修饰可数名词复数.
【注意】few, little表示否定“几乎没有”.a few, a little表示肯定“一点，几个”.
5.would like sth意思为“想要某物“； would like to do意思为”想要做某事“.回答would like句型的一般疑问句时，其肯定回答为 “Yes, please.”;否定回答“No, thanks”或 “I’d like /love to, but….”
6. Such作形容词，意思是“如此的”“这样的”，修饰各种名词.
Ø Such这样的.如It is such bad weather.天气如此恶劣.
Ø Such常和as搭配，表示一种类别.如We enjoy such a voice as hers.我们喜欢像她那样的嗓子.
Ø Such常和表示结果的that从句搭配，表示“如此….以至于…”如
  It was such a hot day that we all had to stay at home.
Ø Such…that…和so…that…都可用来引出一个结果状语从句.由于such是形容词，所以that从句前有一个受such修饰的名词；而so 是副词，用以修饰形容词或副词，因此that从句前一般不出现名词.如
They are such kind-hearted teachers that people in the village all respect them.
The exam was so difficult that many students failed to pass it.
a) 如果名词是可数名词的单数形式，such和so的位置不同：
such+a/an+形容词+单数名词
so+形容词+a/an+单数名词
b) 如果名词是不可数名词或名词复数，只可用such,不能用so.:
such+形容词+不可数名词或复数名词
c) 如果被修饰的不可数名词被much, little, 或复数名词被many, few等表示量的形容词修饰时，用so，不用such.
d) 当little表示“年纪小的”时，可用such+little+名词.
7．be able to 为“能，会”，表示能力，在这个意义上与can的意思相同，一般情况下两者可以互换，但can只有现在式和过去式(could)而be able to则用于更多的时态，主要体现在be的变化.两者在用法上有一些差异：can (could)表示主观能力不表示意愿，它的将来时用will be able to而 be able to表示主观意愿强调克服困难做某事.

unit 2 What should I do?
单词讲解:
1.too loud 太大声
2.out of style 过时的
3.in style 流行的
4.call sb up=ring sb.up=call/ring/phone sb. 给…..打电话
5.enough money 足够的钱(enough修饰名词时不必后置)
6.busy enough 够忙 (enough修饰形容词或副词时必须后置)
7.a ticket to/for a ball game 一张球赛的门票
注意：the key to the lock/the key(answer)r to the question)/the solution to the problem .此处几个短语不能用of表示所有格
8. talk about 谈论
9. on the phone 用电话
10.pay for 付款
11.spend…on +sth.=spend...( in) doing sth. 在…花钱
12.It takes sb. sometime to do sth. 某人做某事花…的时间
13.borrow …from 从….借( 借进来)
14.lend…to 把…借给(借出去)
15.You can keep the book for a week 你可以借这本书一周(不用borrow或lend)
16.buy sth for sb 为……买东西
17.tell sb to do /not to do sth.sth 告诉某人做某事
18.want sb. to do sth.=would like sb. to do 想某人做某事
19.find out 发现；查清楚；弄明白
20.play one’s stereo 放录象
21.fail the test=not pass the test 考试不及格
22.fail in (doing) sth… 在...上失败,变弱
23.succeed in (doing) sth 在...方面成功
24.write sb a letter/write to sb. 给某人写信
25.surprise sb. 使某人吃惊(类似有：surprise/interest/please/amaze+某人)
26.to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是…..
27.to one’s joy 使某人高兴的是…..
28.look for a part-time job 找一份兼职的工作(不一定有结果)
29.get/find a part-time job 找到一份兼职的工作(有结果)
30.ask sb. for… 寻求/向某人要某物
31.have a bake sale 卖烧烤
32.argue with sb = have an argument with sb. 与某人争吵
33.have a fight with sb.=fight with 与某人打架
34.drop off 离去；散去；逐渐减少;死去
35.prepare for…=get ready for… 为…做准备
36.after-school clubs(activities) 课外俱乐部(活动)
l  be/get used to doing 习惯做某事
l  used to do 过去经常/常常做某事
l  be used for doing=be used to do sth. 被用于做某事
37.fill… up 填补；装满… be full of装满
38.return sth. to sb.=give sth. back to sb. 把某物归还给某人
39.get on /along well with 与…相处很好
40.all kinds of 各种各样
41.as much as possible=as much as you can 尽可能多
42.take part in=join in 参加(某种活动/集会)
43.a bit =a little 一点儿(当修饰形容词或比较级时)
44.a bit of =a little 一点儿/一些(当修饰不可数名词时)
45.be angry with… 生…的气
46.by oneself=on one’s own 某人自己/独自地
47.on the one hand 一方面
48.on the other hand 另一方面
49.I find/feel/think it difficult to do... 我发现/感到/认为做某事很难.
50.see/hear/watch sb. doing sth. 看到/听见/注视某人正在做…
51.not…until 直到…才(谓语动词一般是非延续动词)
52.表示某人情绪有关的形容词用法:
be/become+  upset/tired/excited/interested/worried/surprised/amazed/annoyed
说明：当主语是某人时，注意后面的形容词一般是-ed结尾的单词，而当主语是某物时或修饰名词时，注意后面形容词一般是-ing结尾单词.)
例如:I was surprised/interested/amazed when I heard the surprising/interesting/amazing news.
53  radio advice program 电台提建议的节目
54  be original 新颖的
55. leave something somewhere 把某物忘在某处
56 sports clothes 运动服
57. the same age as=as old as 和--- 年龄一样
58. the tired children 疲惫不堪的孩子
59. complain about (doing sth) 抱怨、、、
60.take their children from activity to activity 带着孩子参加一个接一个的活动
61.try to do sth,  尽量干某事  try doing sth   试着干某事
62.be under too much pressure 压力太大
63.a mother of three 三个孩子的妈妈
64.take part in after-school clubs 参加课后俱乐部
pepition starts from a very young age 竞争从很小年纪就开始了
pare…with 和---比较
67.organized activities 有组织的活动
本单元目标句型：
1. What’s wrong(with you)?/What’s the matter?
2. What should I do? 我该怎么办   
3. You could write him a letter. 你可以给他写封信 .You should say sorry to him.你应该给他道歉.
4. They shouldn’t argue. 他们不应该争吵.J
5. Why don’t you talk to him about it?
=Why not talk to him about it?=You should/could talk to him about it.
=What/How about talking to him about it.=You’d better talk to him about it.
6.The parents try to fit as much as possible into their kids lives.
7.Activities include sports, language learning, music and math classes.
Thirty people, including six children (six children included), went to visit the factory.
8.People shouldn’t push their children so hard.   
9.Parents are trying to plan their kids’ lives for them. When these kids are adults, they might find t difficult to plan things for themselves.
知识点：
1..loud是形容词,loud-louder-loudest意思是“响亮的”；作副词时，常与talk, sing, laugh 等词连用，如speak loud; loudly “大声地”带有喧闹的意味，常用来修饰shout, cry, call, knock等动词，通常没有比较级和最高级，作状语；aloud 副词，出声地，大声地，仅指发出声音(以使能被听得见).
2．Enough为形容词，意思是“足够的”；enough +n.修饰名词enough money; adj/adv+enough修饰形容词或副词；enough to do 足够做某事
3．present, gift礼物：gift带有一定的感情色彩，通常指昂贵的“礼物”，强调送礼人的诚意，有时有“捐赠”之意，多用于正式场合；present指为表达情谊，敬意或出于礼节，在某特定时刻或场合赠送的“礼物”，此礼物价值不一定高.make sb a present of把…作为礼物送给
4．borrow, lend: borrow“借入，借给”即说话人向他人借东西borrow sth from sb.; lend-lent-lent“借出，借给”即说话人把自己的东西借给他人lend sb sth= lend sth to sb
5 except，besides除…之外: except除了…都，besides强调“除了…之外还有…”在no one, nobody, nothing等词后加介词but也表示“除了”.
6．find out, find, look for: find out“找出，发现，查明”多指通过调查，询问，打听，研究之后搞清楚，弄明白或指找出较难找到的，无形的抽象的东西；find“找到，发现”通常指找到或发现有形的东西也可指偶然发现某物的某种情况，强调找的结果；look for“寻找”强调动作.
7．talk about谈到，谈论；talk of谈到，说到；have a talk with与..谈谈，做报告；talk to sb对…谈话；talk with sb与…交谈；talk to sb和talk with sb 均表示“和某人谈话”，“讲话”.talk to sb比较常用，侧重一方谈，一方听；talk with sb侧重双方交谈；talk about sb则表示“谈论某人”
8．miss 和lose:miss意思为“发现丢失”“觉得不在”；lose意思为“丢失”“失去”.在本质上，miss是一种主观感觉，而lose是一种客观结果.
9．be used to doing习惯于做某事；used to do过去常常，暗含与现在明显的不同，只用于过去时；be used to do是use的被动语态，意思是….被用来做某事.
10．own 与 have: own强调的是拥有，占有某物为自己的财产，但所占有的东西目前不一定是由人使用，强调所有权；have为普通动词，表示的所有关系.own +n. egWho owns the dog? ；own +宾语+宾补 eg. He owns himself wrong.；own+从句eg. He owns that he is wrong. ；of one’s own完全属于某人自己的；on one’s own独立地，自愿地；with one’s own ears亲耳
11. attend, join, take part in: attend“出席，参加，上学”attend school 上学，attend meeting出席会议；take part in 参加，是指参与某项活动 take an active part in积极参加；join 参加，当join用于加入某个团体或组织，成为其中的一员，后面直接跟名词，当join表示参加某项活动时后面跟介词in .
unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
单词讲解:
1.in front of 在……的前面(外部) in the front of 在……的前面(内部)
2.in the library 在图书馆
3.get out of/get into 出……之外/进入
4.sleep late 睡懒觉 sleep well 睡得好 get to sleep=fall asleep 睡着
5.walk down/along 沿……走
6.take off (飞机)起飞；脱下(衣帽)
7.on Sunday evening 在星期日晚上
  注意:(特指某日如星期、假日、某月某日或某个特定的上、下午、晚上用on)
8.in the tree在树上 on the tree在树上
9.take photos 照相
10.at the train station 在火车站
11.run away 跑开，逃跑
12.as+adj原形 as 和…一样…
   例如： She is (not) as beautiful as her sister.   I can run as fast as he(him)
13.buy/draw/make sth. for sb. 为某人买/画/制作
14.walk home 走回家
15.in history 在历史上
16.for example 例如
17.in the city of 在……市
18.on the playground 在操场上
19.ten minutes ago 十分钟前
20.take place 发生(强调必然性)
21.happen to sth./sb. 发生(强调偶然性)
   例如：What has happened to you?=What’s the matter with you?=What’s wrong with you?
22.of course=sure=certainly 当然   
23.all over the world=around the world 遍及全世界
24.outside/inside the station 在车站外/内
25.next to 相邻，紧贴
26.close to 接近于；在附近
27.be ill in hospital/bed 生病住院/在床
28.hear about/of 听说(间接听到)
29.in silence 沉默不语 keep silent 保持沉默
30.an unusual experience 一次不寻常的经历
31.have fun doing sth 干某事有乐趣 have difficult time doing sth干某事有困难
32.have meaning to 对—有意义   
33.become the first Chinese astronaut in space 成为中国第一个太空宇航员
34.a national hero 一个民族英雄
35. be famous all over the world 全世界出名   
36. for the first time  第一次

本单元目标句型:
What were you doing when I arrived/at that time/at 8:00 last night/from 9:00 to 10:00 yesterday?
1.I was doing sth. When+一般过去时的时间状语从句...
2.How about... / What about...?
3.While sth./sb. was doing sth., I was doing sth....
4.当不明飞行物着陆时，你正在干啥？What were you doing when the UFO landed?
5.当妈妈正在做饭时，我在看电视.While my mother was cooking ,I was watching TV.
6.I was walking down the street when a UFO landed right in front of me.
7.You can image how strange it was.   
8.I followed to see where it was going.
9.Isn’t that amazing!  
10. She didn’t thinking about looking outside the station.
11.I was so tired this morning. It was difficult to get out of the bed.
12.Liu Xiang won the gold medal at the 2004 Olympics.
13.Beijng was made host to the 2008 Olympics.
14.People often remember what they were doing when they heard the news of important events in history.
15. This was one of the most important events in modern American history.
16.Even the most everyday activities can seem important.
17.Our teacher asked us to stop what we were doing and listen.
18.However, in more recent times, most Americans remember what they were doing when the World Trade Center  in New York was destroyed by terrorists.
19.Not all events in history are as terrible as this, of course.
20. His flight around the Earth lasted about 22 hours.
本单元语法讲解
过去进行时(Past Progressive Te