英汉语言对比-6-syntheticvs.analytic-1市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件.pptx

英汉语言对比英汉语言对比-6Synthetic vs.Analytic(1)第1页.Objectives vStudents are expected to have an understanding of the definitions of synthetic and analytic languages and embodiments of those features in Chinese and English languages;vHave an understanding of differences between English and Chinese in inflection,word order,parts of speech and phonology,and illustrate them in specific cases;第2页.Key Pointsa)inflections in English and their roles in sentence construction b)differences in word order.Teaching Approaches v Lecture,class practices and discussions 第3页英汉语言本质比较英汉语言本质比较语言形态学语言形态学(linguistic typology)分类：分类：v综合型语言：俄语、德语、拉丁综合型语言：俄语、德语、拉丁语、古英语语、古英语v分析型语言：汉语分析型语言：汉语v综合综合-分析语：英语分析语：英语(a synthetic-analytic language)第4页综合型语言（综合型语言（synthetic language）vA synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.韦博斯特第九新大学英语辞典韦博斯特第九新大学英语辞典（Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary）vInflection:a change in the form of a word(usually by adding a suffix)to indicate a change in its grammatical functionv指这种语言主要经过指这种语言主要经过词本身形态改变词本身形态改变来表示语法意来表示语法意义（格，时，数等）。义（格，时，数等）。第5页分析型语言（分析型语言（analytic language）vAn analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words,auxiliary verbs,and changes in word order to express syntactic relations,rather than of inflected forms.兰登书屋大学词典（兰登书屋大学词典（Random House College Dictionary）v指这种语言中语法关系主要不是经过词本身指这种语言中语法关系主要不是经过词本身形态来表示，而是经过形态来表示，而是经过虚词、词序虚词、词序等伎俩来等伎俩来表示。表示。第6页 English：a synthetic-analytic language1.Modern English originated from the Old English and hence it still maintains certain features of the synthetic language;2.Inflected forms do exist in Modern English,but they are not so complex as those in the Old English;第7页3.Word order in Modern English is relatively fixed although it is more flexible than that in Modern Chinese;4.Function words abound in Modern English and are frequently employed.第8页Grammatical relationshipsHereditary inflectionsRelatively fixed word orderPlenty of function words第9页1.inflectional vs.non-inflectionalvInflection:a change in the form of a word to indicate a change in its grammatical function.（只改变语法形态，不改变词义改（只改变语法形态，不改变词义改变）变）vformal change=change of word form=word-making change+change in grammatical forms 1）构词形态，即起构词作用词缀改变）构词形态，即起构词作用词缀改变（affixation），包含大量前缀（包含大量前缀（prefix）和后）和后缀（缀（suffix）。vE.g.read;serious;consider;第10页vThe publishing house has to take into serious consideration whether the readers will like to read/reading the books or not.vThe publishing house has to take into serious consideration whether the books will be readable or not.vThe publishing house has to take the readability of the books into serious consideration.第11页vThe publishing house has to consider seriously whether the readers will like to read/reading the books or not.vThe publishing house has to consider seriously whether the books will be readable or not.vThe publishing house has to consider seriously the readability of the books.第12页2）构形形态构形形态，即表示，即表示语法意义语法意义词形词形改变改变。v我我给给他他讲了讲了一个一个故事故事。v他他已经已经给给我我讲了讲了两个两个故事故事。v每晚睡觉前，每晚睡觉前，他妈妈他妈妈都要给都要给他他讲讲几几个个故事故事。v他他总是叫（他）总是叫（他）妈妈妈妈在（他）睡觉在（他）睡觉前（前（给他给他）讲好几个故事。）讲好几个故事。第13页vI told him a story.vHe has told me two stories.vHis mother always tells him several stories before he goes to bed every night.vHe always asks his mother to tell him several stories before he goes to bed.第14页u当代英语形态改变主要包含：动词改变当代英语形态改变主要包含：动词改变（conjugation）和静词（名词、代词、形容）和静词（名词、代词、形容词、副词）改变（词、副词）改变（declension），以及上述），以及上述词缀改变（词缀改变（affixation）。vGender:he;she;vNumber:apple;apples;vCase:we;us;our;ours;vTense:do;does;did;vAspect:is+doing;have+done;vVoice:is done;has been done;vMood:can do;might do;vComparison:bigger;biggest;vPerson:like;likes;vParts of speech:rapid;rapidly;rapidity;第15页vIn grammar,inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense,grammatical mood,grammatical voice,aspect,person,number,gender and case.vConjugation is the inflection of verbs;declension is the inflection of nouns,adjectives and pronouns.第16页Present simpleDo;doesPast simpleDidPresent progressiveAm/is/are+doingPast progressiveWas/were+doingPresent perfectHave/has+donePast perfectHad+donePresent perfect progressiveHave/has+been doingPast perfect progressiveHad been doingTense and aspect第17页Passive voicePresent simpleAm/is/are+donePast simpleWas/were+donePresent progressiveAm/is/are+being donePast progressiveWas/were+being donePresent perfectHave/has+been donePast perfectHad been doneShall/will+be+done;be going to+be+doneHave/has+been+being done;had been+being done第18页vWe cannot but accept Sayces（萨伊萨伊斯）斯）dictum,once inflectional,always inflectional.Hence while English appears as almost uninflectional when compared with such a language as Latin,it appears in the opposite light when compared with an isolating language such as Chinese.”H.Sweet The History of Language第19页uChinese has no inflectional change;it has only similar changes.Affix:Chinese language has little affix,which are unstable and deletable according to the rhythm requirements.初：三初：三-初三初三-十三，子：十三，子：刀刀刀子刀子大刀。大刀。uSome affixes:Prefix：老：老(老张，老张，老大老大)，阿（阿姨，阿飞），阿（阿姨，阿飞），可（可好，可怜，可惜），第，可（可好，可怜，可惜），第(第一第一)Suffix：子（被子，电子），儿（花儿，鸟：子（被子，电子），儿（花儿，鸟儿），头（老头），切（迫切，贴切），于儿），头（老头），切（迫切，贴切），于/以（用于，给以）以（用于，给以）第20页vChinese today has some new affixes due to the influence of foreign languages.vThe new affixes include 性（性（ity）、化（）、化（ize-ization）、可（）、可（able）、非（）、非（non,in）师师(ian,er,ist)、度度（ness,tion）、家、家(ist,ian,er)、派、派(school)v性：可能性，必要性，纯洁性，民族性性：可能性，必要性，纯洁性，民族性v化：当代化，工业化，国际化化：当代化，工业化，国际化v可：可燃（可：可燃（flammable）、可支配）、可支配(disposable)、可转、可转让让(negotiable)v像类似后缀有像类似后缀有“师师”、“度度”、“派派”、“家家”，“手手”等，等，v另有一些前缀，如，另有一些前缀，如，“非非”（non-）、）、“不不”（in-）、）、“反反”(anti-,counter-)、“多多”(multi-)、“双双”(bi-)、“亲亲”(pro-)、“超超”(super-)、“准准”(quasi-)第21页v数量助词：数量助词：“们们”表示复数；表示复数；v动态助词：动态助词：“着着”、“了了”、“过过”（表示（表示动词体）；动词体）；v结构助词结构助词：“”“”、“地地”、“得得”（表示定（表示定语、状语与补语）；语、状语与补语）；v即使这三类助词类似英语形态改变，但这些即使这三类助词类似英语形态改变，但这些成份使用在汉语里经常成份使用在汉语里经常缺乏普遍性缺乏普遍性：有场所：有场所一定要用，有场所可用可不用，有场所甚至一定要用，有场所可用可不用，有场所甚至不能用。不能用。v英语形态改变英语形态改变使用却有使用却有严格规则严格规则，往往带有，往往带有强制性强制性。第22页vThe fact that English is inflectional and Chinese is non-inflectional or the fact that English is more inflectional than Chinese reveals the different characteristics of the two languages and cultures.vEnglish:a strong sense of time;accurate thinking;logical thinking;rational thinking;vChinese:fuzzy thinking;the power of understanding/comprehension/intuition;relational thinking;第23页vAccurate thinking is a way of looking at life where you see and understand life as it exists,the way it is,you understand human behavior and human psychology as it is and the way it exists,and you deal with things as they exist and as they really are,not how you want them to be,not how you wish they could be,not how you think they should be,but just how they are.准确思维准确思维第24页vFuzzy thinking is more emphatic of the general impression or the general principle of reflection and is not so much concerned with the specific details of the objects or the relative information.Thats more typical of the Chinese than of the Westerners,esp.the English.The Chinese has long been influenced by such a fuzzy philosophy.v含糊思维含糊思维第25页In-Class ExercisesI.Please translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.Its been years since I enjoyed myself so much as last night.2.I have been grateful for the part he played in my release.3.Such treatment I did not expect,for I never had a patron before.4.It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.5.Her refusal to obey him greatly incensed him,who had never met that kind of opposition before.第26页Keys for Reference1.我已很多年没有像昨晚玩得那么开心了。我已很多年没有像昨晚玩得那么开心了。2.我能取得释放都是他成全，为此我一直心存我能取得释放都是他成全，为此我一直心存感激。感激。3.这么待遇我并没有指望过，因为从来就不曾这么待遇我并没有指望过，因为从来就不曾有些人资助过我。有些人资助过我。4.奇怪是，她竟然没能看出自己缺点。奇怪是，她竟然没能看出自己缺点。5.她对他拒不服从，他为此大为光火，因为他她对他拒不服从，他为此大为光火，因为他还从未碰到过这么抗拒。还从未碰到过这么抗拒。第27页II.Please translate the following sentences into English.1.我从小就对自己没有信心，这是问题根子。我从小就对自己没有信心，这是问题根子。2.一个朋友说过：一个朋友说过：“我若是灯，我就要用我光明来我若是灯，我就要用我光明来照彻黑暗。照彻黑暗。”3.上海是个充满活力大城市，上海市民居住正发生上海是个充满活力大城市，上海市民居住正发生着深刻改变。着深刻改变。4.对于我，要是没有朋友，我现在会变成怎样可怜对于我，要是没有朋友，我现在会变成怎样可怜东西，我自己也不知道。东西，我自己也不知道。5.后悔是一个花费精神情绪。后悔是比损失更大损后悔是一个花费精神情绪。后悔是比损失更大损失，比错误更大错误。所以不要后悔。失，比错误更大错误。所以不要后悔。第28页