1、Cytology diagnostic principles华夏病理学论坛 病理基础版kintl23第一章 宫颈正常TCT表现.1一、鳞状上皮.1二、腺上皮细胞.6三、脱落的子宫内膜细胞.8第二章良性和反应性改变.13一、良性鳞状上皮改变.13二、良性宫颈腺上皮改变.14三、修复性改变.16四、放疗反应.18五、与宫内节育器相关的细胞学改变.19六、子宫全切术后腺细胞.20第三章鳞状上皮异常.20一、鳞状上皮内病变.21(-)低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL).21(二)、高级别鳞状上皮内病变.24(三)、SIL诊断中的问题.29二、鳞状细胞癌.30三、非典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASC).34()ASC
2、-US.34(二)ASC-H.37第四章腺上皮异常.38一、宫颈原位腺癌(AIS).38二、宫颈腺癌.40(一)、宫颈内膜腺癌.40(二)、子宫内膜腺癌.44第一章 宫颈正常TCT表现一、鳞状上皮表层和中间层鳞状上皮均为大多角形细胞,胞浆粉红色或绿色,中间层细胞 核稍大。副基底细胞和基底细胞为未成熟鳞状上皮细胞,正常情况下位于鳞状上皮的 深部,一般取材时取不到,而未成熟上皮完全由副基底细胞和基底细胞构成,多 见于移行区,称为鳞状化生,也可见于低雌激素状态时的鳞状上皮萎缩,因此,TCT中所见的副基底细胞和基底细胞常是取自鳞状化生或萎缩的上皮。副基底 细胞为圆形或卵圆形,核大小不一,但常大于中间层
3、细胞,基底细胞更小,胞质 少。Figui Parabasal and basal cells(postpartum smear).Parabasal cells(large arrow)are oval and typically have dense cytoplasm.Basal cells(small arrow)are similar but have less cytoplasm.Many cells have abundant pale-yellow staining glycogen,基底和副基底细胞是萎缩的标志,萎缩较明显的TCT中,可看不到表层和 中间层细胞,而仅见基底和副基
4、底细胞。此外,萎缩的上皮易于损伤和发生炎症,特别是绝经后女性,其继发的形态学改变不要与有意义的病变相混淆。片状未成 熟细胞拥挤,呈合体细胞样,与HSIL相似(Fig.1.6),但其染色质精细,分布均 匀,核形光滑,且薄。罕见的移行细胞化生表现为显著的延长轴方向的核沟(咖 啡豆样核),核皱褶及小的核周围空晕(Fig.L6B)。部分萎缩病例尚可见细胞退变(Fig.l.7A)o风干可导致人为的核增大假象。有时可见由无定形物质构成的深 蓝色团块,可能为致密的黏液或退变的细胞核(Fig.l.7B),由于有颗粒状背景,很像浸润癌中的坏死(Fig.l.7A)oFigure 1.6 Parabasal cel
5、ls(postmenopausal smear).A,Atrophic epithelium is composed almost exclusively of parabasal cells,often arranged in broad,flowing sheets.B,Transitional cell metaplasia.In this uncommon condition,the atrophic epithelium resembles transitional cell epithelium by virtue of its longitudinal nuclear groov
6、es.Nuclear membrane irregularities raise the possibility of a high-gradesquamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL),but the chromatin is pale and finely textured.Figure 1.7 Parabasal cells(postmenopausal smear).A,Degenerated parabasal cells in atrophic smears have hypereosinophilic cytoplasm and a pyknoti
7、c nucleus.Note the granular background,which is commonly seen in normal atrophic smears.B,Dark blue blobs are seen in some atrophic smears.These featureless structures should not be interpreted as a significant abnormality.副基底细胞也是宫颈鳞状化生的组成部分。组织学上显示为扁平的片状未成 熟鳞状上皮细胞,镶嵌状排列,似铺路石样(Fig.1.8),副基底细胞可表现出轻 度的核
8、大小不一,核稍不规则和轻度深染。Figure 1.8 Squamous metaplasia.Interlocking parabasal-type cells,as seen here,represent squamous metaplasia of the endocervix.细胞学所定义的鳞状化生由副基底细胞构成(未成熟鳞状上皮细胞)。组织 学上描述的所谓的成熟性鳞状化生,在细胞学上可能无法识别。其他的鳞状上皮良性改变还包括角化过度和角化不全。角化过度是黏膜慢性 刺激的结果,例如子宫脱垂,TCT表现为无核的多角形成熟鳞状上皮细胞单个 散在或成片分布(Fig.l.9)o部分可能与操作者污
9、染有关。角化不全也与慢性刺 激有关,表现为小的明显角化的鳞状上皮细胞,伴有深染的橘红色胞浆和小的固 缩的核(Fig.l.9B)o若这些角化不全的细胞表现出核的非典型性,包括核增大、核膜不规则、深染,则称为角化不良细胞或非典型性角化不全,应认为是一种细 胞学异常。Figure 1.9 Keratosis.A,Hyperkeratosis.Anucleate squames are a protective response of the squamous epithelium.B,Parakeratosis.Parakeratosis appears as plaques,as seen her
10、e,or as isolated cells.二、腺上皮细胞宫颈腺上皮细胞为黏液分泌细胞,核离心性分布,染色质细颗粒状,胞浆丰 富,含较多空泡。核仁不明显,但在反应性状态下则可很显著。腺上皮细胞常呈 条带状或片状分布,很少单个散在(Fig 1.10)。条带状者排列类似栅栏状,片状者 似蜂房。罕见情况下可见核分裂。30%可见输卵管上皮化生(Fig 1.11)。results in a cup-shaped nucleus.Figure 1.10 Endocervical cells.A,Normal endocervical cells are often arranged in cohesiv
11、e sheets.Note the even spacing of the nuclei,their pale,finely granular chromatin,and the honeycomb appearance imparted by the sharp cell membranes.B,Sometimes they appear as strips or isolated cells.Abundant intracytoplasmic mucinFigur 1.Tubal metaplasia.Ciliated endocervical cells are occasionally
12、 seen.三、脱落的子宫内膜细胞月经周期的前12天,TCT中有可能见到脱落的子宫内膜细胞,其形态学表 现为:小细胞构成的细胞球;散在分布的小细胞;胞浆稀少;核深染;铸造型核;核碎片。呈球形排列的内膜细胞较易辨认,细胞小,核深染,胞浆常很少。偶尔细胞 可有较丰富的透明胞浆。细胞球边缘呈圆齿状,凋亡常见。单个散在分布的内膜 细胞则容易忽视(Fig 1.12)。Figure 1.12 Endometrial cells.Spontaneously exfoliated endometrial cells,as in menses,are small cells arranged in balls.
13、Cytoplasm is scant.Nuclei around the perimeter appear to be wrapping around adjacent cells(arrow),a characteristic but nonspecific feature.偶尔可见内膜细胞簇由两种细胞构成,小的深染的间质细胞位于中央,大的 腺上皮细胞位于边缘,但这种情况罕见。类似图1.12中排列的细胞球有可能仅 由内膜腺上皮或间质细胞构成,也可能两者均有。月经12天以后出现子宫内膜细胞则可能与内膜炎、内膜息肉或宫内节育器 有关。40岁以前的TCT检查中发现子宫内膜细胞一般不用报告。40岁以
14、后患者 若出现则需要报告,因其与子宫内膜肿瘤有一定相关性。脱落的子宫内膜细胞需要与如下疾病鉴别:HSIL、鳞状细胞癌、AIS和小细 胞癌。(1)HSIL:部分可表现为细胞小、深染,胞浆稀少(Fig L13A),但其体积 仍大于内膜细胞,大小不一,胞浆着色深,HSIL细胞簇通常边界不清,不形成 细胞球;(2)鳞状细胞癌:低分化者可类似内膜细胞(Fig L13B),对于这样的病 例,临床表现(如性交后出血)可能是唯一的鉴别点;(3)AIS:多数细胞为柱状,但罕见病例亦可为小圆形细胞(Fig L13C),仔细寻找柱状分化和核分裂活性 有助于诊断;(4)小细胞癌:罕见(FigL13D),着色更深。Fi
15、gure 1.13 Mimics of exfoliated endometrial cells.A,High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL).The cells of some HSILs are small but still larger than endometrial cells and usually arranged in flatter aggregates rather than spheres.B,Squamous cell carcinoma(SQC).Some poorly differentiated SQCs
16、are indistinguishable from endometrial cells.The granular debris(tumor diathesis)seen here can also be seen in normal menstrual Pap samples.C,Adenocarcinoma in situ(AIS).Some cases of AIS have an endometrioid appearance,but mitoses(arrows)are distinctly uncommon in exfoliated endometrial cells.D,Sma
17、ll cell carcinoma.The cells resemble endometrial cells but are even darker.There is nuclear smearing,which is rarely seen with benign endometrial cells.四、搔刮出的内膜细胞和宫体下段组织一般见于异常短的宫颈管或宫颈锥形活检后。其表现包括:(1)大小不等的组织碎片;(2)可见腺体和间质;(3)间质细胞:形态 一致;卵圆形或梭形;染色质细颗粒状;偶见核分裂;较大的组织碎片 中可见血管穿行;(4)腺体:管状腺体;直行或有分枝;核分裂(部分病 例);显
18、著的核拥挤;胞浆稀少。宫体下段的腺细胞与宫颈管内膜细胞相似,但核浆比更高,染色更深,可有 核分 裂。由 于其具 有较高 的核浆 比,有 时可误 认为是 鳞状上皮或腺上皮异常(Fig 1.14)。Figure 1.14 Endometrial cells,directly sampled.A,An intact endometrial tubule is surrounded by well-preserved endometrial stromal cells.B,Benign stromal cells are elongated and mitotically active(arrow)a
19、nd may suggest a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL)or a malignancy.The pale,finely granular chromatin and the association with intact endometrial glands are clues to a benign diagnosis.C,The glandular cells are crowded and mitotically active(arrow),but evenly spaced.第二章良性和反应性改变一、良性鳞状上皮
20、改变成熟的鳞状上皮可表现出不同程度的核和胞浆改变,最常见为单纯的中间层 鳞状上皮细胞核增大,不伴有核深染或核膜不规则。核增大常较轻微(为正常中 间层鳞状上皮细胞核的1或1.5至2倍),但有时可更大。尽管核增大,但其染 色质仍为一致的细颗粒状。这种情况最常见于更年期女性(4055岁),因此这 样的细胞又称为PM细胞(更年期细胞)(Fig 1.25)。Figure 1.25 Benign squamous cell changes.A,PM cells.Nuclear enlargement,with little in the way of nuclear membrane irregulari
21、ty or hyperchromasia,is a common finding in intermediate squamous cells from perimenopausal women.Such bland nuclear enlargement should not be mistaken for a significant atypia.B,A similar bland nuclear enlargement occurs in metaplastic cells.表层和中间层鳞状上皮非特异性核周胞质透明变可能与感染(如毛滴虫)有 关,但也可能是人工假象。与真正的凹空细胞的区别
22、在于:空泡较少,空泡边缘 胞质着色无强化(Fig 1.26A)O当鳞状上皮胞浆内含丰富糖原时也可出现大的胞 浆透明区,与LSIL的区别在于细胞核为正常中间层细胞大小(Fig 1.26B)O鳞 状化生多见于反应性改变,核可增大,且大小不一,有时核仁可很明显,核膜光 滑、染色质精细等有助于鉴别,但有时非典型表现可很明显,出现与HISL相重 叠的部分特征,此时最好诊断为非典型鳞状化生。Figure 1.26 Nonspecific halos.A,Small halos around the nuclei of squamous cells are nonspecific and do not re
23、present human papillomavirus(HPV)-related changes.B,Some normal squamous cells have abundant glycogen that mimics koilocytosis.Note the normal nucleus.二、良性宫颈腺上皮改变反应性状态下,宫颈腺上皮细胞核增大比鳞状上皮明显,有时可比正常细胞核大4-5倍,胞浆也增多。增大的核圆形或卵圆形,可见大的核仁(Fig 1.27),Figure 1.27 Reactive endocervical cells.A,A common finding,react
24、ive endocervical cells are enlarged and have a prominent nucleolus.B,Isolated cells can be as big as mature squamous cells and mimic a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(LSIL),but a prominent nucleolus is uncharacteristic of an LSIL.宫颈内膜细胞反应性改变也见于微腺性增生,细胞学改变可从完全正常的内 膜细胞至显著的核增大,一般核仁明显,胞浆空泡化(Fi
25、g 1.28)。罕见情况下需 要与LSIL、HSIL、AIS或浸润癌鉴别,注意观察反应性改变的细胞核呈圆形,染色质细颗粒状,核浆比正常。1.28 Reactive endocervical cells(microglandular hyperplasia).These cells are enlarged and have a prominent large cytoplasmic vacuole.三、修复性改变(1)平坦片状排列,细胞间有黏附力(2)水流样排列(3)核大,大小不一(4)核仁大,有时可不规则(5)染色质淡(6)可见核分裂有时由于修复性改变明显,并伴有一些不常见的表现,如核拥挤、
26、染色质粗 糙,此时最好诊断为“非典型鳞状上皮细胞,伴有非典型性修复的特征(atypical squamous cells,with features of atypical repair)”。Figure 1.29 Typical repair.Reparative epithelium is cohesive and arranged in a monolayered,streaming sheet.鉴别诊断包括非角化性鳞癌和宫颈内膜腺癌。(1)修复性改变一般与炎症有 关,但缺乏典型的见于浸润癌的坏死碎屑;(2)浸润癌不仅可见由恶性肿瘤细胞 构成的片巢状结构,也可见大量单个散在的恶性肿瘤细胞
27、,而修复性改变中细胞 有显著的黏附力;(3)非角化性鳞癌的染色质粗糙。四、放疗反应(1)奇异性大细胞;(2)核浆比较正常(3)胞浆空泡化,多染性(4)多核核染色质细颗粒状或为污秽染色质,核和胞浆均可出现空泡,细胞可单个散在或成簇分布,多核细胞常见(Fig 1.30)o常伴有修复性改变。部分化疗药物也可 导致类似表现。Figure 1.30 Radiation effect.Radiation looks like a wild reparative reaction,with large cells,multinucleation,cytoplasmic vacuolization,and a
28、 curious“two-tone”cytoplasmic staining pattern.鉴别诊断包括(1)疱疹性细胞学改变:两者均可见多核巨细胞,但放疗反 应缺乏核的毛玻璃样改变和Cowdry A包涵体;(2)复发癌:复发癌的细胞丰富,而放疗改变的细胞散在分布,复发癌的核非典型性也较其明显;(3)LSILo五、与宫内节育器相关的细胞学改变有两种不同的细胞学改变:(1)空泡化细胞:为腺上皮细胞,小群状分布(5-15个细胞)或单个散在,有丰富的空泡化胞浆,核增大,可见核仁;(2)胞 浆少,核深染的小细胞:散在分布,细胞类型不明,染色深,核浆比高(Fig 1.31)。Figure 1.31 I
29、ntrauterine device(IUD)effect.The two types of cells are seen here:a vacuolated cell and a small dark cell with scant cytoplasm.This combination is characteristic of IUD effect.鉴别诊断包括腺癌和HSILo第一种细胞可能与腺癌无法区别,若患者使用IUD,则考虑良性可能性大,应与临床联系,有可能需要在取出IUD后复检;第 二种细胞若见不到核仁,与HSIL无法鉴别。1.32 Glandular cells status po
30、sthysterectomy.The squamous mucosa of the vagina has undergone mucinous metaplasia.六、子宫全切术后腺细胞子宫全切术后2%的患者TCT检查可见腺细胞,特别是接受过术后放疗者,可能是一种治疗所导致的化生性改变,若其形态与正常宫颈内膜一样,则考虑为 良性改变(Fig 1.32),即使以前为宫颈或宫内膜腺癌,也不考虑恶性,可诊断为“子宫全切术后良性腺细胞”。第三章鳞状上皮异常一、鳞状上皮内病变(一)低度鳞状上皮内同及(LS1L)1、细胞病理学:(1)细胞中等大小(2)核非典型性:核增大;核形不规则;深染;染色质稍粗糙(
31、3)胞浆空泡(凹空细胞)(4)角化变型LSIL表现为表层或中间层细胞核增大,伴有中度的核大小不一和轻微的核 形和轮廓不规则。核染色加深,可为一致的颗粒状,亦可为类似凹空细胞样污秽 的染色质。核仁不明显。典型的凹空细胞表现为大的、边界清楚的核周胞质空泡,空泡边缘为致密的胞浆带,核可增大,并具有非典型性,但并非总出现。这种细 胞的出现对于LSIL具有诊断意义,即使没有核增大(Fig 1.34)。部分LSIL可出 现显著角化,表现为橘红色胞浆和角化珠的出现(Fig 1.35)。Figure 1.34Low-g radesquam1.35 Low-grade squamous intraepithel
32、ial lesion ous(LSIL),keratinizing type.A squamous pearl is being formed.111 LI tlvJL/ithelial lesions(LSIL).A,LSIL.Classic koilocytes,as seen here,have a large cytoplasmic cavity with a sharply defined inner edge and are frequently binucleated.Nuclear enlargement may not be as marked as in the nonko
33、ilocytic LSILs.B,Nonkoilocytic LSIL.Nuclei are significantly enlarged and show mild hyperchromasia and nuclear contour irregularity.No definite koilocytes are seen.This pattern was once called mild dysplasia or CIN 1.2、鉴别诊断包括鳞状上皮反应性改变、伴有非特异性空泡的鳞状上皮细胞、反应性宫颈 内膜细胞和ASC-USo轻微但容易发现的核改变以及较大的胞质空泡的涂片可能 是LSIL
34、,但有时会面临质或量的不足。值得怀疑但不能确定者诊断为ASC-US。(二)、高级别鳞状上皮内病变1、细胞学改变(1)常为副基底细胞大小的细胞;(2)单个细胞或合体细胞样细胞群(深染且拥挤的细胞群)(3)核非典型性:核增大;核膜显著不规则;常显著深染;显著 的染色质粗糙;(4)角化变型HSIL依据细胞大小可分为三种类型:大细胞型(20%)、中等细胞型(70%)和小细胞型(10%)。这种分型无临床意义,但有助于鉴别诊断。细胞核的大小 与LSIL相近,但核浆比更高(Fig 1.37)。总体比较,深染、染色质分布不规则 及核膜不规则均较LSIL严重,可以其中任何一种或几种表现为主,例如,部分 HSIL
35、可核膜非常不规则,但染色仅轻中度加深。HSIL细胞可单个散在(Fig 1.37)或呈合体细胞样分布(Fig 1.38)。鳞状细胞分化可明显或不明显,有时细胞透明、空泡化(Fig 1.39)或拉长(Fig 1.40)而易误认为是腺细胞起源。典型的HSIL 表现为小的未成熟鳞状上皮细胞或成熟的角化细胞伴有显著的核非典型性(Fig 1.41)oAFigure 1.37 High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL).A,These cells have scant cytoplasm and a markedly hyperchromatic nuc
36、leus with highlyirregular nuclear contours.B,Cells with a moderate amount of cytoplasm,formerly called moderate dysplasia or“CIN 2,“are incorporated in the HSIL category.Figure 1.39 High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL).Some HSILs are comprised of small,dispersed,highly atypical cells.The
37、 nucleus of these small cells is not much larger than that of normal intermediate cells.They are nevertheless identified as abnormal because of their hyperchromasia,markedly irregular nuclear outline,or both.Some HSIL cells have cytoplasmic vacuoles.These do not indicate a glandular lesion.Figui Hig
38、h-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL).The cells of an HSILare often arranged in three-dimensional groups in which individual cell borders are indistinct(syncytium-1 ike).Figure 1.41 High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL).The cells of some HSILs have an elongated configuration that
39、makes them look columnar.In the absence of strips,lesion rosettes,or feathering,this should not be taken for evidence erentia-of glandular differentiation(i.e.,an adenocarcinoma in situ clei are AIS).2、鉴别诊断(1)鳞状化生:仅显示轻微的核增大、核膜不规则和染色质增粗(2)萎缩:可有类似HSIL合体细胞样的表现,虽然核浆比增高,但核膜规则,染色质细颗粒状。(3)移行细胞化生:核呈咖啡豆样,无深染
40、。(4)脱落的子宫内膜细胞:HSIL细胞较大,核大小不均,深染,细胞簇边界不 规则,不形成类似子宫内膜细胞样的细胞球。(5)滤泡性宫颈炎:细胞较HSIL小,染色质粗糙,常混有浆细胞、树突细胞(伴有较大且淡染的核)。(6)组织细胞:大小与HSIL细胞相近,核膜亦可不规则,但染色质精细,胞 浆丰富疏松。(7)宫颈息肉伴非典型性:偶尔宫颈炎性息肉可被覆单层高度异型的深染的宫 颈内膜细胞,只能靠组织学进行鉴别(Fig 1.42)。Figure 1.42 Endocervical polyp atypia mimicking HSIL.A,The slide contains scattered iso
41、lated cells with dark nuclei.B,The surface of the endocervical polyp reveals a single layer of reactive endocervical cells.(8)IUD反应:小细胞数量少,核仁较HSIL更显著。(9)AIS:两者的细胞学改变有许多相似之处。成簇分布的肿瘤细胞更倾向于 诊断HSIL,除非在羽毛状或玫瑰花瓣样结构中出现明显的柱状细胞分化。(10)SQC:不管细胞学表现是否完全HSIL,若有显著的核仁或坏死碎屑,均 应考虑鳞癌。(11)ASC-H(12)与萎缩有关的ASC-US。(三)、SIL诊
42、断中的问题1、避免过诊断LSIL:如非特异性空泡和PM细胞,不伴有深染或核膜不规则,为阴性诊断,而仅伴有轻微的核增大或核膜不规则者应诊断为ASC-USo2、区分HSIL和LSIL:有时两者难以区别,可考虑为诊断为“鳞状上皮内病变,难以分级(SIL,grade cannot be determined),?,或“LSIL,不除夕卜 HSIL”(Fig 1.44)。其细胞学表现包括:(1)少量异型细胞;(2)细胞溶解明显;(3)LSIL,伴有 少量不确定的HSIL细胞;(4)广泛角化型SIL,伴尚不足以明确诊断为HSIL。%Figure 1.44 Squamous intraepithelial
43、lesion(SIL),cannot determine grade.When a lesion is extensively keratinized and there is no definite high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL),it is difficult to grade.Colposcopically directed biopsies showed A,CIN 1 and B,CIN 2,3.3、区分HISL和浸润性癌:很困难,必须有组织学检查来确定病变的具体性质。二、鳞状细胞癌1、细胞学特征:(1)HSIL表现,
44、辅以如下特征:大核仁;染色质分布不规则;肿瘤素质(2)蝌蚪样细胞和纤维样细胞(角化型)肿瘤素质(tumor diathesis)是指伴有核碎片和红细胞的颗粒状无定形沉积 物(Fig 1.45)O典型的SQC中可见丰富的肿瘤素质,但其不具有特征性,亦可 见于部分萎缩病例或严重的经血。但当伴有由非典型细胞组成的深染拥挤细胞群 或大量蝌蚪样或纤维样细胞时,则具有诊断意义。Figure 1.45 Squamous cell carcinoma(SQC).Slides from deeply invasive tumors show abundant tumor diathesis,a granular
45、 precipitate of lysed blood and cell fragments.In such cases,the malignant cells can be hard to identify.In other cases,the tumor diathesis is focal,and,if missed,the case is misclassified as a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL).非角化型SQC看起来像是HSIL细胞的变型(Fig 1.46,1.47),与HSIL 一样,癌细胞染色深,胞浆稀少
46、,但核仁更明显,染色质分布高度不规则;角化型SQC 细胞常不规则拉长(Fig 1.48),例如前面提到的蝌蚪样细胞或纤维样细胞,这些 细胞罕见于HSIL。多数SQC混有HSIL成分。Figur-1.46 Squamous cell carcinoma(SQC),nonkeratinizing.The malignant cells have irregularly distributed chromatin and a prominent nucleolus,characteristic features of invasive SQCs.Figure 1.47 Squamous cell c
47、arcinoma(SQC),nonkeratinizing.The sheetlike arrangement of poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma cells with nucleoli and mitoses mimics the appearance of reparative epithelium,but the crowding and haphazard arrangement of the cells are not typical of repair.Figure 1.48 Squamous cell carcinoma,ker
48、atinizing.A,In keratinizing carcinomas,the cells have markedly aberrant shapes,as seen here.Tiber cells are numerous.B,A tadpole cell and some tumor diatheses are seen in this tumor.2、鉴别诊断(DHSIL:显著的核仁及肿瘤素质是鉴别要点,但并非见于所有的SQC中,此外,肿瘤素质也并非仅见于浸润癌,(2)萎缩性非典型性(atypia of atrophy):绝经后女性所发生的显著的萎缩 性非典型性易与角化性鳞癌混淆
49、(Fig 1.50),细胞有大而深染的核和嗜酸性或橘 红色胞浆,但染色质污秽。这样的细胞若出现于萎缩明显的鳞状上皮背景中,应 诊断为ASC-US,不要诊断为HSIL或浸润癌。(3)修复性非典型性(atypia of repair):均可见显著的核仁和核分裂(Fig 1.52),但修复性非典型性染色质细,细胞间黏附力明显,细胞排列平坦。若染 色质粗,核拥挤或明显缺乏黏附力,则要考虑癌。(4)良性子宫内膜细胞:一部分非角化性鳞癌可能会与之混淆,伴有出血 的子宫内膜细胞则似有肿瘤素质,更增加了误诊的可能性。若有明确的核分裂,首先要考虑到癌的可能。部分病例可能仅能依靠临床病史(宫颈肿块或性交后出 血)
50、来鉴别。(5)Behcet病:涂片中可见到散在的角化细胞,伴有深染的多形性核和大 核仁,必须结合病史。(6)寻常性天疱疮:依靠病史,但已有罕见的合并SQC的报道。三、非典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASC)(一)ASC-US用于描述怀疑但不能确定SIL的病变。1、细胞学特点:(1)伴有“成熟”中间层细胞样胞浆特点的非典型细胞,包括凹空细胞(Fig 1.49B);(2)发生于萎缩的ASC:萎缩的背景下出现核增大、深染,或核形态和染 色质分布不规则,或出现细胞显著的多形性,罕见情况下,伴有炎症的病例可能 难以与SIL或浸润癌鉴别(Fig 1.50);(3)非典型性角化不良细胞:指角化不良伴有轻微的核增大和轻到