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2017年上海高考英语真题
2016年
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively（本能地） 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision(监督，管理) if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be（impose sth on sb把…强加给某人）imposed from 54 without consultation（咨询）. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective（集体的，共同的） opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative（首创精神，主动权）, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 60 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering（减少员工层） in this way, a company may be 61 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 63 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.
Another trend is off-site（不在现场的） or 64 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the 65 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.
51. A. desire B. seek C. lose D. dislike
52. A. contrary B. expectation C. degree D. extreme
53. A. vice versa B. for example C. however D. otherwise
（反过来也是一样的）
54. A. outside B. inside C. below D. above
55. A. replacing B. assessing C. managing D. encouraging
（评价，估价）
56. A. refer B. contribute C. object D. apply
（~+to有助于）
57. A. agreement B. practice C. election D. impression
58. A. bossy B. experienced C. western D. male
59. A. asking B. training C. warning D. firing
60. A. doubling B. maintaining C. reducing D. estimating
61. A. honored B. left C. crowded D. compared
62. A. economically B. traditionally C. inadequately D. occasionally
（不够地，不够好地）
63. A. deny B. admit C. assume D. ensure
(假定，承担)
64. A. virtual B. ineffective C. day-to-day D. on-the-scene
65. A. opinion B. risk C. performance D. attractiveness
2015年
If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meaning, you would not detect（探测，察觉） interest in romance among the artists. 51 , you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people’s earned to center on（集中在） hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.
In modern times, when food is available in grocery stores, finding love is more 52 in people’s lives. The 53 is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as （作为…合适）love stories in popular culture.
Researchers are studying whether love, a highly valued emotional state, can be 54. They ask, what is love? Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teeth, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that 55 attract, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.(一层不变，板上钉钉)
First Impression
To help determine the 56 of attraction, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other’s individuality. Then students were asked to 57 what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine weeks, they reported what happened.
As it turned out, their 58 judgments often held true. Students seemed to 59 at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.
The 60 Knows
Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones（信息激素） — natural chemicals that can be detected by, and then can produce a response in, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling 61 to partnerships. In contrast, humans do not seem to be as 62 as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smell, however, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.
Face Value
Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factors, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for 63. The participants had 0.013 seconds to view each face, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we 64 attractiveness seem to be somewhat automatic.
When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad associations, people responded to 65 words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.
51. A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise
52. A. romantic B. stressful C. central D. beneficial
53. A. priority B. proof C. possibility D. principle
（原则，原理）
54. A. tested B. imposed C. changed D. created
55. A. appearances B. virtues C. similarities D. passions
56. A. illustrations B. implications C. ingredients D. intentions
（暗示，含意） （配料，材料）
57. A. predict B. investigate C. diagnose D. recall
（判断）
58. A. critical B. initial C. random D. mature
（批评的，决定性的）
59. A. memorize B. distinguish C. negotiate D. question
（谈判，协商）
60. A. Nose B. Eye C. Heart D. Hand
61. A. open B. alert C. resistant D. superior
（警觉的，灵敏的）
62. A. disappointed B. amazed C. confused D. gifted
63. A. emotions B. attractiveness C. individuality D. signals
64. A. enhance B. possess C. maintain D. assess
65. A. familiar B. plain C. positive D. insulting
（侮辱的）
2014年
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to （敢于面对）the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.
Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural.（超自然的） Instead he suggests that language evolved（进化） among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming（打扮，梳理毛发，新郎，马夫）--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.
51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language
52.A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D.originally
（习惯地） （原本，起初，独创地）
53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural
54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters
（挥霍者，废物）
55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult
56.A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens
（概述）
57.A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result
58.A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour
59.A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance
（视察，检查）
60.A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses
61.A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection
62.A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease
（减轻，放松，安逸自在）
63.A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained
（扩展，提供）
64.A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. Thoughtful
65.A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secret
2013年
Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up the markets, increasingly transforming the world economy into one free-flowing global market. The question is：Is economic globalization 50 for all?
According to the World Bank, one of its chief supporters, economic globalization has helped reduce 51 in a large number of developing countries. It quotes one study that shows increased wealth 52 to improved education and longer life in twenty-four developing countries as a result of integration (融合) of local economies into the world economy. Home to some three billion people, these twenty-four countries have seen incomes 53 at an average rate of five percent—compared to two percent in developed countries.
Those who 54 globalization claim that economies in developing countries will benefit from new opportunities for small and home-based businesses. 55 , small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in 56 open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.
Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is actually 57 the gap between the rich and poor. A study carried out by the U.N.-sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing countries have actually 58 from integration into the world economy and that the poor, the uneducated, unskilled workers, and native peoples have been left behind. 59 , they maintain（维持，保养，断言） that globalization may eventually threaten emerging （新兴的）businesses. For example, Indian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from globalization because they are able to 60 their products may soon face fierce competition that could pot them out of 61 . When large-scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods, or when superstores like Wal-Mart move in, these small businesses will not be able to 62 and will be crowded out.
One thing is certain about globalization—there is no 63 . Advances in technology combined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world. The 64 now is finding a way to create a kind of globalization that works for the benefit of all.
50. A. possible B. smooth C. good D. easy
51. A. crime B. poverty C. conflict D. population
52. A. contributing B. responding C. turning D. owing
53. A. remain B. drop C. shift D. increase
54. A. doubt B. define C. advocate D. ignore
55. A. In addition B. For instance C. In other words D. All in all
56. A. mature B. new C. local D. foreign
57. A. finding B. exploring C. bridging D. widening
58. A. suffered B. profited C. learned D. withdrawn
（获利，有益于） （撤回，撤退，取款）
59. A. Furthermore B . Therefore C. However D. Otherwise
60. A. consume B. deliver C. export D. advertise
61. A. trouble B. business C. power D. mind
62. A. keep up B. come in C. go around D. help out
63. A. taking off B. getting along C. holding out D. turning back
（起飞，脱掉，开始成功） （伸出，坚持） （返回）
64. A. agreement B. prediction C. outcome D. challenge
2012年
People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another 50 , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble（绊脚） and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his 51 ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to 52 aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive b
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