记叙文说明文议论文的写作市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件.pptx

记叙文、阐明文、议论文记叙文、阐明文、议论文写作写作第1页第1页记叙文记叙文v叙述人物经历叙述人物经历 (写人写人)v叙述事物发展改变过程叙述事物发展改变过程(写事写事)v记叙文记叙文“六大要素六大要素”时间（时间（when)有无详细时间？有无详细时间？地点（地点（where)有无地点改变？有无地点改变？人物（人物（who）何人参与，谁是主角？何人参与，谁是主角？事件（事件（what）发生了什么，有何特点？发生了什么，有何特点？原因（原因（why）事件起因？事件起因？结果（结果（how）事件通过及结局？事件通过及结局？第2页第2页v1988年6月考试：An Early Morning Walkv6月考试：An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident第3页第3页例文v要求：依据下列提醒叙述一场交通事故：1.用第一人称；2.短语提醒：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3.写出作者对此交通意外感想。第4页第4页v Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck,driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.第5页第5页v Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasnt paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.第6页第6页v The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her,but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child,I thought to myself.第7页第7页v通过事实客观地解释或阐明事物本身v历年四级考题：How I overcome Difficulties in Learning English;My Ideal Jobv写作思绪：围绕阐明顺序阐明顺序（时间、空间、逻辑或结识顺序）、事物特点和细节事物特点和细节展开。阐明文阐明文第8页第8页阐明文种类v举例说明文（考试中易出现这类题目）:说明某一抽象论点v知识性说明文：提供知识和信息v对比说明文：说明某事物在不同情况下差异，或某事物与同类事物或不同类事物差异。v定义说明文：给事物性质和特点下定义。第9页第9页举例阐明文v通过举例来阐明某一抽象论点，或使读者明白某一事理。v写作时要选择适当、充足事例来就文章开头所提出某一论点或某一事理进行解释和阐明，所选例子一定不能偏离主题。1.如在例文“Practice makes perfect”中，作者用英语学习和其它一些事例阐明了“熟能生巧”这一道理。第10页第10页Practice Makes Perfectv1.如何理解如何理解“熟能生巧熟能生巧”？2.比如：在英语学习中比如：在英语学习中3.又如又如第11页第11页vThe famous saying“Practice makes perfect”is widely accepted today.It means if we practice unfamiliar things again and again,well be able to perform it perfectly.The practice of learning English is a good example.We are not living in an English speaking country.So,in order to learn it well,we need extra practice,such as reading English books,going to English corners,or communicating with foreigners.Only sitting at the desk cannot lead to the mastery of English.第12页第12页vAs another example,if we want to be skilled in using the computer,we also need to practice using it.Some children become little experts in computer,just because they play with it everyday.On the contrary,if we just stick to books,we will still feel confused when using computers.Judging from the evidence offered,we might safely draw the conclusion that practice makes perfect.第13页第13页例文：How to Lose Weightv思绪：1.第一段：综述现象：大家都想保持身材要求减肥2.第二段：简介多出体重在身体中形成原因3.第三段：提出相应减肥办法4.第四段：提出总结性见解，指出减肥要诀第14页第14页Sample:How to Lose Weightv A beautiful and healthy figure is everyones dream.However,not everyone can easily fulfill this dream.Overweight people often have to find precise ways to los weight.第15页第15页v For normal healthy people,weight is gained by taking in more calories than the body needs.Therefore,if you want to lose weight,you either have to eat fewer calories or find ways to use up more calories you take in.Dieting is probably the most popular way of losing weight,because when on a diet,you are taking fewer calories.第16页第16页v However,the body needs many elements in order to stay healthy,and starvation diets is bad because it is not balanced.A better way of dieting is to keep track of everything you eat,either by your own careful choices or by buying the packaged meals sold by some diet companies.If you don not normally exercise,you should also begin sensible exercises to help your body use up surplus calories.第17页第17页v In short,a combined effort of reducing the calories you eat and using up more calories than usual through exercise should help you shed off part of your body.第18页第18页论说文论说文v论说文在某种程度上与阐明文有一定关联。论说文在某种程度上与阐明文有一定关联。阐明文只是客观地解释事物、观点、办法等；阐明文只是客观地解释事物、观点、办法等；论说文是带有说服目的地阐明文，着重于说论说文是带有说服目的地阐明文，着重于说服读者、论证某种观点正确，使读者接受自服读者、论证某种观点正确，使读者接受自己观点。己观点。v能够简朴地说，阐明文并不总有议论，但是能够简朴地说，阐明文并不总有议论，但是论说文中必定总有阐明。论说文中必定总有阐明。v论说文种类：论说文种类：分析性论说文；批驳性论说文分析性论说文；批驳性论说文v例文及模板例文及模板第19页第19页 分析性论说文写作办法分析性论说文写作办法（1）用详细数听阐明XX现象 What？（2）原因一 Why？（3）原因二（4）原因三（5）指出主要原因(或造成影响)（6）处理提议一 How？（7）处理提议二第20页第20页模板：vNowadays,there are more and more XX in some big cities.It is estimated that(1).vWhy have there been so many XX?Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is that(2).Besides,(3).The third reason is(4).To sum up,the main cause of XX is due to(5).vIt is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing,(6).On the other hand,(7).All these measures will certainly reduce the number of XX.第21页第21页范文：Generation Gap between Parents and Childrenv Nowadays,there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and children which is so-called generation gap.It is estimated that(75 percentages of parents often complain their childrens unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parents too old fashioned).v Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children?Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is that(the two generations,having grown up at different times,have different likes and dislikes,thus the disagreement often rises between them).Besides(due to having little in common to talk about,they are not willing to sit face to face).The third reason is(with the pace of modern life becoming faster and faster,both of them are so busy with their work or study that they dont spare enough time to exchange ideas).To sum up,the main cause of generation gap is due to(lack of communication and understanding each other).第22页第22页 续:v It is high time that something were done upon it.For one thing(children should respect their parents).On the other hand,(parents also should show solicitude for their children).All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap.第23页第23页操练：vThe Effects of Exercise on Our Healthv1.分析体育锻炼给我们带来益处。（分析某事物正面效应）v2.分析体育锻炼给我们带来害处。（分析某事物负面效应）v3.给出如何参与体育锻炼提议。（给出如何看待该事物提议）第24页第24页Students Writing（1）The Effects of Exercise on Our Healthv Health is wealth is a popular saying in English.If you become sick,you cant go on with your study or work.So its important to keep you healthy.v There are some ways to be healthy.Firstly,you should do some exercise that can strengthen your body.Secondly,you should have some good habits such as getting up early.Thirdly,you should pay more attention to your health.If you are sick,youd better see a doctor.v In a word,nothing is more important than health.Having good health,a student may absorb more knowledge and solve more problems.Also,you can do more other things.第25页第25页Students Writing（2）The Effects of Exercise on Our Healthv Good health is very important to everyone.A healthy person can always be energetic and enjoy life whatever things may be.v Exercise helps everyone to keep healthy.Physical exercise can increase the circulation of blood,and thus more oxygen is taken into the body.In addition,physical exercise can increase appetite and digestion.Exercise can also make our minds sound.While exercising we take our minds off work or study.As a result,our minds are relaxed.vSince exercise can result in good health,we should indulge in exercise for a while everyday no matter how busy we are.第26页第26页students Writing(3)The Effects of Exercise on Our Healthv Doing exercise is very important to our health.But the effects of exercise on our health are different.v Doing exercise has good effects on our health.For example,it is very good to walk slowly after meals because it will promote digestion.And doing morning exercises is good for our lungs and our breath.Also,doing some moderate exercise can bring good feelings for you and lighten your work strain.In contrast,if you walk fast immediately after meals,it will cause stomach-ache.Furthermore,doing irregular exercise is bad for our bodies.v In short,because of its good effects on our health,we should do moderate exercise in our daily life.第27页第27页范文：The Effects of Exercise on Our HealthvAs is known to all,exercise does bring a lot of benefits to our health.First,it can greatly strengthen our hearts,lungs,bones and muscles,thereby changing our whole health for the better.Besides,it can make our brains better able to react to what is going on around us.And best of all,it can help us breed optimism about our tough life.vBut all the above does not mean that we can turn a blind eye to the negative effects exercise brings about.If you are normally inactive and then,contrary to your usual habit,start a program of undue exercise,as a succession of scientific studies reveals,there are more chances that you have yourself injured.In addition,the more exercise those on a fat-reducing diet take,the more loss of iron they will suffer and the worse their health will get.And worst of all,continual as well as excessive exercise can result in sudden death.v Therefore,a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of exercise.On the one hand,our physical exercise must be based on both progressiveness and regularity.On the other hand,we must go in for physical exercise according to local as well as health conditions of our own.In sum,exercise can do us good or harm,all depending on how we make use of it.第28页第28页模板：vAs is known to all,sth.does bring a lot of benefits to sb./sth.else.First,it can greatly strengthen,thereby changing for the better.(正面分析I)Besides,it can make sb./sth.else better able to(正面分析II)And best of all,it can help sb.(正面分析III)vBut all the above does not mean that we can turn a blind eye to the negative effects sth.brings about.If,as a succession of scientific studies reveals,there are more chances that(负面分析I)In addition,the more.,the worse.(负面分析II)And worst of all,(负面分析III)v Therefore,a scientific approach must be adopted to the problem of sth.On the one hand,(提议I)On the other hand,.(提议II)In sum,sth.can do sb./sth.else good or harm,all depending on (结论句)第29页第29页批驳性论说文v批驳性论说文在各类试题中多是给出一些有争议观点或做法，由考生对其进行分析、评论和驳斥，目的是为了得出正确结论或者给出问题处理办法。比如：Is Failure a Bad Thing?(1992年1月四级作文题)/Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck?(1998年6月四级作文题)/Can Money Buy Happiness?(1996年1月四级作文题)/Reading Selectively or Extensively?(1996年6月四级作文题)第30页第30页例1 Does Lottery Really Bring Us Luck?vNowadays,many people are enthusiastic about buying all kinds of lottery tickets.The purpose of them is to realize their dreams of becoming rich.However,some people dont agree on this activity.They think trying luck on lottery is harmful.They believe that such practice is likely to make people expect good luck rather than hard work to achieve their goals.vI believe that it is a meaningful thing.It does more good than harm to our society.First,the money collected can be used to help poor and the needed.Second,the accumulated money will be helpful to promote our welfare and make contribution to the whole society.Moreover if you are lucky enough,you may be rewarded.vSo I favor lottery tickets,if I have some money,Ill buy them.v作者在第一段提出了人们对彩票两种不同观点，接下来在正文部分提出自己观点，并阐述了自己之因此坚持这一观点原因。第31页第31页论说文万能框架vBecause of the rapid social development,the number of people whohas greatly increased/decreased.It is generally believed that plays an important role in modern society.vDue attention has to be paid to the issue of.With the reform and openingup in recent years，people in increasing numbers have come to realize the importance of.If we let this situation go as it is,we do not know where humans will be in the near future.vTherefore,it is necessary for us to take drastic measures.To begin with,we should appeal to the authorities to make strict laws to control.In addition,we should enhance the awareness of people that is vital to us.Only in this way can we solve this problem.第32页第32页议论文议论文v四级考试中四级考试中最常出现最常出现文体文体v通常采用摆事实讲道理方式，围绕某一通常采用摆事实讲道理方式，围绕某一个有争议观点展开谁陈说各种理由，表个有争议观点展开谁陈说各种理由，表明作者立场、阐明作者观点见解。明作者立场、阐明作者观点见解。v在文章中在文章中要明确表明赞成什么、反对什要明确表明赞成什么、反对什么么，用词不能模棱两可，必有明确必定。，用词不能模棱两可，必有明确必定。第33页第33页中心统一中心统一 v汉语议论文：表彰一件事物或一个现象时候，总汉语议论文：表彰一件事物或一个现象时候，总要指出其不足；同样，在批评一件事物或一个现要指出其不足；同样，在批评一件事物或一个现象同时，也总不忘掉指出其也有合理之处。这不象同时，也总不忘掉指出其也有合理之处。这不符合英语议论文写作习惯符合英语议论文写作习惯，由于假如作者告诉大，由于假如作者告诉大家两面都有道理也就等于说两面都没有道理。家两面都有道理也就等于说两面都没有道理。v遵循英文议论文写作思绪和习惯：遵循英文议论文写作思绪和习惯：表示支持则旗表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支持；表示反对就彻彻底底地反对帜鲜明地支持；表示反对就彻彻底底地反对，而，而不能采用不能采用“墙头草两边倒墙头草两边倒”做法。不然就会造成做法。不然就会造成“中心不统一中心不统一”。（如：下文观点假如是。（如：下文观点假如是“幸运幸运数字是既有道理又无道理数字是既有道理又无道理”就无法让人接受就无法让人接受）第34页第34页Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck？（？（14分范文）分范文）vSome people think that certian(拼写错误)numbers will bring good luck to them.Numbers such as six,eight,sixteen and eighteen are regarded as lucky numbers.There are also people who think that their success is related to certain numbers.第35页第35页v However,some other people think numbers have nothing to do with their luck.They believe in their own rather than“lucky numbers”.They dont do things according to certain numbers.v As far as I am concerned,I think it is a persons own business whether he believes in a certain number or not.The most important thing is that he has done the work by himself and has done it quite well.As to the belief in numbers,it is their(前后指代不一致，应改为his)personal choice.第36页第36页议论文三要素：议论文三要素：v论点：鲜明论点：鲜明v论据：合理、恰当、充足论据：合理、恰当、充足v论证（过程）：逻辑严密论证（过程）：逻辑严密第37页第37页英语议论文共有三大特点：英语议论文共有三大特点：v1、观点鲜明开头；观点鲜明开头；v2、紧扣主题结尾；紧扣主题结尾；v3、有主题句并且衔接自然中间段落有主题句并且衔接自然中间段落（段落主题句一定要放在段首）。段落主题句一定要放在段首）。v这样要求被诸多学生认为是这样要求被诸多学生认为是“老土老土”而得不到而得不到足够注重。后果就是中心分散、观点不明确，足够注重。后果就是中心分散、观点不明确，加上中国学生普遍英文表示能力不强，这些原加上中国学生普遍英文表示能力不强，这些原因就为整篇文章失败埋下了隐患。因就为整篇文章失败埋下了隐患。第38页第38页段落构成：段落构成：v主题句主题句 topic sentencev扩展句扩展句 supporting sentencev结论句结论句 concluding sentence第39页第39页主题句v段落关键段落关键v特点：特点：1.普通位于句首普通位于句首2.普通是简朴句普通是简朴句 试比较：试比较：Peoples view on the holiday economy varies from person to person It is well known that holidays are important for us and concerning the holiday economy,different people have different opinions.第40页第40页3.普通是议论句，提出自己观点（普通是议论句，提出自己观点（topic）对比：对比：Twenty students attended the schools Christmas party.（陈说事实）（陈说事实）The schools Christmas party is a bore as usual.（提出观点）（提出观点）4.观点要详细，不要大而空观点要详细，不要大而空 对比：对比：Bikes are very important.Bikes have brought a lot of convenience to our daily lives.第41页第41页5.主题句也可无观点，而是阐明将分几种主题句也可无观点，而是阐明将分几种方面对主题展开讨论方面对主题展开讨论 如：如：People have been trying to solve this problem in the following 3 ways:第42页第42页扩展句扩展句v以主题句为中心，展开段落、扩展以主题句为中心，展开段落、扩展内容内容v要求：内容详实、简明扼要、表示要求：内容详实、简明扼要、表示清楚、说服力强清楚、说服力强第43页第43页扩展句特点1.普通为长句普通为长句例：Private cars benefit both individuals and the nation.（主题句）（主题句）It is very convenient for people to drive to work,study and do many other things.By encouraging people to buy cars,the nation can stimulate consumption and domestic demand,and enhance the national economy.第44页第44页2.要有详细要有详细facts去支持主题句观点。办法有：去支持主题句观点。办法有：理论论证、事实论证、举例论证、数据论证、理论论证、事实论证、举例论证、数据论证、解释阐明。解释阐明。注意：注意：一定要言之有物一定要言之有物例：例：It is well known that“practice Makes Perfect.”So if you do not practice a lot,how can you grasp a skill?We have to practice if we want to do sth.perfectly.(没有对论点展开详细阐述，只是翻来覆去地没有对论点展开详细阐述，只是翻来覆去地重复表示观点，是典型空洞无物句子。）重复表示观点，是典型空洞无物句子。）第45页第45页3.扩