沪教版九年级上册unit-one-unit-eight知识点及语法.doc

  Unit 1 Wise men in history(1)                                    第一课 基础知识点一、 必记单词golden  adj. 金的；金色的           Olympics  n. pl.奥运会agreement  n. 同意；应允    ;       pot  n. 罐doubt  v. 不能肯定；对没把握   real  adj. 真的；正宗的truth  n. 真相；实情                seem  v. 好像；似乎solve  v. 解决；处理                fill  v. 装满；注满bowl  n. 碗；盆                    brave  adj. 勇敢的；无畏的metal  n. 金属                     certain   adj. 确定的；肯定的prison  n. 监狱；牢狱               hit  v. (hit，hit)(用手或器具)击；打correct  adj. 准确无误的；正确的         mistake  n. 错误less  det.（与不可数名词连用）较少的；更少的二、 常考短语in ancient Greece 在古希腊(be) happy with （对某人或事物）满意的 = be pleased/satisfied with fillwith  用把装满      think about = consider 考虑；思考 be filled with=be full of 充满；装满   run over 溢出 go straight to “直奔，直接去”  each other 互相；彼此ask sb for sth 向某人要某物          onethe other 一个另一个send sb to prison 把某人关进监狱     tell the truth 说实话make sure  确保；设法保证          something else 别的东西 bothand  和都      pay attention to (to为介词）leave sb alone 不打扰某人；不惊动某人 （leave me alone）notany longer=no longer             send sth to sb-=send sb.sth 把某物寄/送给某人be made of +看得见的原材料  由制成   cut up 切割开；切碎be made from +看不见的原材料  由制成  takeoff 领走；带走；使离开be made by + sb. 被某人制成          at the beginning of  在的开头三、常用句型：1.asas one can 尽可能，相当于asas possible2.hit sb. in/on +the +身体部位，打某人的某个部位（身体部位较硬或凸起，用on；部位较软或下凹，用in）                 3.one of the+adj最高级+可数名词复数  最的之一4.try to do sth.试图做某事，尽力做某事          5.it is believed that 6. be （not）allowed to do sth （不）被允许做某事7.getto do sth  让/使做某事            8.start to do sth  开始做某事四、辨析1.辨析：win与beatWin（won,won）及物动词宾语表示比赛、奖品、战争、荣誉等名词He won the argument.不及物动词意为“获胜”Who won?he won.Beat(beat,beaten)及物动词意为“击败”宾语为比赛或竞争对象China beat the United States by two to one.不及物动词意为“（风雨）等拍打；（心脏）跳动”I felt my heart beating faster.2. 辨析：else与otherelse副词用于不定代词（anything,something,nothing等）、疑问词（what，who,where）后other形容词或代词做形容词时，放在名词前作定语；作代词时，常与定冠词the连用，构成onethe other，表示（两者中）一个另外一个Eg:who else will go with us?    Where are the other students?  I have two pens,one is red,and the other is blue.3. 辨析：discover与invent  这两个词都用作及物动词，都指人们首先见到新鲜事物，但含义不同。discover发现指发现或偶然发现原本存在的，但一直未被认识或不为人知的东西invent发明指创造发明出新的、原来并不存在的东西  Recently they discovered gold. 最近他们发现了黄金。  Edison invented the electric light bulb. 爱迪生发明了电灯泡。4.辨析：at first与first of allat first起初；当初相当于at the beginning，与后来发生的事相对照，其反义词组为at last（最后，终于）first of all首先，第一相当于first，表示顺序，是时间上或一系列行动的开始，后面往往接next，then等  At first I didn't want to go,but I soon changed my mind.  起初我不想去，可是不久我改变了主意。  First of all,open the windows,then turn off the gas,and if necessary,call an ambulance.  首先，打开窗子，然后关掉煤气，如果需要，叫一辆救护车。5. 辨析：however与but二者都有“然而，但是”的意思，其区别如下：however然而；不过比较正式，可以放在分句之首、之中或之尾；其前面或后面要用逗号隔开，如在句中，其前后都要加逗号。but但是转折的意味比however要强，从语序上看，but总是置于引出的分句之首。  It's raining hard,however,they're still working in the field.  雨下得很大，然而他们仍然在地里干活。  I'd like to go swimming with you,but I have to tidy the garden now.  我很想和你一起去游泳，但是我现在必须整理花园。6.辨析：real与truereal强调客观存在，并非想象的或虚构的，即某物外表与实质之间有一致性Christmas Father isn't a real person.圣诞老人不是真实的人物。true强调事实与实际情况相符，并非杜撰、捏造的，符合一定标准、一定模式Is it true that he is dead? 他死了，是真的吗？7.辨析：be made of与 be made frombe made of看得出原材料The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是由木头做成的be made from看不出原材料The wine is made from grain. 这酒是用粮食酿造的。  【中考链接】  Books are made        paper while paper is mainly made_        wood.  A. of;of      B. from;from       C. of;from        D. from;of8. 辨析：notany longer/no longer 与 not any more/no more  notany longer/no longer:多指时间上不再延续，与之搭配的词多为延续性动词。not any more/no more  侧重程度或在数量上不再增加I dont want to stay here any more.    The poor boy wont come any more./the poor boy will no more come.9. 辨析：see sb doing sth与see sb do sthsee sb doing sth看到某人正在做某事I saw her cross the road.(穿过了马路）see sb do sth看到某人做了某事，指看到动作发生的全过程或看到动作经常发生I saw her crossing the road(正在过马路）与此相同的词（组）：watch,hear,notice,observe,look at,listen to10.辨析：the next day与next day  the next day第二天，常与一般过去式连用The next day,all the books were sold out.next day明天，常与一般将来时连用Next day,I will go shopping with him.11.辨析：dress，wear,put on,have on 与indress给（某人）穿衣服表动作后接sb./oneself作宾语she dressed himself quickly.wear穿着表状态后接衣服、首饰、鞋帽等名词we wear uniforms at school.put on穿上表动作后接衣服,鞋帽等名词please put on your hat.have on穿着表状态接衣服类名词，宾语是代词时，放中间，不用进行时I have on a pair of jeans today.in穿着表状态后接表颜色或衣服的名词hes always in green shoes.助记：穿戴动作put on，状态wear已穿上;dress接人作宾语,in 后颜色或衣裳12. 辨析：used to do sth,be used to do sth,与be used to doing sthUsed to do sth.过去常常做某事I used to be afraid of the dark.Be used to do sth被用来做某事The room is used to have a meetingbe /get used to doing sth习惯于做某事You will soon be/get used to living in the city.13. 辨析：through  over   acrossThrough穿过；通过指从空间内部穿过The train passed through a tunnel.over越过物体上方跨过，无接触面He jumped over the wall.across穿过；横过物体表面的一边到另一边We went across the road.14. 辨析：find    find out   look forfind强调“是否找到”这一结果Have you found your bjike?Find out（找出，查明）经过一番努力找到事情的真相let's find out when the plane will take offLook for后接寻找的对象，强调寻找这一过程The girl is looking for her book. 解析：1. At first, he was very happy with it.  ; be happy with sb./sth 意为“对某人或事物满意的”，=be pleased/satisfied with sb./sth  His teacher is happy with him. 他的老师对他很满意。  She is happy with what I've done. 她对我做的很满意。2. Later, however, he began to doubt that it was a real golden crown.  (1) begin to do sth.意为“开始做某事”，同义词组为begin doing sth.。  When can I begin to work? 我什么时候能开始工作呢？  When I got there,the singer had already begun singing.  当我到那儿时，歌手已经开始唱歌了。  (2) doubt此处用作及物动词，意为“不能肯定，对无把握”。  He doubts the truth of the news. 他怀疑那件新闻的真实性。  I don't doubt that she'll come. 她一定来，我不怀疑。  【拓展】doubt用作不及物动词，意为“怀疑”，其后常接of,about。    She doubts about everything. 她对一切都怀疑。    He doubts of his success. 他怀疑他能否成功。  doubt后接宾语从句时，名词从句用if/whether引导，名词从句也可用that引导。I doubt if/whether she will keep her word. 我怀疑她是否会遵守诺言。I don't doubt that we will win. 我们会获胜是没有疑问的做名词，意为“怀疑”，固定短语：be in doubt “不肯定，不确定”No doubt 无疑，很可能”  without/beyond doubt  毫无疑问，的确3.   “Is it made completely of gold?”he wondered.   wonder 想知道，相当于want to know后接疑问词引导的宾语从句，从句使用陈述语序。   I wonder who she is.后接if/whether 引导的宾语从句，表示委婉的请求或疑问。    I wonder if you would mind giving me a hand.后接“疑问词+不定式”结构  I am just wondering how to do it.拓展：wonder 做动词，还可意为“感到惊异”，可与at/about连用  I dont wonder at his words.Wonder 作为可数名词，意为“奇迹；奇观”4. “This problem seems difficult to solve. What should I do?”thought Archimedes. （1）seem用作连系动词，意为“似乎，好像”，后常接形容词作表语，可以和seem to be和It seems/seemed that相互转换。  He seems very angry. = He seems to be very angry. 他好像非常生气。  用作实意动词，可接to do sth     He seems to sing. 他似乎在唱歌。（2）solve  vt  solution  n  the solution(s) to ,意为的解决办法5. Archimedes was still thinking about this problem as he filled his bath with water.  fillwith  意为“用把装满”，其被动语态形式为be filled with，相当于 be full of6. weigh  “称重量；重”其名词形式为 weight   Please weigh the bananas for me. / she weighs 60 kilos./its about 76kilos in weight.   Some gold of the same weight    the sameas 与相同的（）   I bought the same car as yours./ this bowl is the same as that one.7. so I'm certain that it's not completely made of gold.  certain用作形容词，意为“确定的，肯定的”。  常用结构：  be certain+从句  一定I'm not certain where he lives. 我不敢肯定他住在哪儿。  be certain to do sth.  肯定要做某事He is certain to finish the task on time.  他肯定会按时完成任务。  be certain of/about sth.  对确信，有把握We're certain of success.  我们有把握成功。  be certain of doing sth.  有把握做某事He is certain of winning the match.  他确信能赢这场比赛。8. send sb to prison/take sb to prison“把关进监狱” in prison 坐牢，服刑9. go ahead  开始吧  其主要用法表示同意或允许，意为“说吧，做吧，进行吧”继续吧   Go ahead,we are all listening.表示请对方先走或先做某事，意为“你先走一步；你先请”You go ahead and tell him that were coming soon.10. What's wrong with it?  What's wrong (with sb. /sth)?是用来询问“某人发生了什么事情或某物出了什么   毛病/故障”等最常用的句型之一。其同义句型为：What's the matte/trouble with.?   What's wrong with you?  你怎么了（出什么事了）?11. That's why I'm angry.     That's why. 意为“那就是的原因”，why引导的是表语从句，用陈述语序。   表语从句是在句中作表语的从句，常位于连系动词be,look等的后面。   The alarm clock didn't go off. That's why he was late for school12. be allowed to do sth 被允许做某事allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事  allow doing sth 允许做某事He allows smoking here.他允许在这里抽烟 our teacher allowed us to go out for a walk.13. However,Helen,a brave woman,wanted to watch her son run.  watch sb. do sth 意为“看某人做了某事或经常做某事”，表示看见动作发生、进行  的全过程。其中do为省略to的不定式，作宾语补足语。  I watched her go out of the room just now. 刚才我看到她从房间里出来了。注意：Watch sb. doing sth. 意为“看某人正在做某事”，表示看见动作正在进行。其中doing为现在分词，作宾语补足语。     He stopped to watch us working. 他停下来看我们干活。  【拓展】和watch用法相同的动词（组）还有see, hear, make, feel, notice, look at 等。  Did you hear Jack call you? 你听见杰克叫你了吗？（动作结束）We often hear the girl sing English songs.  我们经常挺大了那个女孩唱英文歌曲。（动作经常发生）  I heard the song wind blowing when it was raining heavily.  下大雨的时候我听见狂风呼啸。（动作正在进行） 14. When you have written something, you should check your work to make sure the  spelling, grammar and punctuation are all correct.  (1) make sure意为“确保，设法保证”，后可接宾语从句或of短语。同义短语：be sure/be certain  Make sure that they know nothing about our plan. 绝对不能让他们知道我们的计划。  They scored another goal and make sure of victory. 他们又进了一个球，这就赢定了。  (2) correct 此处用作形容词(=right)，意为“正确的”，其副词为correctly(正确地)。  【拓展】correct用作动词，意为“改正；纠正”    correct the mistakes 改正错误12. write what kind of mistake it is  mistake 用作可数名词，意为“错误”，常用短语：make a mistake /mistakes 犯错；  by mistake 错误地    You've made several grammatical mistakes in the composition.  I got on the wrong bus by mistake. 我搭错了公共汽车。  【拓展】mistake（mistook,mistaken）还可用作动词，意为“弄错，搞错”。常用短语：mistake for   “把误认为”  She didn't speak very clearly, so I mistook what she said.  她说话不是很清楚，所以我误解了她的意思。  He is often mistaken for a famous actor.    / we often mistake him for a famous actor.他常常被误认为是个名演员。13. However, no one could find a scale large enough.  enough此处用作副词，意为“足够地”，修饰形容词或副词时，要放在其后。 He runs quickly enough. 他跑得足够快。   It's warm enough in the room. 屋子里够暖和了。  adv/adj+enough+（for+名词/代词+）to do sth.，意为“足够做某事”。可与“sothat+肯定句”进行同义句转换。The box is light enough for the boy to carry. 这个箱子足够轻，这个男孩能搬动。“not+adj/adv+enough to so sth”不够不能做某事，可与“tooto do sth”进行同义句转换  the boy is not old enough to look after himself=the boy is too young to look after himself.            enough作形容词修饰名词时，可放在其前，也可放在其后。         We have enough money.(=We have money enough.) 我们有足够的钱。注意  ;   14. be taken off 是takeoff的被动语态，takeoff意为“领走；带走；使离开”15. go down  的主要用法 （船等）下沉，沉没 their ship went down during an accident.                        （日，月）落下 the sun has gone down.                       沿着走 just go straight down that street.16. own  vt 拥有   adj.自己的  my own pen   owner  物主  the owner of  的主人17. Its believed that 人们相信It is said that 据说     it is reported that 据报道It is known that 众所周知   it is supposed /thought that 人们认为                     第二课   语法：反意疑问句及句子的类型一、 反意疑问句：   1、含义：反意疑问句又叫特殊疑问句，它是在陈述句之后附加一个简短的问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出疑问或征求意见。   2、构成：由两部分构成，前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简略的疑问句。遵循“前肯后否，前否后肯”的原则。前后两部分在人称、数、时态等方面必须保持一致。附加疑问部分通常由两个词组成，第一个词是be动词、情态动词、或助动词，若是否定式，通常用上述词与not的缩略形式；第二个词是指代陈述部分主语的人称代词主格。   3.答语：遵循一个原则，不管问题的提法如何，只要事实是肯定的，就用“yes,肯定回答”；只要事实是否定的，就用“No,否定回答”。但在前否后肯的反意疑问句中，其答语与汉语翻译不同，Yes 要翻译成“不”，No 要翻译成“是”。     You will never forget him,will you?   Yes,I will.  不，我会     No,No I wont. 是的，我不会4.特殊用法：反意疑问句的特殊用法 1）陈述部分为I am时，疑问部分用arent.     例：I am late, arent I ?              I am a teacher, arent I ?2） 当陈述部分的主语是everyone, someone, anyone, no one, nobody等不定代词时，疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they.   例：No one wants to do it, doesnt he / dont they?3）当陈述部分主语是something, everything, anything, nothing等表示物的不定代词时，附加疑问部分的主语要用it.  例：Everything will be all right, wont it?                   Something must be done to end the strike mustnt it?4）当陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定词时，疑问部分宜用肯定式 例：She seldom goes to school late, does she?5）当陈述部分中有否定前缀或后缀的否定词时，疑问部分仍用否定式     例：She dislikes her boyfriend, doesnt she? She is careless in writing, isnt she?6）当陈述部分是一个祈使句时，不管是肯定还是否定，附加疑问部分一般用will you。当陈述部分以Lets开头，疑问部分用shall we?但以“Let us”开头的，附加疑问部分常用will you?  Lets have a cup of Chinese tea, shall we?     Let us go to the supermarket, will you?     在肯定的祈使句后，还可以用wont you.7) 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词this，that或these，those时，附加疑问部分的主语分别用it或they。 This is your book,isnt it?8）当陈述部分是带有宾语从句的主从结构，疑问部分的助动词和主语应与主句的主谓要一致，但当句中部分是I think/I suppose/I believe等结构时，疑问部分助动词主语则与that从句中的主、谓保持一致例：They said that I was right, didnt they?       I dont think you have done it, have you?9）当陈述部分的主语是动词不定式或动名词时，附加疑问词部分的主语是it  To work hard is important,isnt it?10）陈述部分为there be 结构时，附加疑问部分中仍用there   Theres something wrong,isnt there? 11）当陈述部分带有used to, 附加疑问部分既可用usednt 或didnt的相应形式 例：He usednt smoke, used he?     He didnt use to smoke, did he?  12）当陈述部分是had better,疑问部分应用had/hadnt ;若陈述部分为would like和would rather, 附加疑问部分应用wouldnt ?  例：Youd better take a bus to go there, hadnt you?  Youd like some tea, wouldnt you?13）当陈述部分是感叹句，附加疑问部分则用否定式，且主语和感叹句主语要一致 例：What a lovely day, isnt it?        What a good man, isnt he? 14）有关have当陈述部分的谓语是have/has表示“有”时，附加疑问部分既可用have/has的相应形式，也可用do/does的相应形式    例：She has two sister, hasnt /doesnt she?    当陈述部分的谓语has/has表示经历、遭受、得到、吃等其他含义时，疑问部分只用do/does的适当形式例：He often has breakfast at seven, doesnt he?  当陈述部分的谓语动词包括have to/had to时，疑问部分通常用do/ does的不同形式例：She has to stay at home to look after her baby, doesnt she?15）当陈述部分的谓语动词含有can, may, shall, will would, ought, be, do等助动词时，疑问部分用相同的助动词    例：You can be there by 10 oclock, cant you?        You ought to follow her advice, oughtnt/shouldnt you?16）must 的反义疑问句：陈述部分有 must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。Amust 表示“应该”，其疑问部分用 mustn't（不应该），如：You must work hard next term, mustn't you ?  下学期你应该努力学习，对吗？Bmust 表示“必须”，其疑问部分用 needn't（不必），如：They must finish the work today, neednt they?  他们今天必须要完成这项工作，是吗？C陈述部分含情态动词 mustn't，表示禁止时，疑问部分就可以用 must 或 may，如：You mustnt stop your car here, must you? (may you?)你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？Dmust 表示推测 ，其疑问部分必须与 must 后面的主要动词相呼应。如：对现在动作或存在的情况的推测 ：You must know the answer to the exercise, don't you? 你一定知道这项练习的答案，是不是？ That must be your bed, isn't it? 那一定是你的床，是吗？对过去发生的动作或存在的情况的推测：句中陈述部分没有表示过去的时间状语，这时疑问部分中的动词就用现在完成时。（havent / hasnt + 主语）You must have told her about it, havent you? 你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？17）当陈述部分为I wish时，疑问部分则用may I ?   I wish to go to Hefei to see you one day, may I ?   I wish to use your pen, may I ? 18）当陈述部分含有状语从句时，附加疑问部分的主语、谓语应与主句的主、谓语一致When I got to school, the classes had already begun, hadnt t