人教版八下英语1-6单元讲义.doc

4、如何借助大熊座找到北极星？（P58）
一、填空：
16、空气是我们生命中生时每刻都需要的地球资源，大气污染影响着我们的健康，如大气中的飘尘易使呼吸系统发生病变。减少废气和废物排放是控制大气污染最根本的办法。
11、在淡水资源短缺的情况下，水污染更给人类和其他生物造成了威胁。绝大多数的水污染都是由人类的活动引起的。
在铁制品表面涂上油漆或菜油，用完铁制品后擦干放在干燥的地方等。
第二单元 物质的变化
7、将铁钉的一部分浸入硫酸铜溶液中，有什么现象？过一会儿，取出铁钉，我们又观察到了什么现象？（P36）
2、你知道日食的形成过程吗？
5、铁生锈变成了铁锈，这是一种化学变化。水分和氧气是使铁生锈的原因。
5、铁生锈变成了铁锈，这是一种化学变化。水分和氧气是使铁生锈的原因。
八年级英语下册

知识点精讲、练（unit1-6）

崔老师关于学生如何学好英语的几点建议：
一、 保持对英语的浓厚兴趣，因为兴趣是最好的老师。
二、 在学习过程中善于总结并践行适合自己的学习方法。英语听、说、读、写四大技能齐头并进方可逐渐领会该语言的灵魂与美感。初中生书写能力的提高从记忆单词开始，如下几种方法可供借鉴：由音及形法（根据读音是记单词）、分类法（分门别类识记）、联想法（由一个单词联想起众多形似、音近的单词）
三、 多种感官参与到英语学习中，加深记忆。多听多说，提高听说能力。
四、 坚持用英语写日记，持之以恒的将所学英语运用于生活之中。

2016年三月份整理

Unit 1 What’s the matter?
一、基础知识
1. What’ s the matter? 怎么啦？出什么事情了？
【解析】matter/ ' mætə(r)) /n.问题；事情
What’ s the matter with you?= What’s the trouble with you? = What’ s wrong with you? 你怎么了？
【注】： matter 和trouble 为名词， 其前可加the 或形容词性物主代词，wrong 是adj. 不能加the
【用法】用于询问某人有什么病或某人遇到什么麻烦、问题其后跟询问对象时， 与介词with连用。即：
What’s the matter with sb.? = What’s your trouble? = What’s up? = What happens to sb.?
— What’s the matter with you ? — I have a bad cold.
2. I had a cold.我感冒了。 have a cold=catch a cold=have the flu感冒
have a fever 发烧 have a cough咳嗽 have a stomachache胃疼，肚子疼 have a toothache牙疼 have a headache头疼
3. 身体部位+ache（疼痛）构成新的复合词
stomach+ache=stomachache head+ache=headache tooth+ache=toothache back+ache=backache后背痛
4. much too+ 形容词，意为 太...... ，too much+名词，意为 很多，大量 。
5. enough【形容、副词】足够的/地，enough放在名前后，形副后。good enough足够好，enough money=much money
6. lie down躺下， lie 躺，躺着，过去式lay；lie说谎，过去式lied
7. maybe “或许”，常用于句首，表示可能性，后加句子。Maybe you are right.
may be，是情态动词+be的结构，意为“可能，也许”，后加名词、代词或形容词。He may be angry.
sound like+名词代词和从句：It sounds like you don’t know the truth.
It sounds like a good idea. sound+形容词，“听起来，好像”，The music sounds nice.
9. need 需要，实义动词need+名词，需要某物；
need to do sth.需要做某事，主语通常是人，表示人主动的动作：You need to listen carefully during class.
need doing sth.主语通常是物，表示被动的动作：Your dirty clothes need washing.
10. get off (the bus) 下（公交车） get on 上车
11. agree 同意，赞同；
agree with sth. 同意某事 如：I agree with that idea.
agree to sb. 同意某人的意见 如：I agree to LiLei.
12. trouble问题，麻烦 ；be in trouble遇到麻烦，make trouble 制造麻烦 ，have trouble (in) doing sth. =have difficulties (in) doing sth做......有麻烦。
13. right away=right now=at once，意为 马上 。
14. advice [不可数名词]劝告，建议，向…征求意见， give sb. advice on sth.就某事给某人建议； advise [动词] advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
advise sb. doing sth.
【复习】exercise 练习、锻炼
当exercise意为“练习”时，为可数名词 即可加s
当exercise意为“锻炼”时，为不可数名词 即不加s
16. hurt 及物动词，使……疼痛，……受伤，He hurt his leg while exercising.
不及物动词，……（部位）疼。 His leg hurt badly.
clean 【动词】打扫，clean the classroom打扫教室，【形容词】 干净的 ，cleaner意为 清洁工 。
18. hit （用手或器具）打；击打 The boy hit the dog with a stone.
hit sb. on the head/ nose/ back打某人的头、鼻子、后背，on用在所打较硬的部位；
hit sb. in the face/ eye/ stomach 打某人的脸、眼睛、肚子，in用在所打较软的部位。
19. be used to sth./ doing sth.习惯于、适应了……、做某事，强调状态；His grandpa is used to living in the country/the country life.
be used to do 被用来（做），表被动关系。The wood is used to make desks.
Used to do sth：曾经，过去常常（暗含现在已经不）He used to get up early .

20. 【复习】free [形容词]空闲的free time；免费的the drink is for free；自由的I want to become a free bird.
free【动词】使……解脱，得到自由：He could not free his arm.
run out用完，用尽 When his water run out, he knew that he would have to do something to save his own life.
物sth. run out. 某物用尽了。
人sb. run out of sth. 人用尽了某物。He run out of all his money last night.
22. risk (sb.) to do sth. 冒险去做某事 take a risk=take risks 冒险
23. the importance of (doing) sth.（做）某事的重要性
We students should know the importance of (learning) English.
importance n. 重要（性）， important adj.重要的，unimportant adj.不重要的
decision 【名词】决定；抉择； make a decision 做决定 ;
make a decision to do sth.= decide to do sth. 。
25. be in the control of …掌管，管理 The headmaster is in the control of this new school.
be out of control无法控制，无法管理 be under control被控制住，在控制之中
26. 【复习】mind意为 介意 ，mind doing sth. 介意做某事 ,
Would you mind my opening the window?
27. give up (doing) sth. 放弃（做）某事，give up (playing) computer games；
give up后可接名词、代词和动词ing形式，也可不接，如: Never give up easily.
二、重点语法
【反身代词】英语中共有八个反身代词，在使用时应注意和它所指的相应的对象在人称、性别、数上保持一致。
数 人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
myself
yourself
himself herself itself
复数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
【用法】
1. 可用作宾语，指的是宾语和主语表示同一个或同一些的人或事物。
如：Maria bought herself a scarf. We must look after ourselves very well.
2. 可用作表语，指的是表语和主语表示同一个或同一些人或事物。 如： She isn’t quite herself today.
3. 可用作主语或宾语的同位语，常用来加强语气。
如：She herself will fly to London tomorrow. I met the writer himself last week.
4. 用在某些固定短语当中。

look after oneself / take care of oneself 照顾自己 teach oneself sth./ learn sth. by oneself自学
enjoy oneself 玩得高兴，过得愉快
help oneself to sth 请自用……（随便吃/喝些……）.
hurt oneself摔伤自己
say to oneself自言自语
leave sb. by oneself把某人单独留下
buy oneself sth.给自己买……东西
introduce oneself 介绍……自己 

【提醒】
1. 反身代词不能单独做主语，但可以做主语的同位语，起强调作用。 如：我自己能完成作业。
（误）Myself can finish my homework. (正) I myself can finish my homework. / I can finish my homework myself.
2. 反身代词表示“某人自己”不能表示“某人的东西”，因为它没有所有格的形式。表达“某人自己的（东西）”时，须要用one’s own.
如：我用我自己的蜡笔画画。（误）I’m drawing with myself crayons. (正) I’m drawing with my own crayons.
Unit 2 I’ll help to clean up the city parks
一、基本知识点
1. sick 生病的，有病的；可在句中作表语Mary could not come because she is sick.
也可作定语a sick child
【区别ill】ill与sick同义；但是只在句中做表语，不做定语。Mary could not come because she is ill.
2. cheer (sb.) up（让某人）变得高兴；振奋起来The good news cheered up everyone in our class.
3. give out分发；散发，相当于hand out，The teacher is giving out/ handing out the test papers.
give sth. out to sb. 意为 把某物分发给某人 。
4. volunteer 【名词】志愿者 【动词】义务做，自愿做（某事）volunteer to do sth. 自愿做某事 ，
The girls could volunteer in an after-school study program.
5. used to do sth.过去/曾经(常)做某事，表示过去的习惯、动作或状态，并强调现在已经不再存在或发生。
There used to be a cinema here. 这里曾有一个照相机。
They told me stories about the past and how things used to be. 他们告诉我关于这里过去的故事。
6. alone 【形容词】独自一人的，无感情色彩：The musician enjoyed living alone and writing songs himself.
lonely （感到）孤独寂寞的，带有很强的感情色彩，可做表语或定语。The lonely boy is not lonely now.
7. care for sb./sth.照顾；照料……
care 【名词】小心，关心take care of=look after →【动词】care about sb./sth.关心，在意某人/事
→【形容词】careful 仔细的 / careless 粗心的 →【副词】carefully 仔细地
8. such “这样的，这种，如此”，用于修饰名词
such+ a/ an+形容词+单数名词：such a good day 多么美好的一天 /such an exciting match 多么 精彩的比赛
such+形容词+复数名词/不可数名词：such important decisions 多么重要的建议 such delicious food 多么美味的食物
如果名词前被many, much, few, little修饰时，只能用so，而不用such：so many sick children/ so little time
9. try out for…参加…选拔，争取成为…Thirty football players tried out for the Best Player of the year.
try out试用，试验
10. journey 【名词】（尤指长途）旅行，行程；trip【名词】多指短途旅行；
travel【名词、动词】travel around the world →【名词】traveler旅行者
11.【复习】be busy with sth. 忙于（做）什么事情 be busy doing sth. 忙于（做）什么事情
12.【复习】try doing sth. 试着去做某事 try to do sth. 尽力去做某事 try one’s best (to do sth.) 尽某人最大的努力去做某事
13.【复习】be worried about sb./ sth. = worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人、某事
14. raise money集资，筹钱；raise money for…为……筹钱
raise【动词】举起；提高；募集
15. keep【动词】keep+名词，保留（某物）；keep+形容词，保持
16.【形容词】broken破损的，出毛病的；blind瞎的，失明的；deaf聋的；disabled有残疾的，丧失能力的；在句中做定语和表语。
17.make it possible (for sb.) to do sth.使（某人）做某事成为可能，
You helped to make it possible for me to have Lucky.
make it +形容词(+for sb.) to do sth. 使（某人）做某事成为…；
think/find it +形容词to do sth.
18. make a difference to…对……有影响；对……有作用，difference前可以用no, any, some, much等修饰，如
The rain made no difference to the game.
Hard-working makes much difference to study.
19. difficulty【可数/不可数】表示抽象意义的“困难”时为不可数；表示具体的“难题、难事”时为可数；
have difficulty (in) doing sth.= have trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难
20. train【动词】训练，trained为过去分词，可做定语，意为“受过训练的”a trained dog
21. be excited about sth. 对某事感到兴奋 ，Everyone is excited about the good news.
【复习】excited意为 兴奋的，修饰人；exciting意为 令人兴奋/激动的，修饰物。
22. order【名词】命令，指示；顺序，次序【动词】订购；点（菜）follow the order。
23. change【动词】变化，改变It’s hard for a person to change his life(style). 【名词】变化；零钱
change A for B用A换成B：When you travel in China, remember to change US dollars for RMB.
24.repair 【动词】修理，修补； fix【动词】安装；使固定 【fix up修理=repair】
Unit3 Could you please clean your room?
一、基础知识sectionA
1.Peter ,could you please take out the trash? 彼得，你能把垃圾倒了吗？
Could you please do sth ?请你（做）......好吗？ 用于提出请求，希望得到对方的肯定回答，说话的语气比较客气委婉。
Could 不是can的过去式，是委婉、礼貌的说法。回答用can.
【常用答语】肯定回答：Sure./ Of course./ Certainly./No problem. 否定回答： Sorry , I can’t
2、take out 取出（v+ adv）
【注】: 跟代词做宾语，代词放中间；跟名词做宾语，可放在中间，也可放在后边
His teeth hurt badly. The dentist take them out .
【短语】take out the trash 倒垃圾 take a walk 散步 take away 拿走，取走
take back 收回 take place 发生 take off 脱下； 起飞
3. Can you do the dishes.？那你可以洗盘子吗？
do the dishes 洗碗
【结构1】do the +名词： do the dishes/ laundry 洗餐具/衣服
【结构2】do the +动词-ing do the cleaning 打扫卫生
【结构3】do one’s + 名词 do one’s housework/ homework 做家务/家庭作业
【结构4】do some +动词-ing do some reading/ shopping 读写书/购物
4.Could I at least finish watching this show? 至少让我看完这个节目可以吗？
1】Could I do a sth? 我可以做......吗？
用于表达请求，语气比较委婉。 Could I go out with my classmate this weekend?
2】at least 至少，多指数量或程度上的最低限度。(反) at most 至少，不超过
Now all of us exercise at least an hour a day and outside school.
3】finish v 结束；完成 finish doing sth 做完某事
— Can you finish __reading__ these books before 10 o'clock? — Yes, I can.
5、I think two hours of TV is enough for you! 我觉得你看两个小时的电视已经足够了。
1】two hours of TV 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数形式。
adj
How time is flies! Three years __is_____(be) really a short time.
足够的，充分的（在句中作定语或表语）
adv

【解析2】enough I don’t have enough money with me.
足够地；充分地（放在形容词；副词后）The river is deep enough for swimming.
【记】 Mr. Smith has enough money ,but he isn’t kind enough to help others.
【注意】enough 修饰名词时，置于名词前；修饰形容词时，置于形容词之后。
6、Could you take out the rubbish,fold the clothes and do the dishes?
你能把垃圾倒了。把衣服叠好，再把碗洗了吗？
拿；取
【解析】take out 拿出；取出 take 的用法：
Please take some books to the classroom.
吃；喝；服用

Take this medicine three times a day.
乘（车；船等）
take
They usually take the bus to work.
花费（时间；金钱）
It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.
【拓展】take 构成的短语：
take a walk 去散步 take a rest 休息 take care of 照顾 take off 脱下；起飞 take up 占据 take down 拿下 take one’s time 不急；慢慢来 take one’s temperature 量体温
7. The minute I sat down in front of the TV, my mom came over .
我刚坐在电视机前面，我妈妈就过来了。
【解析1】the minute = as soon as “一...... 就......” Please write to me the minute you get there.
【解析2】 in front of
in front of
指在物体外部的前面
There is a bike in front of the classroom.
in the front of
【辨析】

指在物体内部的前面
Our teacher is standing in the front of the classroom
【记】 The driver sat _____in the front of___________ the car. The policeman stood ___in front of________ the car.
【注意】有the无the区别大：
at table 吃饭；进餐 in hospital 住院

at the tabel 在桌边 in the hospital 在医院（不一定看病）
【解析3】come over 过来
【拓展】 come 短语：
come across（偶然）发现 come back 回来 come up with想出
come true实现 come down下来 come from=be from来自,出生于
come in/into进入,进来 come on赶快,加油 come along走吧,过来,快点
come and go来来去去 come up上来 come out出来，(花)开，(照片)冲洗出来
8. You watch TV all the time and never help out around the house! 你总是看电视，从不帮忙做家务！
all the time = always 一直；总是
9. I’m just as tired as you are! 我和你一样累！ 【解析】as...as ... 和......一样......
10. For one week , she did not do any housework and neither did I. 一周的时间，她不做任何家务，我也不做。
【解析】neither +助动词/系动词/情态动词 +主语 “某人（主语） 也不”
⑴ neither两者都不
neither …nor… 既不…也不…,连接两个词做主语，谓语动词由后一个主语确定Neither Tom nor Jim is a student
⑵ 表达“…也不……” 则用 “Neither /Nor + be / V助 / V情 + 主”
—The first one wasn’t bad. — Neither was the second.
11. The next day , my mom came home from work to find the house clean and tidy.
第二天，妈妈下班回到家后发现房间很干净、整洁。
【解析】find +宾语+宾语补足语
【注】find → found →found v寻找
(1) find sb. doing sth 发现某人做某事
(2) find it + adj. + to do sth 发现做某事很……
◆find it difficult/ hard to do sth 发现做某事很困难 She found _it__ hard to finish the work by herself.
12. She asked in surprise.她吃惊地问道。
【解析】in surprise 惊奇地；吃惊地
surprise v 使吃惊→surprising adj. 令人吃惊的 →surprised adj. 吃惊的
to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是 in surprise 吃惊地 be surprised at 对……感到吃惊
To my surprise_(使我吃惊的是），he got the first prize in the exam.
13. “ I’m do sorry, Mom. I finish understand that we need to share the housework to have a clean and comfortable home.” I replied.
“对不起，妈妈。我终于理解为了拥有一个干净、舒适的家我们需要共同来分担家务。” 我回答说。
【解析1】need v 需要
用于肯定句，是实义动词。
(1)人做主语，sb. need to do sth 某人需要做某事
(2)物做主语，sth need doing sth= sth need to be done
①Students need ___to have_______(have) a good rest in studying. ②The watch needs__mending___(mend).
用于否定句或疑问句，是情态动词
(1)needn’t = don’t have to 没有必要
(2)need ,must 引导的一般疑问句，肯定会的用must,否定回答用needn’t
— Must I go there now? — Yes，you must/No, you needn’t
【解析2】share 分享；共用 share sth 分享或共用某物 share sth with sb. 与某人分享某物
(All his friends __Shared___ his happiness when he won the match.
14.Could I hang out with my friends after the movie? 看完电影后我能和朋友们一起闲逛吗？
【解析】hang out 闲逛 hang up 把......悬挂/挂起
15. Could you please pass me the salt?你能把盐递给我吗？
【解析】pass ⑴v 给；递；走过；通过 pass sb.sth 把某物递给某 Pass on 传递
Please pass the paper on to the other students.
⑵ v 通过；路过 I pass your home.
⑶ v 通过（考试） ；及格 Tom can pass his math exam.
16. Could I borrow that book?我能借下你那本书看吗、
Could you lend me some money?你能借我一些钱吗？
【解析】borrow /lend/keep
(1)borrow 借入 ,与from 连用，尤指主语“【借进来”】
borrow sth from sb. 从某人那里借某物 You can borrow the book from the library.
(2)lend 借出 ,与to 搭配 【指借出去】
lend sb sth=lend sth to sb 把某物借给某人He doesn’t want to lend his book to others.
(3)keep 保留，保存（延续动词，可以与表示一段时间的状语连用）【指借一段时间】
【记】 I want to __borrow__ a bike from my friend but he didn’t _lend___ it to me,
because Tom had _kept____ it for two days.
17. I cut my finger and I’m trying not to get it wet.
我的手指割伤了，伤口不能弄湿。
【解析】try (not) to do sth努力（不）做某事。
try v 试图，设法，努力
【拓展】 (1)try on 试穿 (2) try to do sth 努力做某事 【侧重尽力做】
(3) try doing sth 试图做某事 【侧重尝试做】
(4)try one’s best to do sth= do one’s best to do sth 尽某人最大努力做某事
18. I hate to do chores. 我讨厌做家务。
hate to do sth 讨厌做某事, 表示某次具体行为或动作。 I hate to trouble him.
hate doing sth不愿意做某事 表示经常或习惯性行为或动作。 She hates smoking in her room.
19.Could I ask you to help me with some