2024年南亚海洋塑料污染报告.pdf

Cover pageWaves of Plastics:A Snapshot ofMarine Plastic Pollutionin South AsiaMarch 2024Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized 2024 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW,Washington DC 20433 Telephone:[phone];Internet:www.worldbank.org Some rights reservedThis work is a product of The World Bank.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy,completeness,or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors,omissions,or discrepancies in the information,or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information,methods,processes,or conclusions set forth.The boundaries,colors,denominations,links/footnotes and other information shown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.The citation of works authored by others does not mean the World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of their works.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank,all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright.Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge,this work may be reproduced,in whole or in part,for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given.AttributionPlease cite the work as follows:“World Bank.2024.Waves of Plastic:A Snapshot of Marine Plastic Pollution in South Asia.Washington,DC:The World Bank.”Any queries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,should be addressed to World Bank Publications,The World Bank,1818 H Street NW,Washington,DC 20433,USA;fax:[phone];e mail:pubrightsworldbank.org.Report design and layout:Ha Doan&Yen Doan.This report is part of a larger series of stocktaking and analytical products on plastic pollution in South Asia.This work is undertaken as part of the World Banks work program on South Asia Marine Plastics Pollution,which aims to promote circular plastic economy solutions,advance related country-level policy and investment dialogues,and raise awareness of the deleterious impacts of marine plastic pollution on peoples lives and livelihoods.It supports the Banks commitment to work with countries of South Asia to pursue and scale-up policies and programs that help them move toward a circular plastic economy and,in partnership with civil society and the private sector,harnesses the power of innovation to bring viable and sustainable solutions for plastic waste reduction and management across the region.This study is supported with generous funding from the South Asia Water Initiative(SAWI)and the publication of this report was funded by PROBLUE.Both SAWI and PROBLUE are multi-donor trust funds administered by the World Bank.South Asias mountain economies of Afghanistan,Bhutan,and Nepal join the regions ocean economies of Bangladesh,India,Maldives,Pakistan,and Sri Lanka to curb marine plastic pollution.iTABLE OF CONTENTSiAcknowledgments ivAbbreviations vSummary 1CHAPTER ONENavigating Plastic Challenges in South Asia 7CHAPTER TWOTracing Plastic Leakage into South Asian Seas 18CHAPTER THREEPlastic Policy Effectiveness in South Asia 34CHAPTER FOURMaking the Case for Regional Cooperation Toward Plastic Circularity 42CHAPTER FIVETransitioning to a Circular Plastic Economy in South Asia to Reduce Plastic Pollution 52Appendix A 58Adapting the UNEP/IUCN ModelAppendix B 65Country Data Inputs to the UNEP/IUCN ModelAppendix C 70Assessing Policy EffectivenesAppendix D 77National Waste and Plastic Policies and Legislation in South Asian CountriesAppendix E 82Typology of Waste and Plastic Policies and RegulationsReferences 83iiList of Figures List of Boxesii1.1 World Bank Plastic Free Rivers and Seas for South Asia Project 91.2 Why are Plastics Problematic?151.3 The South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme 172.1 UNEP/IUCN National Guidance for Plastic Pollution Hotspotting and Shaping Action 192.2 The Plastic Cycle 223.1 Methodology to Assess the Effectiveness of Plastic-and Waste-related Policies in South Asia 383.2 The Maldives Single-use Plastic Phase-out Plan 2020-2023 404.1 The Montreal Protocol as a Model for the Global Plastic Treaty 505.1 Circular Economy Action on Plastics in the European Union 56ES.1 Summary of the plastic value chain in South Asia (kt/year)3ES.2 Plastic value chain in South Asia 4B2.1.1 Material flow analysis methodology 21B2.2.1 The plastic cycle 222.1 Plastic consumption in South Asia by country and end-use application(2021)(kt/year)242.2 Plastic consumption per person by country in South Asia and by polymer type(2021)252.3 Summary of plastic waste generation and (mis)management in South Asia 282.4 Reasons for plastic leakage in South Asia 304.1 Summary of reasons for regional cooperation on plastic pollution 435.1 Circular plastic economy framework 53A.1 Step 1:Determination of generated plastics 58A.2 Step 2:Flow of plastic waste from generation to leakage into waterways and the ocean 59A.3 Detailed Pedigree Matrix used for scoring quality of data from the UNEP/IUCN model 63iiiList of TablesList of Maps1.1 Rivers of South Asia 112.1 Plastic leakage hotspots across South Asia 31ES.1 Summary of differences and similarities along the plastic value chain in South Asian countries 52.1 Production,imports,and exports of plastics in South Asia(2021)232.2 Ease of recycling by plastic polymer type(2021)262.3 Imports and exports of plastic waste by country in South Asia(2021)272.4 Plastic leakage by catchment in South Asia ranked by leakage 323.1 Summary of waste and plastic policies and legislation in South Asia 363.2 Effectiveness of policies and regulations to reduce plastic waste in South Asia 37B3.1.1 Overall policy effectiveness scoring matrix 38B3.2.1 Common SUPs identified for action by the Maldives Plastic Committee 404.1 Data gaps along the plastic value chain in South Asia 475.1 Recommendations to transition to a circular plastic economy in South Asia 54A.1 Availability of SWM data for this study 61B.1 Data inputs for Afghanistan 65B.2 Data inputs for Bangladesh 65B.3 Data inputs for Bhutan 66B.4 Data inputs for India 67B.5 Data inputs for the Maldives 67B.6 Data inputs for Nepal 68B.7 Data inputs for Pakistan 69B.8 Data inputs for Sri Lanka 69C.1 Typology of plastic policies and regulations 70C.2 Scoring matrix 1:Policy approval 71C.3 Scoring matrix 2:Policy implementation 71C.4 Scoring matrix 3:Policy coverage 72C.5 Inclusion of monitoring and reporting based on on-the-ground evidence 72C.6 Overall scoring matrix 73C.7 Summary of stakeholders interviewed for this study 73D.1 Waste and plastic policies and legislation in Afghanistan 77D.2 Waste and plastic policies and legislation in Bangladesh 77D.3 Waste and plastic policies and legislation in Bhutan 78D.4 Waste and plastic policies and legislation in India 79D.5 Waste and plastic policies and legislation in the Maldives 79D.6 Waste and plastic policies and legislation in Nepal 80D.7 Waste and plastic policies and legislation in Pakistan 80D.8 Waste and plastic policies and legislation in Sri Lanka 81E.1 Typology of plastic policies and regulations 82ivACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was prepared by a World Bank team comprising Karin Shepardson(Lead Environmental Specialist),Nina Tsydenova(Environmental Specialist),and Perinaz Bhada-Tata(Solid Waste Consultant)with contributions from Nathalia Silva De Souza Lima Cano(Plastic Waste Consultant).This report is part of a larger series of stocktaking and analytical reports on plastic pollution in South Asia.The research is undertaken as part of the World Banks South Asia Marine Plastics Pollution Platform,which aims to promote circular plastic economy solutions,advance country-level policy dialogue,promote investments in solid waste management,and raise public awareness of the deleterious impacts of marine plastic pollution on peoples lives and livelihoods.The Platform reflects the World Banks strong commitment to support the countries of South Asia to pursue and scale up policies and programs that help the countries of South Asia move toward a circular plastic economy and,in partnership with civil society and the private sector,harness the power of innovation to bring viable and sustainable solutions for plastic waste reduction and management across the region.This diagnostic study was conducted by IMC Worldwide Ltd.and Seureca,led by Marie Gouttebroze,Jonathan Parkinson,and Stephanie Trigg,Mansoor Ali,Pierre Bazus,and Jonathan Essex,with contributions from Dr.Irshad Ahmad(Afghanistan),Monir Alam Chowdhury(Bangladesh),Kamal Dan Chamling(Bhutan),Asit Nema(India),Hafeeza Abdulla(Maldives),Nabin Bikash Maharjan(Nepal),Saadat Ali(Pakistan),and Malaka Dassanayake(Sri Lanka).Numerous stakeholders were interviewed and shared their knowledge and vision on plastic management,for which the team is grateful.For technical guidance and feedback,the team thanks Pawan Patil(Senior Environmental Economist),Lisbet Kugler(Senior Environmental Specialist),Sayed Mujtaba Shobair(Environmental Specialist,Afghanistan),Shahlla Matin(Consultant,Afghanistan),Rahat Jabeen(Senior Environmental Specialist,Pakistan),Suiko Yoshijima(Senior Environmental Specialist,Bangladesh/Bhutan),Bushra Nishat(Environmental Specialist,Bangladesh),Tijen Arin(Senior Environmental Economist,Nepal),Annu Rajbhandari(Senior Environmental Specialist,Nepal),Sulochana Nepali(Environmental Analyst,Nepal),Charu Jain(Environmental Specialist,India),Joseph Ese Akpokodje(Senior Environmental Specialist,India),Asferachew Abate Abebe(Senior Environmental Specialist,India),Mokshana Nerandika Wijeyeratne(Senior Environmental Specialist,Sri Lanka/Maldives),Disna Bandara(Environmental Specialist,Sri Lanka),Bruno Bonansea(Program Manager,Cartography),Patricia Anne Janer(Consultant,Cartography),Christina Leb(Senior Counsel),and Janet Lynn Minatelli(Operations Officer).The team also thanks Gayle Martin(Operations Manager),Lada Strelkova(Operations Manager),Chiyo Kanda(Country Manager),Hideki Mori(Operations Manager),Gailius Draugelis(Operations Manager),Hadia Samaha(Practice Leader),Elsa Le Groumellec(Senior Counsel),Ximena Talero(Lead Counsel),Hanna Jang(Senior Counsel),and Fabiola Altimari(Senior Counsel)for their support and guidance.The team extends its appreciation to the Director General of the South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme(SACEP)and its staff,including W.K.Rathnadeera and Priyankari Alexander.The team extends its appreciation to the UNEP team that was consulted on the UNEP/IUCN Plastic Pollution Hotspotting Model.The report benefited from administrative support from Poonam Rohatgi and Hanny Hanny.Maps for this report were created by Marlee Jennean Beers.The team gratefully acknowledges comments provided by World Bank peer reviewers Helena Naber(Senior Environmental Specialist),Nalaka Gunawardene(Communications Consultant),Thierry Michel Rene Martin(Senior Urban Development Specialist),Grzegorz Peszko(Lead Economist),and Kanako Hasegawa(Environmental Specialist).Hina Salim Lotia(Operations Officer),Diana Ya-Wai Chung(Senior External Affairs Officer),and Junko Funahashi(Lead Counsel)also provided useful comments.The study was prepared under the guidance of Christophe Crepin(Practice Manager,South Asia Environment,Natural Resources and Blue Economy),Dina Umali-Deininger(Regional Director for Sustainable Development in South Asia),and Cecile Fruman(Director,South Asia Regional Integration and Engagement).This research was funded by the South Asia Water Initiative(SAWI),a trust fund supported by the United Kingdoms Foreign,Commonwealth and Development Office;Australias Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade;and Norways Ministry of Foreign Affairs.The trust fund was designed to increase regional cooperation in the management of the major Himalayan river systems in South Asia to deliver sustainable,fair,and inclusive development and climate resilience.PROBLUE provided funding for finalizing the publication of this report.PROBLUE,a multi-donor trust fund administered by the World Bank,supports the sustainable and integrated development of marine and coastal resources in a healthy ocean.vABBREVIATIONS3R reduce,reuse,recycleALDFG abandoned,lost or otherwise discarded fishing gearASA Advisory Services and AnalyticsCBO community-based organizationCPP Convention on Plastic PollutionEPR Extended Producer ResponsibilityEPS expanded polystyreneEU European UnionFMCG fast-moving consumer goodsGBM Ganges-Brahmaputra-MeghnaGHG greenhouse gasGIS geographic information systemGNI gross national incomeHDPE high-density polyethyleneHKH Hindu Kush HimalayaHS Harmonized System(trade code)IDA International Development Association (World Bank)IUCN International Union for Conservation of Naturekg kilogramkm kilometerkt kilotons(1 kt=1,000 metric tons)LDPE low-density polyethyleneMFA material flow analysisMLAP Marine Litter Action Planmm millimeterMPW mismanaged plastic wasteMSW municipal solid wasteMT metric tonsNGO non-governmental organizationNIMBY not-in-my-backyardnm nanometerOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPE polyethylenePET polyethylene terephthalatePLEASE Plastic Free Rivers and Seas for South AsiaPM particulate matterPP polypropylenePPP public-private partnershipPS polystyrenePVC polyvinyl chlorideSACEP South Asia Co-operative Environment ProgrammeSAS South Asia SeasSASP South Asian Seas ProgrammeSAWI South Asia Water InitiativeSDG Sustainable Development Goalssq.km square kilometerSUP single-use plasticSWM solid waste managementUN United NationsUNEA United Nations Environment AssemblyUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeWAMCO Waste Management Corporation Limited (Maldives)Currency Units and Exchange RatesCurrency Unit Exchange Rates (Effective as of March 2024)Afghani(Af)$1=Af 71.16 Af 1=$0.014Bangladesh taka(Tk)$1=Tk 109.67 Tk 1=$0.009Bhutanese ngultrum(Nu)$1=Nu 83.08 Nu 1=$0.012 Indian rupee()$1=83.08 1=$0.012 Maldivian rufiyaa(Rf)$1=Rf 15.40 Rf 1=$0.065Nepalese rupee(Nr)$1=Nr 132.99 Nr 1=$0.008 Pakistan rupee(PKR)$1=PKR 278.39 PKR 1=$0.0036Sri Lanka rupee(SL Rs)$1=SL Rs 304.40 SL Rs 1=$0.0033All dollar amounts used in this report are US dollars1 1 SummarySUMMARYThe South Asian region is woven together with diverse languages,traditions,and cultures,as well as by shared socioeconomic contexts and geographical features.Classified as middle-income countries(except Afghanistan,which is low-income),these nations grapple with meeting the needs of growing populations amid pressing environmental concerns like air pollution,biodiversity loss,and the de