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自考英语（二）章节复习资料汇总
重点单词扩充解说：
1. organizational：a 组织上
由此咱们可以联想到：organize：v 组织； organization：n 组织； organizer：n 组织者
请看下列习题，选取该组词里恰当词填空：
1). Last week，our school ________ a spring outing.
2). The task calls for the highest _________ skill.
3). China has joined World Trade __________.
4). He is the __________ of the speech contest.
Answers：organized，organizational，Organization，organizer
2. objective：n 目的； a 客观，反义词subjective：主观
3. predict：v 预言、预示；
由此咱们可以联想到：prediction：n 预言； predictable：a 可预测； predictor：n 预言家
4. simplify：v 简化
由此咱们可以联想到：simple：a 简朴； simply：ad 简朴地，仅仅地； simplification：n 简化； simplified：a 被简化。
Exercises for the above words:
1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.
2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ____ edition is quite easy.
3). There is no point in arguing about it，because it is _______ a question of procedure.
4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor.
Answers：simple；simplified；simply；simplification
5. tendency：n 趋势、倾向；tend ：v 倾向于…， tend to do sth
e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter.
Or old people tend to get fatter.
6. managerial：a 经理、经营上；
由此咱们可以联想到：manage：v管理、经营； management：n；manager：n 经营者，管理者； manageable：a 可管理、可经营。
7. argue：v 争辩、争论，惯用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论； argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事； argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不要做某事。
e.g. 1>. The young couple always argue with each other over their child’s
education.
2>. I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.
8. define：v 给…下定义； definition：n 定义
9. profitability：n 赚钱， 获利
由此咱们可以联想到：profit：n 利润； profitable：a 有利可图，有好处；
profitless：a 没有利润。
1). He has made a _____ from running a small restaurant.
2). The deal was ______ to all of us.
3). They valued _______ differently，which led to disagreement as to the correctness of decision.
Answer：profit，profitable；profitability.
10. correctness：n 对的性； 字根：correct：a 对的； v 纠正， correction：n 纠正； incorrect：a 不对的。
11. unintended：a 非筹划中，
由此咱们可以联想到：intend：v 打算，筹划；intention：n ； intended：a 筹划中
课文难句解说、分析
1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1)
译：决策就是从几种可以选取做法中作出选取。
分析：该句是主系表构造。made from among alternative courses of action that are available是过去分词短语做定语修饰a choice；其中that are available是定语从句修饰courses of action.
像这样一环修饰一环句子构造在英文中很普遍，因而为了看懂句子人们必要学会分析。这是整个英语学习过程中很重要能力！
2. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists，goals or objectives are wrong，or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. (p1)
译：做出决策因素是由于存在问题，目的或目有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们实现。
分析：该句又是主系表构造。That引导三个并列表语从句，①a problem exists，②goals or objectives are wrong；③something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。 短语：make a decision:做出决策；stand in the way：阻挡、防碍
3. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance，but since uncertainty is always there，risk accompanies decisions. (p2)
译：普通管理者必要对将来状况做出最佳预测，从而使偶尔性尽量少地发生，但由于不拟定性总是存在，因此决策常随着着风险。
分析：前半句是主谓宾构造。what the future will be是at宾语；as little as possible做leave宾语；since引导因素状语从句，相称于because.
4. If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. (p3)
译：如果没有选取，就不会有决策。
分析：这是一句很简朴条件状语从句，但它有一种很重要考点：to be made。这是动词不定式做定语修饰decision，有将来意味。例如：The last question to be discussed today is how to divide the work among ourselves.
5. For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like. (p3)
译：对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约。
分析：这句话考点是based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like。同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰constraints。其中词组：base…on以…为基本。 如：The film is based on s short story by Jack London.
6. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. (p4)
译：但是这种简化倾向使得她们看不到其她可供选取办法。
分析：该句主语the tendency to simplify，谓语blinds；them是宾语。to simplify是定语，修饰the tendency；to other alternatives是宾补。其中短语：blind sb to sth:使…看不见…；
we shouldn’t let our prejudices blind us to the facts.
7. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals，the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. (p6 line 4--6)
译：由于个人（和组织）关于如何达到目常有不同观点，哪种是最优选取也许要看是谁做出决策。
分析：这是一种由because引导因素状语从句。其中how to attain the goals做介词about宾语，who makes the decision做介词on宾语。
8. Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. (p7 line 2--4)
译：其中有某些目的比其他更重要，但其顺序和重要限度因人和不同部门而异。
分析：请注意比较级more important than，词组：vary from person to person译成中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异vary from season to season….
9. When presented with a common case，sales managers tend to see sales problems，production managers see production problems，and so on. (p7 line 5--7)
译：当面对同一件寻常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产有关问题，等等。
分析：前半某些为常考内容，它是when + 过去分词短语，构成时间状语某些。其中词组：
be presented with = be faced with当面对…
When faced with difficulties，we should be brave..
10. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. (p9)
译：人们经常假设一项决策是孤立现象。
分析：句子构造简朴：主谓宾（从句）。其中assume：= imagine；isolated：adj 孤立。
phenomenon：n 现象；复数变化较特殊：phenomena
重点单词、词组详讲
1. interview：n/v 采访、面试；interviewer：n 采访者； interviewee：n 被采访者
e.g. 1>. Who's the most famous person you've ever interviewed on TV?
2>. In a TV interview last night，she denied she had any intention of resigning.
2. criticism：n 批评，评论； criticize：v 批评； critical：a 批评、挑剔、核心；critic：n 评论家，请填填看。
1> He is a literary ______.
2> We are at a _______time in our history.
3> He can't take ________.
4> The boy was ______ by his father for being late for school.
Answers：critic，critical，criticism，criticized
3. indifference：n 冷漠、漠不关怀；indifferent：a 冷漠，反义词：enthusiastic：热情
cf：different：a 不同，名词：difference；反义词：same.
4. inefficiency：n 无效，由此联想得到：
efficient：a 高效率； efficiency：n inefficient：a 低效率
5. conservative：a 保守、保存； conserve：v 保存； conservation：n
6. apply to sb for sth：向某人申请某物
e.g. The student applied to the embassy for a visa.
7. take the trouble to do sth：不辞劳苦、费力地做某事
e.g. If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying，you'd know what I was talking about.
8. put oneself in somebody's place：设身处地…
If you put yourself in your mother's place，you will understand why she is so worried about you.
9. in hand：手头上有，进行中
I've got enough money in hand to buy a new car.
10. turn down：调小，减少，回绝
Turn down the TV，for the baby is sleeping.
He turned down the job because the pay isn't good enough.
课文难句分析
1. The key words here are preparation and confidence，which will carry you far. （p2）
译：这里核心词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大。
分析：which will carry you far非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence。此外请注意：key核心；preparation是prepare名词；confidence：n 信心。Confident：a 有信心；self-confidence：自信心。
2. Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for. (p4)
译：理解你所申请工作和你但愿为之工作组织。
分析：you are applying for定语，修饰the job；you hope to work for定语修饰the origination。词组：apply to sb for sth向某人申请什么。
3. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job. (p6)
译：它表白你对雇主和你工作态度冷漠，不感兴趣。
分析：it主语；shows谓语；an unattractive indifference宾语；to your employer and to your job间接宾语。Show sth to sb=show sb sth.此外，请注意：indifference：冷漠，漠视。
4. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job. (p7)
分析：who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job所有都是定语，修饰somebody。注意介词with表达带有。。； have interest in sth对…有兴趣。
5. Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for. (p8)
译：你找到任何关于将来雇主信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表达你费了心思去掌握某些关于你但愿为其工作人事实。
分析：从这个句子长度人们也能看出这是一种复杂句。主体构造为：anything can be used to your advantage. that you find out about the prospective employer是定语从句；during the interview状语；to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for是目状语；who you hope to work for是此外一种定语从句修饰the people. 词组：to your advantage：对你有利；work for sb为某人工作。
6. Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied，but do be polite. (p10)
译：面试中如果你想确切地懂得某些话含义，不要胆怯请对方解释清晰，但一定要有礼貌。
分析：基本句型：not be afraid to do sth；不要胆怯去做某事；ask for clarification规定澄清；that has been said during the interview定语，修饰something；what was implied宾语；do be polite：其中do为了强调，如：do be careful！I do love you！He does lie to us!
7. Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication. (p16)
译： 拿着邀请你面试告知书，以防万一交谈浮现困难时显示。
分析：这是一种祈使句。Have动词，拿着；the letter宾语；inviting you for an interview当前分词做定语；ready to show状语；in case there is any difficulty in communication条件状语从句；词组：there is some difficulty in sth/doing sth在…方面有困难。如：We have some difficulty speaking English fluently.
8. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. (p20)
译：由五个人构成专门小组几乎不也许轮流与你握手。
分析：这句话重点在于that a panel of five ants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn是一种同位语从句，是对little likelihood解释。其中：likelihood：n 也许性，相称于possibility；go through经历； in turn:轮流。
9. Would you mind rephrasing the question，please?(p23)
译：您介意换个说法来问这个问题吗？
分析：考点mind doing sth. 如： Would you mind turning down the TV?
语法：简介as有关用法
as是一种乍一看简朴，但实际在英语中用法很复杂小词。从词类上讲，可以用作介词、副词、连词以及关系代词；从语法功能角度来看，可以构成介词宾语，引导因素状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和定语从句。此外as还出当前诸多固定搭配中，如： as if，as though，as long as，as to，as for，so as to，etc.
请看下列例句,并请分析出as详细用法。
1. I work as an English teacher in a middle school.
2. Run as fast as you can.
3. Young as he is，he knows more than I.
4. Just as I was leaving，the telephone rang.
5. Please do as I have told you.
6. As I am the oldest child in my family，I must take care of the other children.
7. Such people as you have described are rare now Learn new words and phrases
1. astronomer：n 天文学家；astronomy：n 天文学
2.explode：v 爆炸,由此联想：explosive：a 爆炸性/n 炸药；explosion：n 爆炸
1). When the bomb______，many people were seriously wounded.
2). The unexpected ________ frightened the little girl.
3). It might be possible to convert _____ energy into heat.
Answers：exploded，explosion，explosive
3. density：n 密度；联想产生：dense：a 密度大，反义词：sparse；
densely：ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密；sparsely-populated人口稀疏
1). The ____ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction.
2). The business area of the city is _____ populated.
3). This liquid has a much greater ____ than water.
Answers：dense，densely，density
4. shrink：v 收缩、退缩、缩水
1). As a result of careless washing，the jacket has shrunk to a child's size.
2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood.
5. measurement：n 衡量、测量；
由此联想：measure：n办法/v 衡量、测量；measurable：a 可衡量，可测量
1). We must take _____ to protect our environment.
2). We have come within ______ distance of success.
3). Clocks give us a ______ of time.
4). There the rainfall is ______ not in inches but in feet.
Answers：measures，measurable，measurement，measured
6.implication：n 含义、暗示；imply：v 暗示
7. basis：n 基本、依照，
由此可以联想得到：base：n 底部；v 以…为底，为依照；basic：a 基本，主线；
basically：ad 主线上来说，
1). If you want to improve your English，you must have a solid ______.
2). The furniture of out dorm is really _____：two beds，two chairs and tables.
3). The charges are false for they are not ______ on proven facts.
4). Since no better plan can be worked out，we have to adopt the ____ workable one.
Answers：basis，basic，based，basically
8. observatory：n 天文台；由此可以联想得到：
observe：v 观测；observation：n 观测；observer：n 观测家
9. convincing：a 有说服力，使人信服；convince：v 使人信服；convinced：a 感到有说服力，常用搭配：convince sb of sth；convince sb that
1). He gave us a convincing speech.
2). He convinced me f his sincerity.
10. operate：v 运转、操作、动手术；operation ：n 手术，操作；operator：操作者
11. research into对…进行研究
She is researching into possible cures for AIDS.
12. swallow up：吞没、耗尽
Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies.
13. apply to sb/sth：合用于某人/某事，请对比：
apply to sb for sth向某人申请某事；apply A to B将A 应用于B
1). You should apply what you have learned to your work.
2). I applied to him for a new job.
3). The study method doesn't apply to everyone
Analyze the important sentences among the text
1. Well，it's difficult to answer this question，since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1)
译：哦，这个问题很难回答，由于咱们通惯用来描述一种科学现象既有术语在这里不够用。
句子分析：it是形式主语，to answer this question是句子主语；since引导因素状语从句，we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon是定语从句，修饰terms；inadequate：不充分，不合格。
2. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape---not even light. (p1)
译：天文学家和科学家以为黑洞是一种空间区域，而不是一种物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，虽然是光也不行。
句子分析：into which和from which引导两个定语从句，介词：into和fall搭配；from 和escape搭配。这种介词+which定语从句形式请多注意。
3. The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. (p2)
译：（关于黑洞形成）理论就是某些星球密度增长到某个特定点就会爆炸。
句子分析：这是一种主系表构造句。that用来引导表语从句，不可省略。其中又包括一种when引导时间状语从句。to a particular point是达到某一种特定点含义。
4. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2)
译：但如果星球很大（比咱们太阳还要大得多），其收缩过程也许很激烈，以致于产生了黑洞。
句子分析：这是一种if引导条件状语从句，so…that表达如此…以致，是成果状语从句。
如：I'm so tired that I can even sleep on my way home.
5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble，but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull，and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. (p2)
译：假想一下地球收缩到弹球儿那么大，但仍具备同样质量和更强吸引力，你就会对黑洞力量又某种概念。
句子分析：该句重要构造为imagine….and you ……事实上相称于if you imagine…，you will have some idea….. 这种句子构造在历年考试中曾浮现过。请记住：祈使句+ and + 陈述句= if引导条件状语从句。如：Hurry up and you can catch the last train！
此外，该句尚有两个定语成分reduced to the size of a marble和having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull用来修饰the earth.前者为过去分词，而后者为当前分词。词组：
have some idea of sth对…有所理解
6. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. (p3line13--14)
译：只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行详细研究。
句子分析：本句核心构造为it is…that强调句型，强调时间状语only recently。词组：research into sth对…进行研究。
7. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary star systems. (p4)
译：关于黑洞最有说服力证据来自对双星体系研究。
句子分析：该句主语evidence，谓语comes from；宾语research into binary star systems。
The most convincing是定语，修饰evidence.其中请注意convincing:令人信服，普通修饰物形容词多以-ing结尾；而修饰人多以-ed结尾。如：
I feel excited after hearing the surprising news.
8. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towa
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