高层建筑结构与造型.doc

译文
高层建筑结构与造型

结构是建筑的骨骼，人有人的骨骼，动物有动物的骨骼。大千世界千奇百怪的生命体，很多都依赖骨骼承托着身体的重量。地球上生物的进化规律是，越是高级的生物，骨骼就越复杂，而建筑也同样，建筑的造型、空间等内容，都依赖它的骨骼——结构承重着。就如同不同的生命有着不同的骨骼一样，不同的建筑也有着不同的结构。我们关注结构的时候，首先关注它的可靠性，此外很重要的，还要关注它的形态，可以说，没有结构，就没有造型，也就没有空间。
如果以上的这些比拟还十分粗糙，那么从建造的角度来看，把结构类比作生物的表皮，把造型类比作表皮和皮下组织就显得十分准确了。肯尼斯-弗兰普顿说：“建筑的根本在于建造，在于建筑师应用材料并将之构筑成整体的创作过程和方法。建构应对建筑的结构和构造进行表现，甚至直接的表现，这才是符合建筑文化的。”
高层建筑中设计中的结构要素，影响着整体的造型。当我们在结构力学允许的范围内，调整梁、柱、墙的数量、比例、排列方式和截面形式等这些因素的时候，看似枯燥的结构就展现出无比丰富的表现力。例如可以把柱子陈列成柱廊，不同长度、不同高度、不同间距的柱廊有着不同的性格；也可以像路易斯-康一样把柱子和墙当成构成中的线和面，组成一定的肌理，框架结构有着相当的宽容度，并不是一提起来就只有8米见方的柱网。事实上当你仔细的处理每一个柱与柱、柱与梁、墙与柱等等的关系的时候，结构就变成活的东西，就可以变成你造型的有力手段。
首先来看支撑构件，一般包括柱和墙，是竖向的结构构件。同样的构件断面尺寸下，“十”字形的柱子在视觉上就比“口”字形的柱子显得要高耸一些，原因是它在竖直方向的立面上增加的了一些线条，改变了原来的立面比例造成的印象。除了改变截面柱，，我们也可以用束柱等方法来加以调整。此外柱子也不一定就必须是竖直方向的，适当的倾斜也未尝不可。在结构造型设计中，非常重要的就是柱与
梁的关系，它们的比例、形式和连接。一般来说，梁柱尺度相同的时候，形式感比较纯粹；梁比柱大的时候，显的比价有分量；柱比梁大的时候，有拈轻若重的感觉。当然这种相对的比例关系也与构件的绝对尺寸有关，尺寸大的总是显得沉重，尺寸小的总是显得纤巧。另一个重要的承重构件就是墙体。墙体可以看成是一排紧密相连的柱子，但是墙的作用不仅于此，除承重外，墙体还可以承担抗剪和围合空间的作用，抗剪就是抵抗框架结构体系的横向受力而起的作用。我们把承托重量的墙称为承重墙，抵抗剪力的墙称为剪力墙，不承重的墙可以称为非承重墙、填充墙或隔墙。由于兼具结构作用和围护作用，墙体的重要性不言而喻。墙体由于是面的造形，所以比例关系和轮廓形状就更为重要。而墙上可以开洞或窗，都会改变墙的结构能力和视觉效果，需要结合建筑设计和结构设计综合考虑。至于墙的空间中的效果，应该是起到最为重要的表皮和限定作用。
横向构件也是非常重要的元素，主要包括梁和板。通常情况下，都有板来承托荷载，然后把重量传递给梁，梁在传给柱，柱传递给基础。板和梁都是受弯构件，这是他们共同的受力特征，决定了它们的形式。梁是生动有表现力的结构构件，它有很多形式。从平面上看，有主次梁结合的、又密肋梁排列的、也有井字梁形式的等。梁的截面也可以发生变化，可以悬挑、可以斜梁，使空间产生趣味。
框架是我们现在应用的结构中最为广泛的一种,可以说，百分之九十的建筑物都是用框架结构搭建起来的。
框架结构的应用范围是十分广泛的。沙利文曾经说过：“当框架结构被放在两个基础上，建筑便发生了。”的确，最简单的框架也许就是在基础上的几根梁和柱组成的。梁是水平受力构件，注是竖直受力构件。因此框架就形成了简单的横平竖直的方形，加上围护构件以后就是我们最常使用的方盒子。但其实，设计就是一种处理，同样是做方盒子，密斯凡德罗就可以把它的比例、尺度、细节、材料处理得十分精湛，成为众人仰慕的作品。所以说，重要的是设计推敲，而不是结构类型的本身。
框架结构的造型特点：力和力量感是我们认识结构类型的重要切入点。从力的角度来看，框架结构是比较明确的，从力量感上来看，却比较复杂，因为框架结构中的不同构件，由于使用条件，如跨度、高度等的不同，以及构件本身的材料和使
用方法不同，会呈现出许多不一样的效果。例如，同为密斯的作品，伊利诺理工学院建筑馆，就显得厚重、结实，突出纵向线条，梁也夸大并展现出来，因而显得十分粗壮；而巴塞罗那馆就完全是另一种感觉，梁被板取代了，柱子被隐到了暗处，只有轻盈的屋面水平伸展，而不承重的墙体也加强了这种水平方向的延伸感。这就是同样结构的不同处理造成不同的力量感，也形成了不同的建筑造型。
剪力墙是为建筑物提供刚度抵抗侧向风力和地震力的竖向平面隔板。它们在40年代就首先推出。剪力墙一般做成实体墙，有时墙上可以有一些为安装门窗或管道系统而设置的洞口。剪力墙在平面上可以组合成不同的形状。一般说来，剪力墙是一些竖向平板形成的构件，但也可以做成曲线型、折线形或者斜板形。在一栋多层建筑中，剪力墙可以设置在很多地方，它可以成为外墙、内墙或者核心墙。
下面具体举几个实例来阐述，结构设计与造型的关系。

交通银行新大楼 1948 年 10 月竣工，是上海解放前外滩最后建成的一幢楼。属近现代主义风格，由鸿达洋行设计，大楼主体 6 层，中间为 8 层，钢筋混凝土框架结构。正面和侧面均以垂直的线条来突出建筑的立体感。底层门框用黑色大理石作贴面，其余墙面均以白水泥粉刷。大门原为转门，入内是彩纹人造大理石铺成的过道，两侧靠墙为环状扶梯。扶梯用大理石作台阶，紫铜作栏杆。经扶梯上 2 楼平台，过 4 扇铝框玻璃门，进入高大宽敞的大厅，满目红色，富丽堂皇。大厅由 36 根大理石柱作支撑，每根柱子的下半部分以及大厅四周墙壁均由红色瓷砖铺贴，装饰、地坪也是红色低砖铺成。楼内有库房、发电机、空气调节机、 2 部奥的斯电梯。整幢大楼的内部设计强调实用。 大楼外观的凝重与内部的热烈使其别具特色，在古典建筑丛中更显现代气息。
中国银行上海分行1937 年建成，是外滩 ( 中山东一路段 ) 众多建筑中惟一一幢由中国人自己设计和建造的具有中国民族特色的建筑，是上海最成功的摩天大楼之一。分东西两幢大楼，西大楼为 4 层钢筋混凝土结构建筑，东大楼是主楼，高 15 层，地下层 2 层，共 17 层，钢框架结构。外墙为金山石,屋顶为平缓的四方撰尖顶,上盖绿色玻璃瓦,楼檐上用斗拱装饰。东立面从高到低有变形的钱币形镂空窗框，大门上方原有孔子周游列国石雕，讲述了一个个令人神往的故事。到处洋溢着古色古香的氛围。中国银行大楼是近代西洋建筑与中国传统建筑结合较成功的一幢大楼。

开封市第一人民医院病房楼本工程项目系新建现浇钢筋混凝土框剪结构，十九层，建筑面积33800平方米，建筑总高度71.50米，两端（东西）共设有两部楼梯及三部电梯，按抗震七度设防。
    该工程主体为全现浇框架－剪力墙结构，墙体围护外墙为240砖墙，内墙为200厚加气砼墙。底层大厅为花岗岩地面，其余地坪为现浇水磨石。走廊、高干病房、护士站设轻钢龙骨石膏板吊顶，外墙装饰满贴白色面砖，整个建筑造型庄重典雅，水卫、消防、报警、照明、电气、空调各种配套设施齐全。
印度储备银行职工寓所 这是一栋9层公寓建筑，有一个不对称平面。为了满足框架较弱方向上抵抗侧向荷载的要求，在该方向设置了钢筋混凝土剪力墙代替楼梯间和电梯间所需要的砖砌体，这就形成了相互作用的框架剪力墙体系。
中银大厦(原名上海国际金融大厦) 基地面积9918.9平方米。建筑占地面积4126平方米，总建筑面积123000平方米。建筑总高度258米，地下3层，地上53层。中银大厦地下部分为钢筋混凝土结构，地上部分核心筒为钢筋混凝土结构，外围框架梁为钢梁，中低层部分柱为劲性钢筋混凝土，变截面及变截面以上部分为钢柱。53层沿短轴方向设四道水平桁架。转换层结构采用与建筑设计最为贴切，受力流畅的斜柱框架结构。建筑造型新颖，由古老的铸币(布币)而抽象出的形态，象征着中国金融的历史和未来。天圆地方的建筑形态、竖直向上的建筑线条，塑造了一座晶莹剔透的水晶之塔。屋顶的碗式造型似乎又象征一个聚宝盆。于建筑立面的要求，从23层开始建筑平面由正方形逐步转换成纺锤形。设计充分利用中央混凝土筒体的刚度和稳定性，转换层设计摒弃传统的巨型桁架承托，采用与建筑设计最为贴切，受力流畅的斜柱框架结构，节约了工程造价，并提高施工效率。在结构布置和构件选用上尽量使节点构造简单、施工方便。

原文
High-rise construction structure and modeling

The structure is the construction skeleton, the person some person's skeleton, the animal has animal's skeleton. The infinite universe all sorts of strange and unusual life body, many relies on the skeleton to support body's weight. On the Earth the biological evolution rule is, more is the high-level biology, the skeleton is more complex, but constructs also same, contents and so on construction modeling, space, rely on its skeleton - - structure load-bearing. Is similar to the different life has the different skeleton to be the same; the different construction also has the different structure. We pay attention to the structure time, first pays attention to its reliability, in addition is very important, but must pay attention to its shape, may say, does not have the structure, does not have the modeling, also does not have the space.
If above these comparisons are also very rough, then looking from the construction angle, compares with the structure class biological the epidermis, made the epidermis and the Subcutaneous tissue the modeling analogy appears is very accurate. Kenneth - Frampton said: “the construction basis lies in the construction, will lie in the architect and constructs the whole using the material the creation process and the method. The construction deals with the construction the structure and the structure carries on the performance, even the direct performance, this is conforms to the construction culture.”
In the high-rise construction designs the member, is affecting the whole modelling. When we in the structure mechanics permission's scope, adjust Liang, the column, the wall quantity, the proportion, the arrangement way and the section form and so on these factor time, looked that resembles the arid structure to unfold the incomparably rich expressive force. For example may exhibit the pillar the colonnade, the different length, different, the different soaking’s colonnade has the different disposition highly; May also
look like Louise - Kang equally regards the pillar and the wall in the constitution the line dough making, composes certain skin texture, the portal frame construction has the suitable latitude, as soon as is not raises has 8 meters square the column networks. In fact when your careful processing each column and column, column and Liang, wall and column and so on relations, the structure turns the live thing, may turn your modeling the powerful method.
First looks supports the component, generally includes the column and the wall, is the vertical structural unit. The component cross section size under similarly, “ten” the glyph pillar the glyph pillar appears in the vision compared to “the mouth” must stand tall and erect some, the reason was it increases some lines on the vertical direction vertical surface, changed the impression which the original vertical surface proportion created. Except the change section column, we may also use to tie methods and so on column to come to adjust. In addition the pillar not necessarily must be the vertical direction; suitable inclined also no reason why not. In the structure modelling design, very important is the column and Liang's relations, their proportion, form and connection. Generally speaking, the beam column criterion is the same, the form feeling is quite pure; Liang Bizhu is big, the price ratio obviously has the component; Column compared to Liang Da, has picks up lightly, if heavy feeling. Certainly this kind of relative proportional relationship also with component's absolute dimension related, the size big always appears heavy, the size small always appears delicate. Another important carrier is a wall. The wall may regard as is a row of connect closely the pillar, but the wall function, besides load-bearing, the wall may also undertake anti-cuts and encircles gathers spatial the function, anti-cuts resists the portal frame construction system's crosswise stress, but function. We support the weight the wall to be called the bearing wall, the resisting shear wall are called the shearing force wall, not the load-bearing wall may be called the non-bearing wall, the infilled wall or the partition wall. Because has both the structure function and the surrounding protection function, the wall importance is self-evident. Because the wall is the surface shape, therefore the proportional relationship and the outline shape are more important. But on
the wall may open the hole or the window, can change the wall structural capacity and the visual effect, needs to unify the architectural design and the structural design overall evaluation. As for in the wall space's effect, should be plays the most important epidermis and the definition role.
The crosswise component is also the very important element, mainly includes Liang Heban. Usually in the situation, has the board to support the load, then transmits the weight gives Liang, Liang is passing to the column, the column transmits for the foundation. The board and Liang Due are the members in bending, this is their common stress characteristic, has decided their form. Liang vividly has the expressive force structural unit, it has many forms. Looked from the plane that has the main secondary girder union, dense rib Liang to arrange, also to have well character Liang form and so on. Liang's section may also change, may hang selects, may the brail, and causes the space to have the interest.
The frame is we now in the application structure the most widespread one kind, may say, 90% buildings are build with the portal frame construction. The portal frame construction's application scope is very widespread. Sullivan had said: “when the portal frame construction is placed in two foundations, the construction has then occurred.” Indeed, the simple the frame perhaps is composes in foundation several Liang Hezhu. Liang is the horizontal stress component; the note is the vertical stress component. Therefore the frame has formed the simple horizontal even vertical square shape; in addition the surrounding protection component later will be the side box which we will most often use. But actually, the design is one kind of processing, similarly is makes the side box, miss every Delco may its proportion, the criterion, the detail, the material handling very exquisitely, becomes work which the people admire. Therefore, designs more importantly deliberates, but is not structure type it.
Portal frame construction modelling characteristic: The strength and the strength feeling of quantity is our cognitive structure type important breakthrough point. Looking from the strength angle, the portal frame construction is quite explicit, looked from the
strength feeling of quantity, is quite actually complex, because in portal frame construction's different component, as a result of the exploitation conditions, like the span, highly and so on difference, as well as component's material and the application method is different, will present many dissimilar effects. For example, with for the miss work, the Illinois Technical institute constructs the hall, appears is sincere, is solid, the prominent longitudinal line, Liang is also exaggerating and unfolds, thus appears very sturdy; But Barcelona hall completely is another kind of feeling, Liang has been substituted for by the board, pillar hidden to hidden place, only then lithe roofing level extension, but not the load-bearing wall also strengthened this kind of horizontal direction to extend the feeling. This is similar structure different processing creates the different strength feeling of quantity, also has formed the different construction modelling. The shearing force wall is provides the rigidity resistance lateral wind power and the seismic force vertical plane partition board for the building. They first promote in the 40s. The shearing force wall makes the entity wall generally, sometimes on the wall may have some to install Dongkou which the windows and doors or the piping system establishes. The shearing force wall may combine the different shape in the plane. In general, the shearing force wall is the component which some vertical plates form, but may also make the curve, to fold linear or the slanting shape of strip. In a multistory building, the shearing force wall may establish in many places, it may become the outer wall, the inner wall or the nuclear corewall.under gives several examples to elaborate specifically, structural design and modelling relations. The Communications Bank new building in October, 1948 was completed, is a building which Shanghai pre-liberation Bund completed finally. Is near modernism style, reaches the business firm design by the great wild goose, building main body 6, middle is 8, the reinforced concrete portal frame construction. Frontage and the side highlight the construction by the vertical line the stereoscopic effect. The first floor doorframe with the black Dali stonemason's workshop cover, other wall surfaces whitewashes by the white cement. The front door is a revolving door originally, in enters is the corridor which the color grain artificial marble shop becomes, the both sides depending on the wall is the
ring-like staircase with a handrail. The staircase with a handrail uses the Dali stonemason's workshop stair, purple copper work parapet. After the staircase with a handrail on 2 building platforms, 4 leaf of aluminum frame glass door, has entered the big spacious hall, is everywhere red, splendid. The hall makes the support by 36 marble columns, each pillar's lower part as well as the hall all around wall paste by the red ceramic tile shop, the decoration, the grounds around a house are also the red low brick shop become. In the building has the storehouse, the generator, the air conditioner, 2 OTIS elevators. Entire building's internal design emphasis is practical. The building outward appearance causes its other characteristic warmly dignifiedly with the interior, appears a generation of breath in classical architecture Cong Zhonggeng. The Bank of China Shanghai Branch in 1937 completed, was Bund (east Zhongshan a road section) in the numerous constructions only one designs and the construction by Chinese has China national characteristics construction, was one of Shanghai most successful skyscrapers. The minute thing two buildings, west the building is 4 reinforced concrete structure construction, east the building is a main building, high 15, basement 2, altogether 17, steel portal frame construction. The outer wall is the Jinshan stone; the roof writes the apex for the gentle four directions, the top head green glass tile, on the building eave decorates with the dugong. East sets up the surface from high to low to have the distortion money shape to hollow out the window frame, above the front door original Kong Zi travels around various nations’ stone carving, narrated each one fire imagination story. Everywhere is brimming with the antique atmosphere. The Bank of China building is the modern Western world constructs with a Chinese tradition construction union successful building.
The Kaifeng first People's Hospital hospital ward building this engineering project is the newly built cast-in-place reinforced concrete frame cuts the structure, 19, the floor space 33800 square meters, the construction gross altitude 71.50 meters, the both sides (thing) altogether