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初一至初三全程英语知识点总结及练习5.docx

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§258  none / nobody / no one Ⅰ. none 既可指人,也可指物,意为“没有人;没有东西”等,表三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定。与all是反义词。后可接of 短语。作主语时,如果它指代的是可数名词,谓语动词用单数、复数形式都可以,用单数时强调个体,表“没有一个人”;用复数则强调整体,表“所有人都没有”。如果它指代的是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式。常常用来回答how many & how much 以及有特定范围的问题。如: ① How many of the women are teachers? None (of them is / are). 这些女士中有多少是老师? 一个也没有。 ② How much water is left in the bottle? Nove (of it is left). 瓶子里还剩多少水? 一点儿也没剩。 ③ Which of the boys plays football well? None(of them does). 这些男孩中哪个足球踢得好? 一个也没有。 Ⅱ. nobody & no one 指代人,意为“没有人”。作主语时谓语动词有单数形式,后不能跟of 短语,常常用来回答who 和不确定的问题。如: ① Luckily, nobody / no one was gurt in this accident. 幸运的是,没有人在这场事故中受伤。 ② Who went to the net bar this week? Nobody / No one. 这周谁去过网吧? 没有人。 §259  look/ seem Ⅰ. seem “看来、似乎”既可作连系动词,以可做不及物动词,后接:形容词、名词、介词短语或不定式。 如: ① Mother seemed to know that. 母亲好像知道那件事。 ② Bill doesn’t seem to a understand. 比尔似乎不太理解。= Bill seems not to understand.(这更正式) Ⅱ. 常用搭配: ① It seems (that)好像、看来、似乎,如: 1. It seems to me that her accident is all your fault! 在我看来她出事都是你的错。 2. But it seemed that it wasn’t the only letter. 但是好像这不是唯一的一封信。 ② seem as if / though. “看起来像”如: 1. It seems as though Ken will win the rice.看来赛跑Ken好像要赢。 2. It seems (as if ) it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨了。 Ⅲ. look “看来、似乎”着重于由视觉得出的印象,seem 则暗示有一定根据,这种判断往往接近事实。在搭配上两者都可接:形容词、名词(前常有形容词修饰)、动词不定式to be、过去分词 和 介词短语。如: ① He looks / seems a nice man.他看上去是个好人。 ② You look / seem tired. Let’s have a rest. 看来你累了,我们休息一会儿。 ③ The boy looked / seemed to be very ill. 那男孩看上去病得很重。 Ⅳ, 但在下面情况下,只能用seem, 不能用look: 1. 后面接动词不定式:to do 时。如: ① The captain seemed to know all his soldiers. 2. 用于It seems that …结构时。如: ① It seemed that he had missed the train.看来他没搭上火车。 3. 用于There seemed to (不定式) 结构时:如: There seemed to be hundreds of people on the playground. 运动场上好像有几百人。 §260  lose/ miss Ⅰ. lose “丢失、失去”语气较强,一般指失去后不易找回;而 miss 指人们觉察到东西已经“丢失”,含有可能找回的意思。miss 还有“想念”之意。而lose 则没有。如: ① My grandfather lost a leg in in the war. 我爷爷在战争中失去了一条腿。 ② We shall all miss you when you go away. 你不在时,我们都会想念你的。 Ⅱ. 作定语和表语用时,lose 用过去分词 lost, 而mess用现在分词missing.如: ① Who has found my lost pen?谁找到了我丢失的钢笔? ② Missing book is found now. 丢失的书现在已经找到了。 §261 meet / meet with Ⅰ. meet “遇见、遇到;接(人)”;“集会”;“满足(要求等)”。 ① I know his name, but I’ve never met him. 我知道他的名字,但从未见过他。 ② The staff members will meet tomorrow to discuss the problem. 员工们明天开会将讨论这一问题。 ③ I will meet my wife at the airport. 我将去机场接我的妻子 ④ This will meet your needs. 这将满足你的要求。 Ⅱ. meet with. “遇到;碰到”强调偶然性;还常表示“遭遇;经历;遭到”此时不能只用meet. 如: ① I met with a childhood friend on the bus. 我在汽车上遇到一个儿时的朋友。 ② They met with an accident on their way back. 他们在回去的路上遇到车祸。 ③ I met with some difficulties when I tried to enter the country. 我在入境时遇到一些困难。 §262  many/ much/ a lot of/ lots of/ a good or great many/ many a / a number of/ a great or large number of/ a great deal of/ plenty of/ the number of Ⅰ. many “许多、大量”修饰可数名词复数。如: ① Many students think so. 很多学生都这样想。 Ⅱ. much 指量而言,与不可数名词连用。如: ① He mever eats much breakfast.他早餐从来吃得不多。 Ⅲ. the number of “……的总数”number 指“数目、人数”是句中真正的主语。故动词须用单三式。如: ①The number of the students in our class is sixty-five. 其它的见下表: 词汇 后面可跟的词 作主语时 谓语动词的形式 many 复数可数名词 复数 much 不可数名词 单三式 复数可数名词与不可数名词(一般用于肯定句中;否定句和疑问句多用many, much) 复数或 单三式 a many 复数可数名词 复数 many a 单数可数名词 单三式 复数可数名词 复数 a great deal of 复数可数名词 与不可数名词 复数或 单三式 plenty of 复数可数名词或不可数名词(一般用于肯定句中;否定句或疑问句多用enough, many much) 复数或 单三式 §263  may be/ maybe Ⅰ. may be “也许是”“可能是”may 是情态动词,与be一起作谓语。而maybe是副词,意为“也许”“可能”用作状语。如: ① Maybe you put it there.也许你把它放在那里了。 ② But I’m afraid I may be a little late. 但我担心我可能晚了一点。 ③ Maybe he’s wrong. = He may be wrong. 或许他错了。 ④ Maybe the twin brothers are boating now. = The twin brothers may be boating now.现在那对双胞胎兄弟可能在划船。 ⑤ Maybe /perhaps they’ll go on a picnic next week. = They may go on a picnic next week. 他们下周可能要去野餐。 §264  mend/ repair Ⅰ. mend “修理、修补”。普通用语。指对由于穿戴或使用等原因而破烂或破损的东西加以修补或修理。如: ① There’s a hole in your shirt. Better mend it right away. 你的衬衫上有一个洞,最好马上补一补。 ② The broken window requires to be mended. 这扇破窗户需要修理。 Ⅱ. repair “修理、修补”。常与mend换用。但当需要修理之物,由于使用或年代等原因已经损坏,修起来比较复杂时,多用repair. 如: ① They have repaired the car. 他们已把汽车修好了。 ② It will take all the summer to repair the house. 需要整个夏天才能把房子修好。 §265  message/ news Ⅰ.这两个词都有“消息”之意,但词义范围有所不同。Message含义较广,可指书面、口头、无线电等多种渠道传来的信息,因而有“消息、口信、电报”等意思,为可数名词;news含义较窄,主要是通过报纸、电台、电视等新闻媒介向公众报道的最新消息,也可指原来未曾听到过而现在听到的消息,为不可数名词。如: ① I’ll leave a message for her. 我将为她留个口信。 ② I haven’t had a message from him for a month. 我一个月没有得到他的音讯了。 [联想]:和 news搭配的词组: latest news 最新消息。 stale news 过时新闻 current news 时事 highlighted news 重要新闻 inside news 内幕消息 grapevine news 小道消息 invested news 不实消息 distorted news 歪曲的新闻 §266  middle / center Ⅰ.middle指“中间”,表示时间和空间的“中间”,是相对而言的,也可指笼统的“中部”,如: We have lunch in the middle of the day. 另外middle还可表程度的“中等”如:the middle school Ⅱ. centre “中心”,通常用于空间方面,强调指正中心。它还可以用于借喻,表某一事物的中心。如: ① Dray a circle round a given centre. 就指定的中心画一圆圈。 ② We live in the centre of London. 我们住在伦敦中心。 ③ Beijing is the political, economic and cultural centre of China. 北京是中国的政治、经济和文化中心。 §267  mist/ fog Ⅰ. mist “雾”指比fog 薄的“薄雾”,形容词为:misty. 它还可指:“(眼睛)朦胧”等。如: ① The mountain top was covered with mist. 山顶笼罩着雾气。 ② She tried to see him through the mist of tears. 她试着透过朦胧的泪眼看他。 Ⅱ. fog 指较浓的“浓雾”,其形容词为:foggy.如: ③ The fog was so thick that he had to drive very slowly. 雾太浓了, 他必须慢慢地开车。 §268  most /a most / the most Ⅰ. most adv. 前无冠词,一般表“很、十分”如: ① Most likely it will rain. 很可能要下雨了。 ② The author is most serious in writing the essay. 作者写这篇文章的态度是很严肃的。 Ⅱ. a most 后接形容词,修饰单数可数名词,意思是“很,十分”如: ① That was a most enjoyable party. 那是一次非常快乐的晚会。 ② These children lead a most happy life. 这些孩子过着非常幸福的生活。 Ⅲ. the most 是much or many 的最高级。意为“最”如: ① That’s the most beautiful place I’ve ever been. 那是我到过的最美丽的地方。 §269  mouse / rat Ⅰ. mouse “老鼠、耗子”,比rat 小。如: ① I have set a trap for mouse. 我装置了一个捕鼠器捕鼠。 ② When the cat’s away, the mice will play. [谚]:猫儿一跑耗子闹。 Ⅱ. rat “老鼠、耗子”,比mouse 大。如: ① A rat has fallen into the trap. 一只老鼠落到了捕鼠器里。 ② A rat crossing the street is chased by all. 老鼠过街,人人喊打。 §270  much too/ too much Ⅰ. much too 太、非常, 用作副词词组,修饰形容词或其它副词。如: ① It’s much too cold today. 今天天气太冷。 ② The old man walked much too slowly. 这位老人走得太慢了。 Ⅱ. too much “太多”有三种用法: 1. 用作名词词组。如: ③ You gave me too much. 你给我的太多了。 2. 用作形容词词组。修饰不可数名词。如: ④ I don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.我不喜欢冬天,因为雪和冰太多了。 3. 用作副词词组,修饰动词,如: ⑤ Don’t speak too much. 别讲得太多。 [注]:much too 与too much都可用作副词词组,但too much 不可以修饰形容词,much too 不可以修饰动词。 §271  must/ have to Ⅰ. must “必须”,往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。 ① We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。 ② Imust go. 我必须走。 Ⅱ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要,含有“不得不”的意味。如: ① Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗 ② It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。 §272  neither/ either Ⅰ. neither “(两者)都不”,pron 如: ① Neither of the books is mine. 这两本书都不是我的。 [注]作连词用时,neither 与nor连用,表示“既不……也不”如: ② The ground must be just right ¬¬¬¬¬――neither too wet nor too dry.地面务必适合――既不太湿,也不太干。 Ⅱ. either “(两者中的)任何一个”pron. 如: ① There are two bikes in the room. You can ride eitheri of the two. 房里有两部自行车,你可以任骑一部。 [注]作连词用时,与or连用,表示“或者……或者……”、“不是……就是……”。如: ② They were either too big or too small. 它们不是太大,就是太小。 ▲ 作副词用时,二者都有“也不”之意,但所使用的句型及在句中的位置不同。如: ① He doesn’t like swimming, I don’t like swimming, either. ② He doesn’t like swimming. Neither do I . (用于倒装结构中) §273  neither/ none Ⅰ. neither “两者都不”与both相对,其后的谓语动词用单三式。如: ① Neither of my parents is at home. 我父母亲(任何一个)都不在家。 Ⅱ. none “三者或三者以上都有不”,与all相对。如: ① None of the students are in the classroom. They have all gone to the playground. 所有的学生都不(一个也不)在教室里,他们都到操场上去了。 §274  next / the next Ⅰ. next 用于将来时态中 Ⅱ. the next 用于过去时态中。有时也可用于将来时。如: ① I’ll finish school next June. The next month I’ll go on trip to my hometwon. 明年六月我要毕业了,第二个月(即七月)我就要回家乡。 ② She said in her letter that she would visit us the next week. 她在信中说她要在第二个星期拜访我们。 §275  no / not Ⅰ. no “不”既可作形容词,又可作副词。作形容词时用来否定名词、代词或动名词。作副词时,主要用于否定回答。 ① The poor boy had no money for books. 那个穷孩子没钱买书。 ② No smoking. 禁止吸烟。 ③ Isn’t he a teacher? No, he isn’t. Ⅱ. not “不”只用作副词。用来否定动词、不定式、形容词或副词。通常放在“三类词”(情态动词,助动词,系动词)之后,行为动词之前。否定不定式时,直接放在不定式的小品词to前。如: ① I have not been to Beijing. ② He doesn’t like reading. ▲ no 和not 都可与形容词或副词的比较级连用,但句子的含义不同。如: ① I am no taller than he. 我不比他高。(两人都矮) ② I am not taller than he. 我不比他更高。(两人都高) ▲ no = not a 或not any 如: ① She has no books = She doesn’t have a book. = She does not have any books. ▲ no 表示它所修饰的名词的相反的意思。而not只能表示一般的否定。如: ① He is no teacher. 他根本(绝)不是老师。(不善于教书) ② He is not a teacher. 他不是老师。(可能是其它职业) ③ He is no fool = He is clever. 他不笨(他是聪明的) ④ He is not a fool. 他不是个傻子。 §276  no longer/ not…any longer/ no more / not any more Ⅰ. no longer = not … any longer, “不再”强调时间和动作不再持续,常与状态动词和延续性动词连用,如wait, stay, be等。 但no longer与no more 一样通常放在“三类词(情态动词、 助动词、连系动词)”之后。行为动词之前。而not … any longer 与not … any more 一样,其中的not与谓语动词构成否定式,常放在“三类词”之后。any longer,与any more 放在句末。如: ③ He’s no longer living in this city. 他不住在这个城市了。 ④ You are not a child any longer. 你已不再是个孩子了。 Ⅱ. no more = not … any more “不再”强调数量、次数上不再增加和强调动作终止的结果,因此,常与名词、瞬间动词连用,如hear, see, leave等。如: ① There’s no more bread. 不再有面包了。 ② He didn’t go there any more. 他再没去过那儿。 §277  no matter what/ whatever/ what ever Ⅰ.no matter what“不管什么,无论什么”用来引导让步状语从句。类似的词组还有:no matter where “不论哪里”, no matter which “不论哪一个”,no matter how“不论怎样”如: ① They are going to win the football match, no matter how bad the weather is. 不管天气多么糟糕,他们会赢得这场足球比赛。 ② No matter who knocks, don’t open the door. 不管谁敲门,都不要开门。 ③ Give me a call first no matter when you come. 不管什么时候来,都请你先给我打个电话。 Ⅱ.whatever 是连接代词,可以作“无论什么”解,引导让步状语从句,可以这样用的连接代词或连接副词有whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however等。如: ① Whatever you do, do your best. =No matter what you do, do your best. 无论你干什么,都要尽最大努力去干。 ② Whoever telephones, tell him I am out. = No matter who telephones, tell him I am out. 无论谁给我打电话,就说我出去了。 ③ Wherever he may be, he will be happy. = No matter where he may be, he will be happy. 无论在什么地方,他都是乐呵呵的。 Ⅲ.whatever 还可以解作 “凡是……的;所……的东西”(anything that),用来引导一个名词性从句,这时不能用no matter what 替换。如: ① Take whatever you want. 你要什么就拿什么吧。 ② Whatever I have is yours. 我所有的东西全都是你的。 Ⅳ. what ever 中的ever意为“究竟;到底”,用在疑问词what后面,以加强语气,着重表示说话者的情绪,如惊讶、愤怒、兴奋等,what ever 在意义上等于what on earth 或what in the world, 其他疑问词也可以这样用。如: ① What ever do you think you’re doing?你想想,你到底在干什么? ② Who ever left the door open?究竟是谁把门敞着不关? ③ Where ever did you pick up the pen? 你到底在哪儿捡到的这支钢笔? §278  not at all/ not … at all Ⅰ. not at all 是客套话,意为“别客气”相当于 That’s all right; You are welcome. 如: ①--Thank you very much. �CNot at all. Ⅱ. not…at all “根本不”;“一点也不”。at all 用以加强语气。如: ① She doesn’t like it at all. 她根本不喜欢它。 ② He didn’t come at all. 他根本没来。 §279  officer/ official Ⅰ. officer “官员”常指武官,有时也指文官。如: ① The officer put down his arms and jumped into the pond for the fish. 那军官放下武器,跳到池塘里捉鱼去了。 ② His father is a police officer. 他父亲是警官。 ③ He is an administrative officer.他是行政官。 Ⅱ. official “官员”通常指政府的文职官员。如: ① An official is suspended from office. 有一位官员被停职。 ② They are government officials. 他们是政府官员。 §280  on time/ in time Ⅰ.in time “及时”,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。 Ⅱ.on time“准时”,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如: ① Joe was just in time for the bus. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。 ② They got there on time to see the exhibition. 他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。 §281  one/ it Ⅰ. it 所指代的,与前面的名词是同一事物;它常替代限定词the, this, that 所修饰的单数名词,此外还可用来表示称赞或责备某人做了某事。如: ① Whose is the pen? Oh it’s mine. 这支笔是谁的?哦,是我的。 ② It’s very kind of you to invite me to the party. 承蒙邀请,不胜感激。(代to invite…) Ⅱ. one 所指代的是前面名词提到的同类事物,但不是同一件,它具有泛指的性质;它只能代替可数名词,复数形式是ones 如: ① Have you got a pen? No, I haven’t. Please ask Tom, I think he has got one. 你有钢笔吗?不,我没有。你去找一下汤姆吧,我想他有一只。 §282  pardon/ sorry/ excuse/ Ⅰ.pardon主要用于没有听清别人的说的话,请别人重复。或宽恕严重的过失或冒犯。可作名词和动词。 sorry 用于因做错了事或伤害了他人而向某人道歉。是形容词 Excuse则用于打扰别人或防碍别人的场合。 ① Please pardon me for not arriving sooner. 请原谅我没有及时赶到。 ② I did wrong and I’m going to beg their pardon. 我做错了,我打算去请求他们原谅我。 ③ I’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill. 听说你的母亲病了,我很难过。 ④ You’ll be sorry about that. 你会为此事后悔的。 ⑤ Excuse me, may use your pen? §283  past/ passed/ pass/ passor Ⅰ. past 是动词pass的过去时和过去分词。在句中作谓语。意为“通过、传递”,时间的“消逝”等。如: ① He passed (by) the bank. 他路经银行。 ② She passed him the cake. 她把蛋糕递给他。 ③ Two months passed before we had any news of them. 两个月过去了,我们才得到一点他们的消息。 Ⅱ. passer “过路人”;“过客”。 Ⅲ. past 不是动词形式,它除作为pass的过去分词形容词,作表语与定语外,还可作介词、副词及名词。如: ① He has been working hard in the past few weeks. 他在过去的几周里工作得很努力。(形) ② The past is past. 过去的事就让它过去了。(形,名) ③ She walked pasti him hurriedly. 她从他身边匆匆而过。(介 ④ The years went past without notice. 岁月不觉流逝。(副词) §284  path/ road/ way Ⅰ. path “道路”侧重于指“小道;小径”通常指走出来的路或指人行道等。如: a) There is a path to the top of the hill. 有一条小路通向山顶。 b) Keep to the pathor you maybe lose your way. 沿着这条路走,否则你可能会迷路。 Ⅱ. road 通常人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,它可以用作借喻,表示导致……途径。如: ① Where does this road lead to?这条路通什么地方? ② It was very hot day, and the road was terrible dusty. 那是非常炎热的一天,路上的尘土多得惊人。 ③ It is the road to success. 这是成功之路。 Ⅲ. way 不是指人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,而是指要达到特定的地点必须通过的地方。如: ① It is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路。 ② Which is the shortest way there? 到那儿去哪条路最近? ③ They are still on the way. 他们还在路上。 §285  personal/ personnel Ⅰ. personal [`pә:sәnl]与 personnel[ֽpә:sә`nel]两个词音形相近,但词性和词义不同。如: personal 是形容词,“个人的;私人的;亲身的”。 ① That is my personal opinion. 那是我个人的意见。 ② She made a personal appearance. 她亲自到场。 Ⅱ. personnel 是个集体名词,没有复数形式。“全体人员;工作人员”如: ① Our personnel are very highly trained. 我们的工作人员训练有素。 ② The personnel are unhappy about these changes. 全体工作人员都不满意这些变动。 §286  point / score Ⅰ. point 指在考试、比赛中的“分”。如: ① 90 points . 90 分 ② We won / lost the game by 3 points. 我们以三分之差得胜/ 失败。 Ⅱ. score 指“成绩”。如: ① a score of 90 points . 90分的成绩。 ② She scored 20points in the competition. = Her score of the competition is 20. 她在竞赛中得了20分。 §287  point to/ point at point to 与point at 都有用手指着某人或某物的意思。但后者还可表“对准;瞄准”之意。如: ① She pointed to a boy and said that he was her brother. ② He pointed his gun at the enemy and shouted “Hands up”他把口对准敌人,大声喊:“举起手来”。 §288  police/ policeman Ⅰ. police 常用作复数,其后不加-s. 如: ① The police are on duty. 那些警察在值班。 Ⅱ. policeman “警察”与police 同意。其复数形式为policemen. (policewoman→policewomen) .但表一个警察时,应说:one / a policeman. 而不说:one / a police. §289  problem/ question Ⅰ. problem 通常指须急于解决或决定的重大问题或难题。如 ① This is a difficult social problem to solve. 这是很难解决的社会问题。 ② He is clever enough to work out the maths problem. Ⅱ. question 着重指由于对某事感到疑惑不解或不能断定而提出,并等待解答的问题。一般是不难的,在较短时间内能解决的问题。因此,我们可说:answer the question. 如: ① Please answer the question. §290  propose/ suggest Ⅰ. propose “建议、提议”,是书面语,带有正式和庄严的色彩。如: ① I propose an early start. 我建议及早开始(或动身)。 ② We propose that the house (should) be repaired. 我们建议对房屋进行修理。 Ⅱ. suggest “建议、提议”,但没有propose正式。如: ① I suggest a visit to the theatre. 我建议去看戏。 ② I suggest that we (should) begin at once. 我建议我们立即开始。 ③ He suggest going to the Summer Palace. 他建议去颐和园。 §291 pupil/student Ⅰ.pupil 特指“小学生;初等学校的学生”。也可指在教师指导下从事研究的“学生;门徒”如: The peanist often gives pisno lessons to her pupils. 这位钢琴家经常给她的学生上钢琴课。 Ⅱ.student 指“大专院校的学生;中学生”。 有时,也可指研究或攻读某一学科的人。如:―→a college student. a middle school student. He is a student of science. 他是一个理科学生。 §292  quick/ fast / rapid /soon Ⅰ. quick “快”一般指动作敏捷迅速,毫不延迟,在较短的时间内发生或完成某项动作。如: ① She ran with quick steps to the house. 她快步跑进屋子。 Ⅱ. fast“快”主要用作副
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