初一至初三全程英语知识点总结及练习.docx

§299　 seat/ sit Ⅰ.seat 多用作名词。表“座位”，当它用作动词时表“坐、就座”，是及物动词，与反身代词连用。如： ① He seated himself at a desk. 他在桌旁坐下。 ② Please be seated , gentlemen.请就座，各位先生。 ③ Please go back to your seat. 请回到你的座位上去。 Ⅱ. sit 为不及物动词。如： ①Sit down , please.
§300　 see sb doing sth/ do sth Ⅰ.see sb doing sth. “看见某人正在做某事”，用动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，表动作正在进行。 Ⅱ.see sb do sth. “见到某人做了某事”，表动作发生了，即动作的全部过程已经结束了。类似的动词还有：hear, feel, watch,等感官动词，及have, let, make等使役动词。如： ① She saw a boy go into your classroom. 她看见一个男孩进了人的教室。 ② I saw him walking in the street.我看见他正在街上散步。 ③ The teacher heard Jim reading English when she came in. 老师进来时，听见Jim在读英语。
§301　 so…that / such…that Ⅰ. so that 可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句，引导目的状语从句时，句中常有情态动词can, could 等。如： ① They climbed higher so that they might see farther. 他们爬得更高，以便看得更远。 ② I got up early this mornign so that I caught the first bus. 今天早晨我起得很早，结果赶上了头班车。 Ⅱ. so …that “如此……以致……”，so 是副词，在其后可跟形容词或副词，再跟that引导结果状语从句。如： ① He spoke so fast that no one could understand him. 他说得太快，没人能听得懂。 ② The T-shirt cost so little that she bought several. 那件T恤衫很便宜，她买了好几件。 Ⅲ. such … that 与so … that 同意。但such 后跟名词或名词短语。如： ① She is such a girl that everyone likes her. 她是个人人喜欢的女孩。 ② He made such raped progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 他进步如此之快，以至于不久就开始用英语给一家美国报纸撰稿了。 [注]：如果名词前为many 修饰时，用so 而不用such. 见下节例子。
§302　 so/ such Ⅰ. 两者都可以表“这样、如此”之意。So 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词。如： ① I am so glad to hear from my friend.收到朋友的信我真高兴。 ② He writes so well. 他写得这么好。 Ⅱ. Such 是形容词， 用来修饰单数可数名词，其后需加不定冠词 a 或an. 如： ① He told us such a funny story. 他给我讲了一个很有趣的故事。 ② You are interested in such things. 你对这样的事感兴趣。 [注意]：当单数可数名词前面有形容词修饰时，也可以有 so, 但要调整冠词的位置。 ① He told us so funny a story. 他给我讲了一个如此有趣的故事。 如果被修饰的名词前有表 “多”或“少”这两个意义的 many, much, small 和 little 时，用 so 而不用 such. 如： ① Don’t bame him. He is just such a little boy. 别责备他，他只是这么小的一个孩子。 ② We have a long way to go yet, but there’s so little water left. 我们还有很长的路要走，但所剩的水已很少了。
§304　 socks/ stockings Ⅰ. socks 指不到膝盖的“短袜”如： ① He bought a pair of nylon socks. 他买了一双尼龙袜。 ② My socks have been darned [da:nd] again and again. 我袜子已经一补再补。 Ⅱ. stockings 指到膝盖或过膝盖的“长袜”。　如： ① She bought a pair of silk stockings. 她买了一双长丝袜。
§305　 some time/ sometime/ sometimes/some times Ⅰ,sometime,是副词， 意为“在某个时候”，可与将来时连用，也可以与过去时连用。如： ③ He was here sometime last year. 去年某一时候他在此地。 ④ We shall visit the Science Museum sometime next week. 我们将在下周的某一时候去参观科学馆。 Ⅱ.some time 是名词词组，意为“一段时间”。也可副词词组，用来指一个未肯定的时间，常指将来，可与sometime通用。 ① I stayed here for some time. 我在这儿呆了一段时间。 ② Let’s have dinner some time(=sometime) next week. 下星期我们找个时间一块吃顿饭。 Ⅲ.sometimes. “有时、不时”，是频度副词，常与一般现在时或过去时连用。如： ② Sometimes they make modes ships.有时他们制作轮船模型。 Ⅳ.some times “几次、几倍” 表次数或倍数。如： ① We have been there some times. 我们去那儿几次了。
§306　 sound/ voice/ noise Ⅰ. sound “声音”，为最常用词，指可以听到的任何声音，强的，弱的，令人愉快的或不愉快的，有意义的或无意义的。如： ① I was reading last night, when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room. 昨晚我正看书时，突然听到隔壁房间有声音。 ② Not a sound was heard. 听不到一点声音。 Ⅱ. noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音，“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。 ① I am always disturbed by the noise of the traffic. 我老受到车辆噪声的打扰。 ② The boys made too much noise. 孩子们太吵闹了。 Ⅲ. voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如： ① That sounds like Mary’s voice. 那声音听起来好象玛丽的声音。 ② She has lost her voice.她嗓子哑了。
§307　 space/ universe Ⅰ. space “宇宙”指“空间，时间”如： ① The earth moves through space.地球在太空中运行。 ② The moon is our nearest neighbour in space and men have visited it already. 在宇宙里，月球是我们最近的邻居，人们已经访问过它了。 ③ There isn’t enough space in the classroom for thirty desks. 教室里没有足够的空间放三十张桌子。 Ⅱ. universe “宇宙”是世界上独一无二的。前要用定冠词the. 除指时、空外，还指在时、空内万事万物。 ① Our world is only a small part of the universe.我们的世界只是宇宙的一小部分。
§308　 steal/ rob Ⅰ. steal “偷”， 指暗中盗取，句型为“steal +被盗物+from+被盗人或地点”。如： ① Their car was stolen。他们的汽车被偷了。 ② He stole some money from her. 他偷了她的钱。 Ⅱ. rob “抢劫”，指公然用暴力抢劫他人物品，句型为：“rob+被盗人或地点+of+被盗物”。如： ③ Their car was robbed. 他们的汽车被抢了。 ④ He robbed her of her money. 他抢了她的钱。 [注]：和steal相关的名词是 “thief”(贼，小偷)；和rob相关的名词是robber “强盗，盗贼”
§309　 stop doing sth/ stop to do sth/ stop from doing sth Ⅰ.stop doing sth.“停止做某事”表停止正在做的事情。如： ① They stoped talking to me. 他们中断了与我交谈。 ② Stop running about. 不要乱跑。 Ⅱ.stop to do sth. “停下来去做某事”即停止正在做的事，而去做另一件事。不定式为stop的目的状语。如： ③ They stopped to talk to me. 他们停下来和我交谈。 ④ Let’s stop to have a rest 让我们停下来休息一会儿。 Ⅲ.stop (sb/sth).from doing sth. “阻止某人/物不要做某事”from可省略。=prevent sb. from doing sth; keep sb. from doing sth. 但keep~ 中的from不能省略。如： ⑤ We must stop him (from) doing such a foolish thing. 我们必须阻止他做这样的蠢事。 ⑥ The Green Great Wall stopped the wind blowing the sand to the field of the south. ⑦ You’d better keep the fire 你最好
§310　 stop/ station Ⅰ.stop 表“站”，一般指路途的公共汽车停靠点。 Ⅱ.station 着重指车、船等的始发和终点站，范围较前者在。如：The bus stop is in front of the station.
§311　 subject/ theme/ topic Ⅰ. subject “题目、科目” 是应用最广泛的用语，可指讨论、研究、写作或艺术创作等的题目。如： ① Let’s change the subject. 让我们改换话题吧。 ② I have studied the subject. 我研究过这个题目。 Ⅱ. theme “题目、主题”，尤指文学或艺术作品的主题。如： ① The students are discussing the theme of a novel. 学生们在讨论小说的主题。 ② Waterfalls are from very early times a favourite theme for the painter. 瀑布很早就是画家喜爱的主题。 Ⅲ. topic “题目”指选定作为个人写篇文章或一些人进行讨论的题目。如： ① The students were asked to write an essay [e｀sei ]on one of the assigned [ә｀saind] (指派)topies. 要求学生根据指定题目当中的一题写文章。 ② Baseball is their favourite topic of conversation. 棒球运动是他们最喜好谈论的话题。 [注]： title 指书籍、诗歌、图画等的名称以及标题。
§312　 surprise/ surprising/ surprised Ⅰ.surprise作名词，意为“惊奇，诧异”。如： ① To my surprise,they lost! 使我惊奇的是他们输了！ ② He said to me in surprise, “Can’t you skate?” 他惊奇地对我说：“你不会滑冰”？ Ⅱ.surprise作及物动词，意为“使人惊奇，使感到意外”。如：①You surprise me. 你真使我惊奇。 Ⅲ.surprising是现在分词作形容词用，意为“使惊奇的，出人意料的”，常指物。如： The surprising success makes us very happy. 这出人意料的成功使我们非常高兴。 Ⅳ.surpised是过去分词作形容词用，指人“对。。。。。。感到惊奇”。如： We’re surprised at your words. 对你的话我们感到诧异。 [联想] 现在分词作形容词表“进行”，“主动”的含意；而过去分词常表“完成”，“被动”的含意。类似的词还有exciting/excited;interesting/intereisted,relaxed/relaxing,如： ① I was surprised at the news. 我对这消息感到吃惊。 The news is surprising. 这消息令人感到惊奇。 ② We are all interested in her idea. 我们对她的想法感兴趣。 She has an interesting idea. 她有一个有趣的想法。
§313　 talk with/ talk of/ talk on/ talk about Ⅰ. talk with 后接的对象作宾语，介词with可用to代替。如： ① He was talking with / to a friend. 他在与一位朋友谈话。 Ⅱ. talk about “谈论”，后接谈话的内容，宾语可以是人，也可以是物。如： ① What are you talking about ?你们在谈论什么？ ② Let’s not talk about it now. 咱们别谈这事了。 Ⅲ. talk of “谈到、谈及”，与talk about 同义，只是talk of 仅指“浅谈表面现象（如作者、书名等）”如： ① We often talk of you. 我们常谈到你。 Ⅳ. talk on “论述”不仅指内容，而且还指评论。如： ① They seldom talk on politics in those days. 那时候他们很少谈论政治。
§314　 telephone/ ring/ ring up Ⅰ. telephone “打电话”是及物动词，后接名词、代词或从句。也可作不及物动词，其后用介词to再接宾语。它可缩略为phone.多用于口语中。如： ① Did you telephone Li Lei? ② Telephone (Phone) me tomorrow. ③ He telephoned that he couldn’t attend the meeting. Ⅱ. ring “打电话”可用作及物动词和不及物动词。如： ① He wanted you to ring him. 他要你打电话给他。 此外：ring for 按铃叫（某人）；ring back 回电话；ring off挂断电话。 Ⅲ. ring up “给……打电话”（= call up）如： ①I will ring him up. 我会打电话给他。
§315　 tell of/ tell about 一般情况下tell of 可与tell about 换用。Tell之后常接表示人的名词或代词，介词of与about后接谈到的事情或内容。但在表示提起某事时倾向于tell of ；在表示详细地讲述有关情况时，倾向于tell about。如： ① Have you told your mother of your idea? 你把比的想法告诉你母亲了吗？ ② I told her about that the other day. 前些天我和她谈了这件事。
§316　 thanks for/ thanks to Ⅰ. thanks for = thank you for “为……谢”强调谢的原因。如： ① Thanks for lending me your umbrella.谢谢你借给我雨伞。 ② Thank you for your dictionary. 谢谢你的字典。 Ⅱ. thanks to “多亏了……”；“由于……的帮助”相当于because of …或 with the help of … , 在此短语中，to是一个介词，后接名词或代词。如： ① Thanks to the doctor, I am well again. 多亏这位医生，我身体又康复了。 ② Thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam. 多亏了老师的帮助，我们都及格了。 ③ Thanks to your help, I finish the work on time. 多亏了你的帮助，我才能按时完成工作。
§317　 that/ who/ which Ⅰ. 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose(一般指人)，which(一般指物)，that ( 指人或物)等。关系副词有：where（地点）when(时间)， why(原因)等。 Ⅱ. that 在从句中指物，也可指人，可作主语和宾语。如： ① Water that is polluted often causes serous illness. 受污染的水常会引起重病。（that 在句中指物，用作主语） ② Do you have everything that you need? (that在从句中指物，用作宾语) 你所需要的东西都有了吗？ ③ He is the man that they talked about just now. (that 在从句中指人，用作宾语) 他时刚才他们谈论的那个人。 ④ Do you know the man that / who spoke just now? 你认识刚才讲话的人吗？ Ⅲ. who 和whom 在句中指人，分别作主语和宾语。如： ① A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health. ( who 在从句中用作主语) 医生是保护人们健康的人。 ② I have just met a lady whom I saw last week. (whom在从句中用作宾语) 我刚遇上一位我上星期见过的人。 Ⅳ.which 在从句中指物，可作主语和宾语。如： ① My aunt was not on the train which arrived just now. (which 在从句中作主语) 我阿姨不在刚才到达的那列火车上。 ② This is the coat which you wanted.(which 用作宾语)这就是你要的那件外套。 Ⅴ. whose 在从句中多指人，也可指物，用作定语。如： ① You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. (whose 作advice的的定语) 只有你的话他可能听。 ② I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。 [注意]：在下述情况下，定语从句中关连词只能用 that. : Ⅰ. 先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时，如： ① Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant.只有科学家知道这追求意味着什么。 ② I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我相信她有你能借到的东西。 ③ Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. 我们对见到的一切都感兴趣。 ④ There is little that I can use. 我能用的东西几乎没有。 ⑤ He saw much that was bad. 他见了很多坏东西。 [注]：① 先行词是 something 时，关系代词用 that 或 which 都可以。 ② 先行词是：someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody,everybody 时，关系代词用 that 或 who 都可以。 Ⅱ. 先行词被 all, every, very no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时，如： ① I have read all the books that you gave me. 我把你给我的书全都看了。 ② He is the very man that came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来的人。 Ⅲ. 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级 修饰时。如： ① This is the first composition thathe has written in English. 这是第一篇他用英语写的作文。 ② The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria. 在显微镜下我们能看见的最小的东西是细菌。 ③ ¬This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的小说。 Ⅳ. 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。 ① That white flower is the only one that I really like.白花是我唯一真正喜欢的花。 ② This is the very book that I want to find. 这正是我想要的书。 ③ The last place that we visited was the chemical works. 我们最后参观的是化工厂。 Ⅴ. 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，定语从句只能用that 与主句连接，而不能用who / whom / which引导。如： ① He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited . 他谈了关于他访问过的老师和学校的情况。 Ⅵ. 当主句是以 who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时，关连词只能用that . 而不能用 who / whom / which. 如： ① Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那人是谁。 ② Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们当中哪一个懂物理的人不知道这个？ [注]：在使用一些固定搭配的短语动词时，that 与其它关系词有时可以互用，其介词不能提前，而必须放在动词之后，这时指物用that, which 均可，指人时用who, whom, that 均可. ① This is the key which / that you are looking for. ② He is a man (whom / that ) you can safely depend on. 他是你能依赖的人。 ③ The person whom / that / who he looks after is his mother.
§318　think of / think about/think over Ⅰ. think of “想起、记起；有……想法、看法；对……有意见；考虑” 如： ① Will you think of me after I’ve left? 我离开后，你还会记着我吗？ ② I know the person you mean,but I can’t think of his name. 我知道你讲的人是谁，但记不起他的名字。 ④ We are thinking of going to Spain for our holiday this year.我们今年有 到西班牙去休假的想法（打算）。 ⑤ What do you think of my new dress? 你认为我的新衣服怎么样？(可与think about 互换) ⑥ She thinks of no one but herself.她除自己外不考虑任何人。 Ⅱ. 当它作“想到过去的某事”或“考虑到某事”解时，常与think about 通用。即：“……考虑”；“对……看法” ① We have many things to think of / about before going there. 在动身去那之前，我们还有许多事情要考虑。 ② 见Ⅰ④ Ⅲ.think about 可以表“想、回想”着重于想的过程。如： ① I am thinking about the friends I have lost.我正在回想那些失去了的朋友。 [注]：think of 可以表“想象一下，想想”而think about 则不能。―→Think of your mother!想想你的母亲吧！ ―→Think of the danger! 想象一下危险吧！ Ⅳ.think over “仔细考虑”其中over 是副词。如： ①I will think the thing over. 我要把这事仔细考虑一下。
§319　 think much(well) of/ think highly of/ think little(poorly) of/ sing high praise of/ speak highly of Ⅰ. speak highly of “高度评价，赞扬”，相当于 think highly of 如： ① Our headmaster spoke highly of my classmates at the meeting. 我们校长在会上高度赞扬了我班的同学。 ② The people speak highly of the TV play. 人们对这部电视剧评价很高。 [注] speak 构成的短语： speak English 讲英语（某种语言）；speak to sb. 和某人交谈； speak well / ill of 说……的好/坏话；speak like a book 大胆地说 speak for oneself 为自己辩护。 Ⅱ. think much well of “对……印象很好”如： ① We all think well of your suggestion. 我们都认为你的建议很好。 Ⅲ. think little / poorly / badly of “对……印象不好”如： ① You thought very badly of him at first, didn’t you? 起初你对他印象很坏，是吧？ Ⅳ. think much of “比……更看重（考虑得多）”如： ① He thought more of health than of money. 和金钱相比他更看重健康。 Ⅴ. sing high praise for “高度赞扬某人/某物” §320　 till/ until till 和until 都可作介词或连词，其用法有两种： Ⅰ. 在肯定句中，意为“到……为止”谓语动词一般要求是延续的。如： ① I shall stay here till / until next day.我将留在这儿一直到下星期天。 Ⅱ. 在否定句中，意为“直到……才……”，表这个动词的动作直到till / until所表示的时间才发生。如： ① They are not going back to work until / till they get more money. 他们要等到增加了工资才复工。
§321　 to do sth/ doing sth 动词不定式(to do sth)与动词的ing 形式，都是非谓语动词。一般地， 不定式表示：具体的，某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的-ing 形式则表示：抽象的，一般地，具有普遍性的，或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作：主语，宾语，定语，状语，宾补等。如： ① I like swimming, but I dn’t like to go today. 我喜欢游泳，但今天我不想去。 [注]：下列动词接to do sth.和doing sth 的不同意义： 1． 2． 3． 4． 5． 6． 7．
§322　 towards/ to / for Ⅰ. for “向……”，接在leave, start, depart 等动词之后，表方向。如： ① She is leaving for Beijing. 她将动身到北京去。 Ⅱ. towards 仅表“方向”，比for 的意味要强。如： ① He is coming towards the house. 他向这房子走来。 Ⅲ. to “向，朝……”表目的地。接在动词come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如： ① Let’s go to Yangzhou by steamer. 让咱们乘船去杨州吧！ ② Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 当他回英国不久后，他的父亲便去世了。
§323　 treat/ heal 二者都是动词，treat意为“治疗”，强调用药物或医疗手段医治的过程，并不表示治疗了效果。heal意为“治愈”，指医好伤病。如： ① The dentist is treating his teeth.牙医在为他治牙。 ② The doctor healed my burns. 医生治好了我的烧伤。
§324　 used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/ be used to do sth/ would Ⅰ. Used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”（现在不做了），只用于过去时态。如： ① He used to get up early.过去他常早起。（现在已不这样了） ② Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday. 她母亲过去常在周五去购物，但现在她周日去了。 Ⅱ. Be used to (doing)sth. “习惯于做某事”，be used 是被动语态结构。可用于现在、过去、将来多种时态。Be可用get, become等代替。如： ① He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他将会/ 已经习惯于早起。 Ⅲ. Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”， be used 是被动语态结构，其中不定式表目的，可用于多种时态。如： ① Wood is used to make paper.木材用来造纸。 [注]：used to 的否定式有两种：一是：used not to 二是：didn’t use to 如： ① My father used not to smoke. = My father didn’t use to smoke.我爸爸过去不抽烟。 ② They used not to live in the country. = They didn’t use to live in the country. 其疑问式是将used 提前，或添加助动词 did. Ⅳ.would 是情态动词，没有象used to那样，有过去和现在的对比。不能说明是否现在还做不做。
§325 very / right / just Ⅰ. right “正好”“就” “立刻”等。如： ① Mike lives right opposite the street.麦克就住在街对面。 ② There’s a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有块在石头。 ③ Lily met an accident right here. 莉莉就是在这儿出事的。 ④ She’ll be right back. 她马上就回来。 Ⅱ. Just 作为副词，常用在祈使句前以加强语气。如： ① Just think of the result. 试想一下后果吧。 ② Just touch it . 你摸摸吧。 ③ Just wait a moment, please.请稍等。 Ⅲ. very 作为形容词，常与the, this或my, your等连用，以加强语气，表“正是那个”“恰好的”等。如： ① You are the very person I’m looking for. (= You are the right person …) 你正是我要找的人。 ② The two men fought on this very spot. (= right in this place) 那两个男子就是在这个地方打起来的。
§326　 why not/ why don’t 此两者都是表建议的句型，一般可以代换。类似的还有： ▲ Let’s… ▲ Shall I / we … ? ▲ How / What about … ? Ⅰ. why not “好的、可以呀、为什么不可以呢？”如： ①--Mum, may I go out to play basketball now? �CWhy not? ③ Why not ask your teacher? 怎么不去问一问你的老师呢？ 此外还可表一种不可理解的心情： ① --I won’t see the film again. �C Why not? Ⅱ. why don’t 是一种友好的建议（a friendly suggestion）.无论在什么场合，使用起来十分亲切。后面接主语。如： ① Why don’t you go swimming? 为什么不去游泳呢？ ② Why don’t I give Lily some colourful pencils? 我给莉莉一些彩笔，好吗？
§327　 work / job Ⅰ.job “