1、guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentia
2、lity, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operat
3、ional mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the conting
4、ent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the to
5、p, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the provinces Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situationguide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program grad
6、ually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction incre
7、ased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the syst
8、em of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team st
9、ructure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Governmen
10、t of the national, the provinces Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in
11、 place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of usi
12、ng enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documents running not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of
13、 the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State
14、 Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of governmen
15、t departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should always focus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity,
16、 initiativeSecondly, we should strengthen the team. A unit is a team in various sections of the unit inside is also a small team. A unit with a team spirit, formed a team responsibility, cohesion and competitiveness. You want to make a unit, a Department work improvement, must be melting inside a fe
17、eling of solidarity and mutual help, for a common goal and determined to achieve the spirit, cultivating a strong collective spirit and team responsibility, sense of honor. Therefore, we need to start improving office work and enhance the efficiency of Office work and strive to build a concerted . F
18、ault. In accordance with the requirements of modern management science, establishing strict responsibility system of management by objectives. A work who is in charge, who is in charge and who is responsible, what right do these people have, what responsibility, has to truthfully and clearly underst
19、ood. Departments at all levels should strictly implement the check in the Office of party Committee evaluation, significant accountability and reward incentive system, pay close attention to duty cash and making unity, rights, responsibilities, and to inspire each of cadres spirit and morale, Super
20、courage. Investee insists, is a deep topic, is a real problem, is a big issue. Today, I just combined this year, the citys Communist Party Committee Office, had some rough talk and understanding, we must strengthen research and exchanges in this regard in the future. Investee in the new year, we mus
21、t hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping theory and the three represents theory the great banner of, under the correct leadership of the CPC, adhere to the people-oriented, insist on truth, adhere first to excellence, efforts to do Office work to a new level. Speech at the Conference on the system of
22、 government offices in the city around the development of service function to create a new situation in the work of the Office of the citys system of Government-speech at the Conference on the system of government offices in the city This system of government offices working in the citys main task i
23、s to study Government systems of administrative supervision, administrative information, administrative reception and information technology issues. For the meeting, the City Mayor Ma has made important instructions, the Municipal Government Office fully prepared brewing, combined with practical wor
24、k to develop the notice on further strengthening the supervision work, the XX, Chief Information interim measures for 2005 and the citys system of Government Administration informatization construction task statement and other documents. Before the General Assembly and organization of counties (dist
25、ricts) of the scene to observe the Government Office, achieve the purpose of exchanges of work, thought. Today, the Tang Mayor also attended the meeting and delivered an important speech in the midst, hope good grasp of implementation. Next, I would like to make a few remarks. A, and around Center,
26、looks at development, strengthened service, city government system Office work rendering atmosphere in recent years, city government system Office to该资料中楷体字为说明性文字,帮助记忆,非必背内容。中国对外贸易概论新编考试范围试用版第一章导论对外开放政策的内容(选择题)大力发展对外贸易,特别是扩大出口贸易积极引进先进技术和设备,特别是有助于企业技术改造的适用的先进技术积极有效地利用外资积极开展对外承包工程和劳务合作发展对外经济技术援助和多种形式的
27、互利合作设立经济特区和开放沿海城市,带动内地开放第三章中国对外贸易发展战略“大经贸”战略的定义实行以进出口贸易为基础,商品、资金、技术、服务相互渗透、协调发展,外经贸、生产、科技、金融等部门共同参与的外经贸发展战略。“大经贸”战略的基本内容 1、大开放 形成对外对内的全方位、多领域、多渠道的对外开放格局,在此基础上,加快转换企业机制,奠定我国开放型经济体系。 2、大融合 对外贸易、利用外资和其他对外经济技术合作业务的大融合,实现多边经贸合作的有机结合,维护我国应有的经济利益,推进贸易、生产、科技、金融等部门的密切结合,提高企业的国际竞争力,维护国际收支平衡,将外经贸的宏观调控与国民经济宏观调控
28、结合起来。 3、功能大转变提高对外经贸对国民经济增长的贡献度的同时,着力发挥其促进我国产业机构调整、加快技术密集型产业的发展步伐、加快技术进步和提高宏观、微观经济效益方面的作用;发挥对国民经济的导向作用,提供多方面的综合服务。出口商品战略是指一国为达到预定的出口战略目标,根据本国的国情、经济发展的具体情况和国际市场的需要,对出口商品的构成所做的战略性安排。 现阶段我国出口商品构成的安排 1、大力发展机电产品的出口,特别是成套设备出口 2、 积极发展纺织品、服装等劳动密集型产品3、 积极发展高科技产品4、 积极发展创汇农产品的出口。第四章中国对外贸易管理对外贸易管理概念对外贸易管理是以国家法律、
29、规章和方针政策为依据,从国家宏观经济利益和对内、对外政策的需要出发,对进出口贸易进行领导、控制和调节。第五章中国对外贸易促进出口信贷含义是世界各国为了支持和扩大本国大型设备的出口,加强国际竞争能力,由该国的出口信贷机构向本国出口商或外国进口商或其银行提供贷款的一种融资方式。出口信贷的特点1.必须与出口项目相联系,属于约束性贷款。2.利率低,利差由政府补贴3.贷款金额一般不超过合同金额的85%,期限不超过10年。4.出口信贷往往与出口信用保险相结合,以减少风险。出口信用保险含义是不以盈利为目的,旨在鼓励发展出口贸易,并保证出口商因出口所受到的损失,能得到绝大部分补偿的一种国家政策性保险。出口信用
30、保险的特点:1.出口信用保险承保的风险高,而且风险较为复杂;2.不以盈利作为经营的主体目标;3.政府参与办理;4.一国的出口信用保险机构只对本国制造的商品提供保险(有50%的本国制造成份)。第六章对外贸易价格和对外贸易经济效益国际市场价格的含义指在一定时期内在国际贸易中被广泛承认的具有代表性的国际间商品成交的价格。国际市场价格的种类:实际成交价和参考价格 交易所价格实际成交价格拍卖价格开标价格一般实际成交价和合同价 参考价格:报纸、杂志、专门通报和出口价目表上公布的批发价或外贸价格 经济效益的影响因素:(选择)一、影响外贸宏观经济效益的因素1、一国劳动生产率状况2、进出口商品结构3、货币因素4
31、、市场机制二、影响外贸微观经济效益的因素(一)政策性因素1、汇率政策2、税收政策3、价格政策4、信贷政策5、国别(地区)政策(二)体制性因素1、财政体制2、经营体制3、金融体制4、国有资产管理体制提高对外贸易经济效益的途径一、正确处理外贸微观与宏观经济效益的关系1、两者兼顾2、微观经济效益服从宏观经济效益3、在企业利益服从国家利益的前提下,也要照顾外贸企业的微观经济效益二、提高外贸宏观经济效益1、调整和优化产业结构及进出口商品结构,是提高外贸宏观经济效益的重要途径2、建立高效的宏观调控体系,协调外贸社会经济效益与外贸企业经济效益的关系3、加速建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制,是提高外贸经济效益的
32、保证三、提高外贸微观经济效益1、转换外贸企业经营机制2、大型外贸企业应走实业化、国际化、集团化的道路,实现综合经营、规模经营3、加速生产企业技术进步4、建立科学的企业管理制度5、培养人才,提高企业素质第七章中国的技术贸易技术贸易的分类:(选择)1、许可证贸易是指技术的许可方将其交易标的物的使用权通过许可协议或合同的形式转让给技术的被许可方,并由被许可方支付一定数额报酬的贸易方式。 2、工程承包是指个人或企业,在国际承包市场上通过投标、接受委托或其他途径承揽国际组织、外国政府或私人企业主的工程建设项目、物资采购及其他方面的承包业务,是一种涉及资金、技术、设备、劳务等多方面内容的综合性国际经济合作
33、形式。 3、顾问咨询引进方与国外工程咨询公司签订合同,由咨询公司负责对引进方所提出的技术课题提供建议或解决方案。 4、合作生产 是两个或两个以上国家的法人或自然人通过订立合作设计或合作生产合同,在合同有效其内当事一方或各方提供有关技术,共同设计或生产某种产品部件,并在生产过程中实现技术转让的一种合作方式。 5、技术服务与协助 即技术的输出方或提供方或服务方受技术的输入方或受让方或被服务方的委托,通过签订技术服务与协助合同,为委托方提供技术劳动,完成某项服务任务并由委托方支付一定技术服务费的活动。 6、BOT方式 是指项目承包公司、咨询公司、金融机构、制造商、建筑公司等联合与东道国政府签订特许协
34、议,建设某个项目,并在项目竣工后经营一定时期,通常为15-20年,期限届满将该项目转让给东道国。 我国技术引进工作存在的主要问题 1、技术引进的方式比较落后 在技术引进中,重“引进”、轻“消化”,重“硬件”、轻“软件”,重“引资”、轻“技术”,而且引进成套设备过多。 2、重复引进现象十分严重 重复引进是一国或企业在同一时期多次引进功能、规格、标准相同和相似的技术或设备的行为。 3、科研机构与企业生产相脱节,技术引进未能充分发挥应有的作用 中国科研开发以科研院所为主导,企业研发尚未发展起来。 中国科研人员分布不合理,主要集中在科研院所,分布在企业的仅占27%。4、引进中未能考虑中国国情 我国引进
35、先进技术的基本方针 1、要以引进适用软件技术为主 。2、要以购买主机和关键设备为主。3、要避免大规模重复引进。4、引进技术后要加以消化、吸收和创新。第八章中国的资本流动对外直接投资:是投资者输出生产资本,直接对一个国家的厂矿企业予以投资,并由投资者直接参与经营管理。对外直接投资的分类:中外合资经营企业:是由外国公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人,按照平等互利的原则,依据中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法,在中国境内,同中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织共同投资兴办的企业。(股权式合营企业) 中外合作经营企业:是由外国公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人依据中华人民共和国中外合作经营企业法,同中国的公司、企业或
36、其他经济组织在中国境内共同投资或提供合作条件兴办的企业。(契约式合营企业) 外商独资企业:是指外国公司、企业、其他经济组织或个人依据中华人民共和国外资企业法,在中国境内设立的全部资本由外国投资者投资的企业。(外资企业) 中外合作开发:是指外国公司依据中华人民共和国对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例和中华人民共和国对外合作开采陆上石油条例,同中国的公司合作进行石油资源的勘探开发。 中外合资企业与中外合作经营企业(1)投资方式不同合资企业:各方的投资物都要折价计算投资比例;合作企业:各方的投资物一般不折价计算投资比例。(2)法律依据和法人地位不同合资企业:中国独立的企业法人;合作企业:可以是法人,也可以
37、不是法人。(3)组织方式和管理方式不同合资企业:建立董事会,中外双方共同管理;合作企业:董事会或联合管理委员会,一般以一方为主,另一方协助,或者委托第三方管理。(4)收益分配方式不同合资企业:按注册资本的比例分配利润和承担亏损风险;合作企业:按合同规定的比例分配利润或产品以及分担风险和亏损。(5)合营期满资产处理方式不同合资企业:按注册资本比例分配资产净值;合作企业:按合同的规定处理。对外间接投资:指借贷资本输出和证券投资,其特点是投资者不参与这些企业的经营管理。对外间接投资的分类:1.借用国外贷款(1)外国政府贷款(2)国际金融机构贷款(3)外国商业银行贷款(4)出口信贷2.发行境外债券和股
38、票(1)发行境外债券(2)境外发行股票衡量一国外债规模的指标(1)外债清偿比率(偿还能力)偿债率本年度因借用外债而还本付息的总额与本年度商品及劳务出口收汇之比。(15%;20%;25%)(2)负债率(偿债潜力)在一定时期内外债余额占该时期国民生产总值的比率。(20%)(3)债务率(对外债总余额的承受能力)是指年末外债余额与当年外汇收入之比。(100%)(4)其它外债规模与一国总投资之比,一般不要超过5-10。中国对外直接投资存在的问题(1)对外直接投资总体规模偏小境外投资金额占世界对外直接投资总量的0.15%;发达国家吸引外资与对外直接投资的比例是1:1.14,发展中国家是1:0.13,而中国
39、仅为1:0.09;中国海外企业平均投资不足140万美元,发达国家平均600万美元,发展中国家平均450万美元;(2)投资项目的技术含量不高目前70%以上的对外直接投资企业集中在平均单项投资额较低的采矿业、商务服务业、批发和零售业及建筑业,近40%属于低附加值、低技术含量的资源开发及初级加工等劳动力密集项目。(3)企业对外投资地区结构不尽合理中国对外直接投资净额在亚洲地区(特别是港、澳地区)和拉丁美洲地区。(4)企业对外投资的效益还有待于进一步提高中国的海外企业中赢利的占55%,收支平衡的占28%,亏损企业占17%。中国发展对外直接投资的对策1、要进一步从战略的高度认识对外直接投资的必要性和紧迫
40、性。2、中国对外直接投资市场的多元化。3、确定企业对外直接投资的产业选择和基本类型。4、完善对外投资的相关政策法规。第九章中国服务贸易服务贸易的定义指以提供活劳动的形式满足他人某种需要并取得报酬的活动。它包含过境交付、境外消费、商业存在、自然人流动:1、过境交付(cross border supply)。指从一成员国境内向任何其他成员境内提供服务,无人员和物资的流动,而是通过电讯、邮电、计算机网络实现的。如视听、金融和信息等。 2、境外消费(consumption abroad)。在一成员国的国境内向另一成员国的消费者提供服务。如接待外国游客、提供旅游服务,为国外病人提供医疗服务,为国外客户提
41、供医疗服务,接收外国留学生等。3、商业存在(commercial presence)。通过一成员国提供的服务实体(法人)在另一成员国以商业存在提供服务,它是一国的企业或经济实体到另一国开业,提供服务,包括投资设立合资、合作和独资企业。如一国的公司到国外开办银行、商店、酒店,设立会计师事务所、律师事务所等。4、自然人流动(movement of personnel)。一成员的服务提供者在任何其他成员境内通过自然人的存在提供服务。如一国的医生、工程师、教授或艺术家到另一国从事个体服务。第十章中国对外贸易体制改革1994年到“入世”前的外贸体制改革的措施 1、强化经济手段 (1)进行汇率并轨,取消外
42、贸承包经营责任制从1994年1月1日起,取消了汇率双轨制,实行以市场供求为基础的、单一的、有管理的浮动汇率制度;取消各类外汇留成、出口企业外汇上缴和额度管理制度,实行国家银行统一结售汇。(2)降低进口关税水平,取消部分进口减免税; 至1996年,我国关税水平平均调低到23%1996年取消5项不平等的进口减免税至1997年,我国关税水平平均调低到17% (3)改革所得税制,由包干制改为分税制; 94年起,对全国财税体制进行改革,由包干制改为分税制,对国有外贸企业实行统一上缴所得税33%的税制 。(4)完善出口退税制度,出口退税全部由中央财政承担; 94年后,出口退税全部由中央财政承担 (5)实行
43、鼓励出口的信贷政策。2、加强立法手段1994年5月12日出台对外贸易基本法中华人民共和国对外贸易法,并制定了与之相配套的反倾销和反补贴条例等法规,标志着我国对外贸易的发展进入法制化轨道。 3、改革外贸行政管理手段 放宽生产企业经营外贸审批标准逐步放开商品经营的范围改革进出口商品管理体制取消了某些商品的进出口补贴,为国内外商品创造平等竞争条件取消全部进口替代商品清单缩小进口许可证管理范围,减少实行进口许可证管理的商品品种 4、深化外贸经营体制改革 (1)进行企业制度改革 通过建立现代企业制度,实行企业股份制改革,转换企业经营机制。 (2)进行经营制度改革 从单纯追求创汇数额,转向重视效益;从商品
44、经营转向资产经营;从单一经营转向一业为主、多种经营;从传统的收购制度转向服务型的代理制;从分散经营转向规模经营。 5、建立健全外贸协调服务机制 (1)改进商会的职能 (2)加强经济协调(征收调节基金) (3)完善社会监督、服务体系中国外贸体制改革效果的评价 1、在一定程度上改变了对外贸易的中央高度集权,加速了我国对外贸易的发展。2、扩大对外贸易经营渠道,打破垄断经营。 3、工贸结合,推行代理制,密切产销关系。 4、逐步缩小外贸计划控制范围,启用多种手段。 5、改革外汇管理体制,发挥汇率杠杆对外贸的调控作用。 6、改革统包盈亏的对外贸易财务体制,外贸企业自负盈亏。 对外贸易体制的定义 对外贸易体
45、制是指对外贸易的组织形式、机构设置、管理权限、经营分工和利益分配等方面的制度。 本锅炉采用双压自除氧结构以避免低温腐蚀,利用燃气脉冲吹灰器清除管子上的积灰。高低温过热器中间设置有喷水减温器以调节主蒸汽温度,从而满足汽轮机组对蒸汽参数的要求。guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level h
46、as has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the c
47、onstruction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of the Office team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational ca