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外研版八年级英语下册短语知识点集
MODULE1
五种简单句歌决
英语简单句,五种结构型,缩简句子后,结构自分明,表主语状态,即为主系表,主谓关与主谓宾,二者需分清,动作对象人和物,则是间宾加直宾,二宾位置可互换,介词to,for记心间,句子已有主谓宾,宾语再补方完整,宾语加上补足语,二者构成复合宾。
1、 主语+不及物动词(SV)
不及物动词,不能带宾语,但有些要接状语意义才完整。
2、主语+系动词+表语(SVP)
系动词:be ,look, seem ,become, feel , get ,turn ,grow, smell ,taste , keep, sound
3、主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO)
4、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(SVOO)
直接宾语在前,加for或to连接间接宾语。
give, show , send, bring , pass, lend ,leave ,hand , feel, return, promise ,refuse, throw 用to.
make ,buy ,do ,get ,play ,order, sing, pay用for .
5、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(SVOC)
6、there be 句型。
tidy up 收拾, fan扇,fan oneself ,给某人自己扇风,
fan the flame煽动情绪, a movie fan , 影迷,
un反义前缀,tidy-untidy, happy-unhappy,comfortable-uncomfortable at least至少,
祈使句,肯定以动词原形开头,反问用will you ?/won’t you?,否定用Don’t +动词原形,反问用will you ?,Let’s …用shall we?
take up占据,代词放中间 take away拿走 ,
take sth. back,收回某物 take ….to … 把…带到….
take off脱 下,起飞 take place发生 ,
take a rest 休息一下, a bit ,a little ,作状语形/副时可互换
a bit of =a little,有点儿,修饰不可数名词
on time按时 , in time及时 , from time to time有时 ,
a long time很长时间 , for the first time首次,
have a good time ,玩得高兴
be/get /become interested in 主语是人,某人对某事产生兴趣
指人的不定代词: somebody/someone, everybody /everyone , anybody/anyone, nobody/no one
指物的不定代词,anything, something, everything, nothing
play the violin ; ,play +the+乐器, play+球,
世上独一无二的加the前面出现过词的再次出现时用the
make+宾语+宾语补足语(使..处于某种状态,地位)make sb. do sth.使某人做某事,make sb/sth + 形 使某人/某物…
后接动词不定式作宾语,不要to 的有,一感feel,二听hear, listen to,三让have, let, make,四看see, look at ,watch ,notice,半帮助help,
make sb. sth=make sth for sb.为某人做某事, make money赚钱,make a living谋 生, make trouble引起麻烦, make friends with sb.与某人交朋友, make war 开战, make a fire生火, make a face做鬼脸,
make ..from用..制成(用被动) be made of用..制成(用被动) make fun of 取笑,与…开玩笑, make room for 为…让地方, make up 编造, make up one’s mind 决心,拿定主意,
现在完成时:表过去发生或已经完成的某一动作,对现在造成的影响和结果,或持续到现在的动作。常用词语already, yet ,ever ,never, just ,before, for + some time ,since,
at the end of 在…尽头,在…末尾,(时间,位置) by the end of =not later than
by the end of 到…末为止,+过去时间,用于过去完成时
by the end of+现在时间,用于现在完成时,
in the end =at last =finally,最后
end(动词) up with以…结束, come to an end 告终,结束 , begin with以…开头 , sth happen to sb某事发生在某人身上 happen to do sth.碰巧发生某事 take place发生,预料中发生的事, happen是偶然发生的, be famous for因..而出名,(外界客观)
be famous as作为….而出名,(本身身份)
be good for 对…有益 be good at擅长,
a collection of….的收藏 ,
have/ take an interest in 对某事感兴趣,
give an interview,会面,做访谈
as a result结果, as a result of 由于,因为,
also 也,肯定句中,too也,肯定/疑问句,句末,(逗号),either也,否定,句末,逗号,
as well也,肯定,句末,
be sure确信,相信,
in life一生中, all one’s life一生,终身
buy sb .sth=buy sth for sb think about考虑,思考,想起, think of想起 think over思考
look after=take care of =care for,照顾 look over, 检查,查看, look for寻找, look up 查找/向上看,
be popular with,受…的欢迎
when , while, as的用法:
when可引用可延续性和非延续性,主从句的动词是非延续性,只用when
while引用可延续性,主从句的动词是可延续性,只用while
as常 用于同时发生的
be useful to/for 对….有用, be useful in (for )doing sth,有助于
useful 反义词useless ,比较级前加more ,最高级前加most ,
develop ,名词development ,developing 发展中.developed 发达的,
success名词 ,succeed动词, successful形容词 ,successfully副词, failure失败
some…others没有范围的“一些…另一些”,但不是全体,
some…the others某一范围的 “一些….其他”的,表全体,
one ….another不定数目中的“一个…另一个”
one ….the other两者中的“一个…另一个”
spend: sb. spend (s) some money on sth.
sb. spend(s) some time on sth.
sb. spend(s) some money (in) buying sth.
sb. spend(s) some time (in) doing sth.
pay: sb. pay(s) some money for sth.
cost: sth cost sb. some money
take : It takes sb. some time to do sth
It takes sb .some money to buy sth .
It’s +adj.+ for sb. +to do sth .外界原因,
It’s +adj. +of sb. +to do sth .人的品质,
remember/forget to do sth.想起/忘记要做某事,
remember/forget doing sth.想起/忘记做过某事。
in the way 以这种方式, long ago很久以前,
start ,begin当用于进行时,后用to +V原,主语是物时,后用+to V原,
such as 像…,例如, for example 句首,句中,用逗号隔开,缩写e.g, as well as连接两相同的内容 , come out 出版 ,开放,出现,
probably句中,不用于句未,不用于句首,
maybe可能性很小,口语, 句首
perhaps或许 句首,句中
what do you think of =how do you like
show sb .sth =show sth to sb.
try to do sth 努力做某事, try doing sth.尝试做某事
try/do one’s best (to do sth) 尽某人的最大努力(做某事),
try out试验 , try on 试穿 a piece of music一首乐曲,
动词后只跟 V-ing 的有:finish ,practice ,mind ,feel like ,miss ,keep, pardon, excuse ,suggest consider, give up ,can’t help,
主语是人need to do sth 需要做某事,, 主语是物need doing需要被做某事,
dress sb给某人穿衣 , dress oneself 自己穿衣
be/get dressed in=dress in +衣服或颜色 , find out查明,
就近原则: not only…but also ,不仅.而且
either…or ..不是…就是,或者..或者
neither…nor 既不…也不…,
there be 动词以最近的主语为标准
MODULE 2
宾语从句是在动词、介词、动词不定式等后的从句。
引导词展示关:
1. 宾语从句是陈述句时,常用that引导,that可以省略;
2. 特殊疑问句改为宾语从句时,由原来的连接代词、副词引导;
3. 一般疑问句改成的,用连词if或whether引导,两者都有是否的意思,通常可以替换。不能省略。
语序应用陈述语序:主语在前,谓语动词在后,(带有宾语从句的复合句的标点符号,取决于主句的句式,与从句无关。主是陈述句,用句号,主是疑问句,用问号)
时态照应:1.主句是祈使句或主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或将来时,从句不受影响,根据从句自身的情况选用时态。
2.主句是过去时,从句也一定用过去的某种时态(一般过去时、过去进行时等)
3.从句是客观真理、客观自然现象等,任何时候都用一般现在时。(以Could you tell me ....?/ would you tell me ...?开头的不能用过去时态。)
否定转移:当主句的谓语动词是think,believe,guess,suppose等时,主句的主语是又是第一人称,人句表示的否定意义转移到主句,(反问句遵循主是我人用他,主是他就用他。)
转换“变脸”关:一些动词:tell, know,ask,show,teach,find(out),forget都可接连接(副)词+不定式(连接副词why除外)也就是疑问词+动词不定式(to)
举行会议hold a meeting;
(不挂断)等一下hold the line ,hold on,
if当“是否”讲时引导的是宾语从句,该用将来时就用将来时。
E.g I don’t care if it will rain.
if当“如果”讲时引导的是条件状语从句。主句是一般将来时,从句用一般现在时。 I will have a picnic if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
接近于close to , 停止,关闭close down
hear of/about听说;hear from sb,收到某人的来信;
hear, see, watch, notich, 后跟V-原,表示发生了,后跟V-ing表示正在发生。
In加一段时间,常用用将来时will,用how soon 提问。
be different from与...不同; be excited about对....感到兴奋/激动;
为什么不做某事呢,做....怎么样?Why don't you do that?=why not do that?
提建议:Let's do sth! Shall we/I do sth? What (how) about doing sth?
sometime过去或将来某个时候,用于过去时或将来时;
some time一段时间表,some times几次, 几倍,
sometimes 有时常用于一般现在时/一般过去时。
alone 强调单独的个体,多作表语。 lonely表示感情上的孤独。
laugh at sb.嘲笑某人, laugh oneself to death笑得要死;
worry about sb/sth.担心某人/某事;
be worried about=worry about担心的,忧虑的;
as usual照常,像平常一样;
than usual较平常.... a unusual man一个不寻常的人, pass by过去(人)从旁而过pass on (to)继续前进,传递;
touch sb to the heart.触动某人的心弦,
be in touch with与...接触;keep in touch with与....保持联系; get in (into) touch with与....取得联系;
lose touch with与....失去联系, touch off触发,激起。
It doesn't matter.不要紧; the matter麻烦事;
no matter how(what, when ,where...)不管怎样(什么,哪里,何时..)
How many 多少,用于可数名词数量提问,后跟名词复数;
how much多少,用于不可数名词数量或价格提问,
how old 多大,对年龄进行提问;
how long多长,多久,对一段时间和物体长度进行提问,
how tall多高,对有生命事物高度提问,多指人和树;
how often多久,对事物的频率进行提问,如对这些提问often, usually, sometimes, never, always, three times a day, twice a week, once a month等
how soon 多快,对将来时的时间状语in+一段时间提问
how far多远,对距离进行提问。
how high 多高,对无生命事物高度提问,多用于山、建筑物等;
be afraid of doing sth.担心,害怕发生某种后果;
be afraid to do sth be afraid that 从句
make friends with sb.和某人交朋友, a piece of advice一条建议
a piece of information一条信息; a piece of news一条新闻
want to do sth=would like to do sth=feel like doing sth.想要做某事。
not...any more=no more不再,表示次数上或程度上不再,
not ...any longer=no longer不再,表示时间上不再延续。
电话常语:Is that sb.(speaking)? This is sb (speaking)
Sb speaking/Speaking. May I speak to sb?
Hold on ,please. Can I take a meesage, please?
Who is that ?/Who is calling?
expect to do sth,预计做某事 so much如此多,
on one's way to在某人去...的路上by the way顺便说一下,
in one's way 阻挡, in a(one) way某种程度上,在某点上
one's own某人自己的 ,
on one’s own 某人自己/独自=by oneself=alone
no one 一般不与of连用,动词用单数,指人,但不具体指,常用来回答who/anyone/anybody引导的疑问句。
none与of连用,动词可用单/复数,具体指什么人或物,用来回答how many +n./how much +n./any +n.引导的疑问句。
nothing 指物,不用于人,动词用单数,用来回答anything ,what 引导的疑问句。
talk to /with sb.与某人交谈, talk about sth.with sb.与某人谈论某事
at the moment;此时此刻 make sb do sth.使某人做某事
give/take /follow/ask for a piece of advice.
Would you like sth? Yes ,please/No ,thanks.
Would you like to do sth.? Yes, I'd like/love to.
have fun(doing sth)做某事很愉快 call back回电话;
call sb. back 给某人回电话, hold the line请稍等,
立刻right now ,at once, right away , 刚才just now.
take a message for sb, 为某人捎信,
leave a message for sb.为某人留口信。
whether.....or not是否 welcome to ....欢迎来......
in fact事实上, a couple of 几个,两个。
be different from与...不同, be the same as .与...一样
a pair of 一双,一对,是不能分开的,缺一不可,
a couple of ,是同一类事物中相关的两个。
Good luck with....祝.....顺利。Good luck to sb.表示祝某人幸运; early autumn初秋,late autumn晚秋, junior high school初级中学,
far away遥远的,(be) far away from=(be) far from离....远
so far到现在为止,与现在完成时连用;
turn back折回,往回走;
without a word没有说话; get in touch with和...取得联系;
keep in touch with和....保持联系 change one’s life 改变某人的生活
what’s the matter with you?=what’s wrong with you?=what’s the trouble with you?=What’s the problem with you?
believe in sb.信任某人 at first起初;
first of all首先,第一; so….that如此….以至于…;
too…to…太…而不能… take pride in以…自豪
in public公开地,当众; at that time=at that moment在那时
day by day一天天地 turn back转身
smile at 对…微笑, laugh at sb嘲笑某人
play jokes on sb.开某人的玩笑 tell jokes 讲笑话
if 与whether的用法:
在ask,know,wonder等动词后引导一个宾语从句时,可以互换。
1、引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时,只能用whether
2、如果其后接动词不定式,则只能用whether
I can’t make up my mind whether to go or not .
3、用于介词之后时,只能用whether
4、与or not 连接时,只用whether而不用if .
5、if可引导条件状语从句,意为“如果”,
6、even if 和as if 中的if不能换成whether
MODULE 3
动词不定式与动词的ing形式作宾语
1、常见的跟不定式作宾语的动词。一些动词后面常跟不定式作宾语,如want ,agree, decide等。口诀:
要想 拒绝 忘记 want , refuse ,forget
需要 努力 学习 need , try , learn
喜欢 同意 帮助 like, agree, hel[
希望 决定 开始 hope ,wish ,decide, begin ,start
2、常见的跟动词的ing形式作宾语的动词。
这些词主要有: finish, enjoy, ,practice等。
完成 练习 值得忙 finish, practice, be worth , be busy,
继续 习惯 别放弃 keep on ,be used to ,give up
考虑 建议 不禁 想 consider, suggest, can’t help, feel like,
喜欢 思念 要介意 enjoy, miss, mind
3、有的动词既可以跟动词不定式,也可以跟动词的ing形式作宾语,但意义差别很大。
(1) forget to do sth. /forget doing sth.
forget doing 忘了做过某事 forget to do sth 忘记要做某事
(2) remember to do sth.记着要做某事 remember doing记着做过某事
(3) stop to do sth.停下去做另一件事
stop doing sth.停止正在做的某事/不做某事
everybody /everyone每个人,动词用第三人称单数,用于否定句中表示部分否定。
thank sb.for sth(doing sth) =thanks for/thank you for sth(doing sth)…为…而向某人表示感谢,后加v-ing;
take sb .around=show sb. around带领某人参观,
look out (for)当心;小心 ,
look at看 , look like 看起来,
look for寻找, look after照顾,
look up 查找,向上看, look out of向…外面看 ,
look forward to盼望,期待 , look over检查,
Don’t mention it不客气 ,It’s my pleasure. That’s all right ./You’re welcome. /Not at all.用于回复别人的感谢。
keep (on) doing sth.反复做某事
keep …(from) doing sth.阻止/防止…做某事,同/stop/prevent …(from) doing sth.
keep away(使)离开,,(使)不接近 keep back阻止,留在后面
keep…in mind把…记在心里 help sb. do sth 帮助某人做某事,
help sb. with sth .在某方面帮助某人
can’t help doing sth.情不自禁地做某事
help oneself/ help oneself to sth自用或自取某物
report sth .to sb.把某事向某人汇报
would like/want, 想 would like to do sth.=want to sth.
would you like =do you want Me ,too.我也是,前句是肯定句。
Me, either. 前句是否定句。 prepare for为…作准备
watch ,see ,look at ,notice ,read 的区别:
watch,指仔细观看,看电视、球赛等
see 指看望某人,看电影,看医生等。
look at 仅表示看这个动作。
notice 指偶尔看到;注意到;觉察到
read指看书;看报。
the end of …的结尾
agree with同意某人,同意某人的看法或观点,
agree to对…表示同意 agree on愿意;答应,认同
each other 两者之间的“彼此,互相”
one another 三者或三者以上之间“相互;彼此。”
look down向下看 , look down upon藐视,看不起,
look up to尊重;尊敬 , in radio在播音方面,
Shouldn’t you be at school?是一个否定疑问句,用于表示惊讶情绪,答语和反问回答是一致的,针对事实作答。
explain sth. to sb.向某人解释某事。When I was about four or five years old =at the age of four or five. 亲自in person
ask for要… ask sb. for sth向某人要某物
learn from.向…学习 learn about /of听说,了解到
learn…by oneself=teach oneself自学
close down 停止(播音),关闭
动词变表示人的名词时通常加er,也有部分单词加or构成
run—runner play—player sing—singer win—winner report—reporter manage—manager act –actor visit—visitorcollect—collector invent—inventor operate –operator conduct –conductor售票员/列车乘务员
in front of 在….前,在事物外部的前面, in the front of在事物内部的前面 sound like听起来像… introduce sb .to sb.把某人介绍给某人 the lives of …的命运
表示建议的句型有:
1、Shall we…?我们…好吗? 2、Let’s ….让我们…
3、What /how about…怎么样? 4、Why don’t you/we..=Why not…?为什么不?5、Would you like….?你愿意..吗?回答时用I’d like/love to . sorry ,but ….
对于建议肯定回答:Good idea./OK/Sure/ All right./Why not?/Great/Yes, I’d love to
对于建议否定回答:I’m sorry ,I’m afraid …/I’d love to ,but …..
score a goal 进一球
MODULE 4
play back回放, turn on 打开,多指打开电器、水龙头等 ,
turn off 关上、lend sth. to sb.=lend sb. sth.把某物借给某人
borrow sb.sth=borrow sth form sb.向某人借来某物,
借一段时间用keep.
send sb. sth=send sth. to sb.
send away 派出,送出, send up发射 ,
send for派人去请,
connect ….to /with… 把…和…连接
save one’s life 挽救某人的生命,pick up 捡起,拾起,
bite sb. on the hand咬某人的手,a few days earlier几天前
a few days later 几天以后 climb out of 从….爬出来,
take a photo of 给…拍照
怎么啦?:
1.What is wrong with sb./sth. 2.What’s the matter with sb./sth? 3.What’s the trouble with sb./sth?
wait for等待 can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待地去做某事
a text message一条短信息
look on sb. as把某人看作….
get /be ready to do sth准备好做某事,乐意做某事
get /be ready for sth=prepare for为…准备好
receive a postcard 收到一张明信片,
on the front of 在前面,在正面, on the back,在背面,在后面
what kind of什么种类,哪种, a kind of 一种,
all kinds of 各类各样的
kind of有点儿,相当于a little, a bit ,
take a photo=take photos,拍照 look up仰视,查找(字典) ,
look sb. up and down,上下打量看某人 look up to 尊敬,仰视, look after照顾 , look down on(upon)看不起,瞧不起, look forward to doing sth盼着做某事 , look through,浏览
send a message home,给家里发信息
send sb sth=send sth to sb.,
play back回放 , turn on 开, turn off 关, turn down关小 ,turn up 开大,
come on赶快 , come from, 来自 come back回来, come along ,跟着来 come over,顺便来访 come down落下,降落
hurt oneself伤害某人自己 save one’s life挽救某人的生命
bite sb .on the hand 咬了某人的手
across强调从一定范围的一边到另一边,且在物体表面上沿着某一条线的方向而进行的动作。
through表示从某一范围的一端到另一端,但它表示的动作是在内部空间进行的,往往掼穿过沙漠、森林、窗户等。
over用作“穿过,通过”时,表示到达高的障碍物的另一侧.
pick up ,捡起 a few一些,几个,用于名词复数形式肯定,
few很少,几乎没有,用于名词复数形式否定 a little 有一点,用于不可数名词 表肯定,little很少,几乎没有 表否定
on business ,出差
借入borrow ,借出lend,借一段时间keep
with和…一起,具有带有;携带;与…同时,随着;由于,因为;表示行为方式;就…来说,关于。
What is the price of sth?=How much is/are sth.某物多少钱?
be surprised to do sth做某事而感到惊奇,
a few days earlier几天前,
show ….to …..把…给…看, suggest to sb向某人提建议,
Irish爱尔兰的,Ireland爱尔兰,Irishman 爱尔兰男人, Irishwoman爱尔兰女人
wait for sb./sth等待某人/某物 hide sth from sb把某事瞒着某人. take medicines服药,
be surprised at sth.对…感到惊奇 be surprised that+从句
in surprise 惊奇地, to one’s surprise令某人吃惊的是
leave for sb动身去某地 leave sp 离开某地
MODULE 5
if 引出的条件状语从句的时态‘
1.主句用一般将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表将来;
2.当主句用祈使句或情态动词时,从句通常用一般现在时。
3.如果主句中的动词是want,hope等 词,则用一般现在时。
4. if引导的条件状语从句与祈使句的转换
主语为you的条件状语从句可与“祈使句+and/or+一般讲来时简单句”句式互换。
If you work harder, you’ll pass the exam. ---Work harder ,and you’ll pass the exam.
If you don’t hurry up ,you ‘ll miss the train.—Hurry up ,or you’ll miss the train.
be able to能,会,(有人称、数和时态的变化)
all together一起, at
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