济南论文济南市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的粒径分布研究样本.doc

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济南论文: 济南市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的粒径分布研究

【中文摘要】为了了解山东省省会济南市的大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征,对济南市的大气颗粒物进行了采样,获得不同粒径的大气颗粒物的样品,分析其中的水溶性无机离子成分,包括F-、 Cl-、 NO2-、 NO3-、 SO42-、 Na-、 NH4+、 K+、 Mg2+、 Ca2+,并对气象因素如风速、 相对湿度、 能见度等进行了观测。研究了济南市一年四季灰霾和非灰霾天气条件下的大气颗粒物质量浓度和主要水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征,主要结论如下: 1.济南市的大气颗粒物污染严重,全年的PM18和PM10质量浓度平均值为136.01μg/m3和229.01μg/m3,PM1o年均质量浓度大大高于国家标准,日均浓度超标率为54%。冬季PM1.8和PM10质量浓度均为四季最高,其次分别是夏季、 春季和秋季。冬季和夏季的PM1.8/PM10浓度的比值都要高于春季和秋季。2.PM10和PM1.8的质量浓度与能见度的关系较为显著,随颗粒物质量浓度的增大,能见度明显下降,细粒子(PM18)的质量浓度与能见度的相关性略大于PM10。3.冬季和春季的颗粒物质量浓度的粒径分布为三模态,而夏季和秋季为双模态分布。各个季节粗粒子模态的峰值均在3.2-5.6μm粒径段。冬季和春季的细粒子中有两个峰值,分别位于0.32-0.56gm粒径段和1.0-1.8μm粒径段,秋季细粒子峰值出现在0.56-1.0μm粒径段,而夏季则出现在1.0-1.8μm粒径段。灰霾天气粗粒子与细粒子的质量浓度都显著高于非灰霾天气,而细粒子质量浓度增加的比例更高,说明大气颗粒物中细粒子对灰霾的发生贡献很大。4.济南市全年PM1o中总水溶性离子的质量浓度平均值92.83μg/m3。总水溶性离子质量浓度分别占到PM1o和PM1.8质量浓度的37%和47%。PM1o和PM1.8中的主要离子均为SO42-、 N03-和NH4+离子。5.四季灰霾天气的各种水溶性离子的质量浓度均要高于非灰霾天,特别是二次离子SO42-、 NO3-和NH4+。SO42-、 NH4+、 K+、 和Ca2+的质量浓度呈单峰分布,Cl-和NO3-呈双峰分布,其中SO42-、 NH4+和K+主要分布在细粒子中,Ca2+主要分布在粗粒子中,Cl-和N03-在粗细粒子中均有明显的峰值。SO42-和NH4+质量浓度的粒径分布基本一致,秋季峰值出现在0.56-1.0μm粒径段,夏季位于1.0-1.8μm粒径段,春、 冬季节除主峰外在0.32-0.56μm还有一个隐峰。NO3-的质量浓度呈双峰分布,在粗细粒子中均有明显的峰值,粗粒子峰值出现在3.2-5.6μm粒径段,春秋两季的NO3-在细粒子中的峰值出现在0.56-1.0μm粒径段,夏季峰值出现在1.0-1.8μm粒径段,冬季在细粒子中出现了两个峰值。6.针对典型的灰霾事件分析发现,水溶性离子浓度的变化主要是受风速大小以及气流来源方向的影响。SO42-和NH4+的粒径分布一致,呈现单模态分布,主要是以”凝结模态”或”液滴模态”的形式存在。硫酸盐的浓度与质量中位直径相关性良好。NO3-呈现双模态分布,在粗细粒子中均出现明显的峰值。在细粒子中NH4+能够完全中和细粒子中的SO42-和NO3-。SO42-、 NO3-和NH4+的粒径分布昼夜变化较小,昼夜样品的出峰位置一致,细粒子中的SO42-和NH4+白天高于夜间,而NO3-则是夜间较高。
【英文摘要】To characterize mass size distributions of water-soluble inorganic ions of atmospheric particles in Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province, particle samples were collected and water-soluble ions include F-,Cl-,NO2-,NO3-,SO42-,Na+,NH4+,K+, Mg2+,Ca2+ were analyzed by ion chromatography. The main conclusions listed as follows:1. Particle pollution of Jinan is serious. The annual average concentrations of PM1.8 and PM10 is 136.01μg/m3 and 229.01μg/m3, The annual average concentration of PM10 is far over the national standard of our country, daily over standard rate is 54%。The concentrations of PM1.8 and PM10 in winter were the highest in all seasons, then is summer, spring and fall. The rate of PM1.8/PM10 in winter and summer is higher than in spring and autumn.2. The correlation between mass concentrations of PM1.8 and PM10 with the visibility was significant. The visibility reduced when the concentration of particle increased.The correlation between visibility with the concentrations of PM1.8 was better than that with PM10.3. The size distributions of the mass concentration of particles were tri-modal in winter and sping, while they were bi-modal in sumer and autumn. The peak in the coarse mode was in 3.2～5.6μm in all seasons. Two peaks appeared in the fine mode of the haze day in winter and spring with the size range of 0.32～0.56μm and 1.0～1.8μm. Size distribution of the fine particle in sumer and fall were singe-modal with the peak in 1.0～1.8μm and 0.56～1.0μm. Both fine particles and coarse particles increased in haze day, but the ratio of fine particles were bigger, indicate that fine particles are more important in the cause of haze.4. The annual average concentrations of TWSI was 92.83μg/m3. Water-soluble inorganic ions accounted for 37% and 47% of the concentrations of PM1.8 and PM10 respectively. The most aboundant ions were SO42、 NO3- and NH4+.5. The mass concentrations of the ions in haze day were higher than non-haze day in all the season, especially SO42-、 NO3- and NH4+. Mass size distributions of SO42-, NH4+, K+and Ca2+ were singe-modal while that of Cl- and NO3- were bi-modal. SO42-,NH4+ and K+ were dominant in the fine mode, Ca2+ were dominant in the coarse mode, Cl” and NO3” could be fine in both fine and coarse mode.Size distributions of SO42- and NH4+ were the same, peaked at 0.56～1.0μm in fall and 1.0-1.8μm in summer. There was a small peak at 0.32～0.56μm in spring and winter. The peak of NO3- in coarse mode was at 3.2～5.6μm, while the fine mode peak were at 0.56-1.0μm in spring and fall and at 1.0～1.8μm in summer.Two peaks existed in the fine mode of winter.6. According to the analysis during the typical haze episode, the concentration of the water soluble inorganic ions were influenced mainly by wind speed and direction. Size distributions of SO42- were singe-modal which were as the same as NH4+. Mass concentration of SO42- showed good correlation with the mass median diameter. NH4+ could completely neutralize SO42- and NO3- in fine particles. Size distribution of SO42-,NO3- and NH4+ showed little difference between day and night, SO42- and NH4+ were more abundent in daytime but NO3- was more abundent during the night in the fine particle.
【关键词】济南 大气颗粒物 水溶性无机离子 粒径分布 灰霾
【英文关键词】Jinan atmospheric particle water-soluble inorganic ions size distribution haze
【目录】济南市大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的粒径分布研究

摘要

8-10

ABSTRACT

10-11

第一章 绪论

12-24

1.1 大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的研究现状

12-18

1.1.1 水溶性离子的污染特征及其形成机制的研究现状

13-15

1.1.2 水溶性离子对人体健康、 气候和能见度的影响

15-18

1.2 大气颗粒物粒径分布的研究现状

18-19

1.3 灰霾的研究现状

19-21

1.4 论文的选题来源及主要内容

21-24

1.4.1 选题来源

21-23

1.4.2 主要研究内容

23-24

第二章 实验部分

24-31

2.1 采样点及采样时间介绍

24-25

2.2 颗粒物采样和气象数据采集所用仪器

25-27

2.3 滤膜的准备和样品的保存处理方法

27-28

2.3.1 滤膜的前处理

27-28

2.3.2 样品的保存

28

2.3.3 样品的预处理

28

2.4 水溶性离子的分析

28-31

第三章 济南市大气颗粒物质量浓度的粒径分布特征

31-37

3.1 颗粒物质量浓度水平

31-32

3.2 颗粒物质量浓度与能见度的关系

32-34

3.3 不同季节颗粒物质量浓度的粒径分布特征

34-35

3.4 灰霾天和非灰霾天颗粒物质量浓度的粒径分布特征

35-36

3.5 本章小结

36-37

第四章 济南市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布特征

37-48

4.1 水溶性离子的质量浓度水平

37-39

4.2 SO_4~(2-)质量浓度的粒径分布特征

39-41

4.3 NO_3~-质量浓度的粒径分布特征

41-42

4.4 NH_4~+质量浓度的粒径分布特征

42-43

4.5 CI~-质量浓度的粒径分布特征

43-44

4.6 K~+质量浓度的粒径分布特征

44-45

4.7 Ca~(2+)质量浓度的粒径分布特征

45-46

4.8 本章小结

46-48

第五章 大气颗粒物中水溶性离子粒径分布的灰霾个例分析

48-57

5.1 水溶性离子质量浓度水平

48-49

5.2 水溶性离子浓度与气象因素的关系

49-51

5.3 水溶性离子粒径分布的昼夜变化

51-52

5.4 主要水溶性离子的粒径分布特征

52-56

5.4.1 SO_4~(2-)的粒径分布

53-54

5.4.2 NH_4~+的粒径分布

54-55

5.4.3 NO_3~-的粒径分布

55-56

5.5 本章小结

56-57

第六章 主要结论及不足

57-59

6.1 主要结论

57-58

6.2 存在的不足

58-59

参考文献

59-66

致谢

66-67

硕士期间发表论文

67-68

学位论文评阅及答辩情况表

68