专题二--非谓语动词考点分析与突破.doc

专题二-非谓语动词考点分析与突破专题二 非谓语动词考点分析与突破考点概要分析非谓语动词是英语语法教学中的重点和难点之一，同时也是历届高考考查的主要语法项目。高考对非谓语动词的考查侧重于对非谓语动词的基本用法的考查，即：1. 不定式与动名词作主语或宾语，分词与不定式作状语、定语或宾语补足语；2. 非谓语动词的省略式和否定结构；3. 非谓语动词的复合形式：动名词的复合结构( sb. s doing sth. )，with的复合结构(with + 名词 / 代词+非谓语动词)；4. 分词作状语和作定语时，其时态和语态的变化与区别。下表呈现了湖北高考近年对非谓语动词的考查内容：年份考 点2007with复合结构2008过去分词作补语补足语2009不定式作宾语；动词-ing形式作主语2010动词-ing形式作主语；不定式作定语2011过去分词作定语；非谓语动词作状语；动词不定式完成式的被动结构作补语2012with复合结构；过去分词短语作状语；动词-ing形式作宾语2013动词-ing形式作状语；过去分词作宾语补足语；非谓语动词作主语解答非谓语动词试题时，可遵循以下解题思路：1. 分析句子结构，准确识别非谓语动词, 确定非谓语动词在句中所作的成分；2. 根据汉语和英语提示以及动词的逻辑主语来确定非谓语动词的形式（不定式、动名词还是分词）、语态（主动还是被动）、时态（一般时、进行时还是完成时），是肯定形式还是否定形式；3. 注意提示词与介词、名词以及非谓语动词等的搭配；4. 检查是否有信息遗漏，表达是否完整。高考真题展示1. （2010） (不会用) a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his academic research. (use)不会用电脑使他做学术研究更为困难。2. （2010）After she completes the project, shell have （没什么要担心的）. (worry)在她完成这个项目后，她将没什么要担心的。3. （2011） (把钥匙握在手上), he looked for them everywhere. (hold)钥匙握在手上，他却到处寻找它们。4. （2011）A number of paintings in this castle are believed (被毁掉) in a fire in 2009. (destroy)人们相信这座城堡里的一些油画在2009年的一场大火中被毁掉了。5. （2012）With , some animals are facing the danger of dying out. (cut)由于越来越多的森林被砍伐，一些动物正面临着灭绝的危险。6.（2012）Popularly American films ever made, The Godfather is a milestone of cinema. (regard) 教父被普遍认为是美国有史以来最好的影片之一，是电影界的一个里程碑。7. （2012）The soldier was absent from his camp for three days without . (ask)这个士兵没有请假就离开营地三天。8. （2013）Not my parents, I failed to go to a drama school, where my interest lay. (persuade)由于没有说服我父母，我没能上戏剧学校，而那才是我的兴趣所在。9. （2013） When I work on the farmland in the daytime, I always to a tree on the riverbank. (keep)白天干农活的时候，我总是把羊拴在河边的树上。10. （2013）As time is pressing, I think is the best way to get from here to the conference centre. (take)由于时间紧迫，我认为从这里去会议中心最好的办法是乘出租车。考点知识扫描非谓语动词的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语法点，千万别记住几个条条框框就去乱套用。真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要掌握以下热点知识：热点清单1. 考查非谓语动词作主语2. 考查非谓语动词作宾语3. 考查非谓语动词作表语4. 考查非谓语动词作定语5. 考查非谓语动词作状语6. 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语7. 考查with复合结构考点1. 考查非谓语动词作主语1. 动词-ing形式作主语通常表示抽象的或一般性的概念, 而不定式作主语则表示具体的、某一次的行为。Smoking is forbidden in public places. (一般性概念)It is impossible to go swimming this afternoon. (具体的)2. 不定式短语作主语时可转换成it作形式主语，而动名词作主语用it代替的情况（It is no use doing sth.为特定句式）则多见于特定句式中。It was no use sending him to a hospital.Its very hard to learn an art.3. 动名词的复合结构在句首时，只可在动名词前加上物主代词或名词的所有格。而动名词复合结构不在句首时，则还可用名词的普通格或代词宾格作动名词的逻辑主语。Jacks suddenly disappearing made them worried.(不可用Jack)They were worried about Jacks / Jack suddenly disappearing.4. 带逻辑主语的动词-ing形式结构作主语时，可以和主语从句相互转换。His being elected our team leader made us all very excited. That he was elected our team leader made us all very excited. 他被选为我们的队长，使我们都很兴奋。即时巩固1. It is impossible for my question in his absence. （answer）他不在，我的问题就答复不了。2. in the exam made his head teacher very angry. （catch）他考试作弊被抓令班主任很生气。 3. go hiking with her friends made Jane a little unhappy all day. (allow)不准和朋友们一起去远足让简一整天都不太高兴。 4. different languages and cultures does a lot of good to children. (expose)接触不同的语言和文化对孩子们大有裨益。考点2. 考查非谓语动词作宾语1. 动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语既可以是物主代词或名词的所有格，也可以是人称代词宾格或名词的普通格。如：She doesnt like Mary / Marys talking that way.2. 作宾语的动词-ing形式和不定式的完成式表示该动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.3. 接动词不定式作宾语的动词及短语巧记如下：想要干：want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim,claim, would like / love, desire, swear早打算：plan, prepare, mean, arrange同意否：agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse问问看：ask, beg决定了：decide, determine, make up ones mind, be determined尽力干：try, manage (反义词fail), struggle, strive努力做：make an effort别装蒜：pretend4. 接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词及短语巧记如下：考虑建议盼原谅：consider, suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon承认推迟没的想：admit, delay / put off, fancy避免错过继续练：avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise否认完成停止赏：deny, finish, stop, enjoy / appreciate不禁介意准逃亡：cant help, mind, allow / permit, escape不准冒险凭想象：forbid, risk, imagine5. 后接动词-ing形式和动词不定式意义有别的动词：（1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)（2）stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事（3）remember to do 记住去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事(已做)（4）regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say, tell, inform等) regret doing对做过的事后悔（5）try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法（6）mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着（7）go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)6. 动词advise / allow / permit / forbid后要跟doing作宾语，跟to do作宾补。如：We dont allow people to smoke here.The teacher advised taking a different approach.7. need, require, want, deserve作“需要”理解时，其后必须用动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动式作宾语，表示“某事需要被做”。be worth后须用动词-ing形式的主动形式表示被动含义。如：The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing / to be removed immediately.8. 固定句型（1）There is no good / point / sense / harm（in）doing sth. 做某事不好(没用/没意义/没有害处)（2）have difficulty / trouble / problem / a hard time / a good time / fun(in)doing 做某事有困难 / 无困难 / 有趣（3）spend / waste / lose time (in) doing sth. 花费时间做某事（4）cannot help but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice / alternative but to do表示“不得不”。（5）“would rather / had better(not)动词原形”意为“宁愿 / 最好(不)做某事”。即时巩固1. （2013武昌区期末考） Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble the History Museum.（find）他在这个城市已经呆了一段时间，因此毫不费力就找到了去历史博物馆的路。2. （2013武汉市部分中学11月联考） When she heard her mothers steps on the stairs, she pretended her composition. (write)听到妈妈上楼梯的脚步声，她假装在写作文。3. （2013襄阳市第二次联考） Ever since her childhood, she has dreamed of to go abroad for further study. (there)自从孩童时代起她就梦想有机会出国深造。 4. （2013龙泉中学10月统考） I really appreciate such a good opportunity. I wont let you down. (give)我十分感激给我这么好的机会。我不会让你失望的。 考点3. 考查非谓语动词作表语1. 不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动词-ing形式作表语，表示抽象的、一般性的行为。2. 表心理状态的interesting, exciting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等现在分词式形容词作表语时，强调外在的表象，意为“令人的”；interested, excited, disappointed, encouraged, worried, puzzled, satisfied, surprised, pleased等过去分词作形容词作表语时，强调主观的感受，意为“感到的”。3. get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词后都可跟过去分词，表示主语的被动状态。如：remain seated /hidden，get paid / dressed / changed / stuck / hurt / injured / burnt等。即时巩固1. What he wanted to suggest is and increase the sales. (cut)他想建议的是降价促销。2. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained due to the volcanic ash cloud. （stick）在4月，由于火山灰云成千名度假者被困在国外。3. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it whether they will enjoy it. (see)去国外度次假对这对老夫妇很有益处，但他们是否会喜欢它仍有待观察。 考点4. 考查非谓语动词作定语1. 不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词作定语的区别：to do / to be done作定语一般表示未来动作；过去分词作定语表示已经完成的或表被动完成的动作；being done 表示被动的、进行的动作；doing表示正在进行的动作或者经常性的动作或现在(或当时)的状态；现在分词的完成式一般不作定语。2. 使用不定式作定语的情况（1）下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，wish，right，courage，need，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。如：Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? （2）不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如：There is no one to look after her.（3）不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如：I have a lot of work to do.注意： 如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如：He is looking for a room to live in. 如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面，不定式则用主动形式；若在句中找不到不定式的逻辑主语，则用不定式的被动形式。注意这两句话的区别：Do you have anything to wash today? (to wash的逻辑主语为句子的主语you)Do you have anything to be washed？(to be washed动作不由you完成，而是由“我”或其他人来完成。)3. 一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经的”。这类过去分词均为不及物动词变化而来。如：a fallen leaf落叶 (已经落在地上) a falling leaf飘零的落叶 (尚在空中)a developed country发达国家 a developing country发展中国家a risen sun升起的太阳 a rising sun冉冉升起的太阳即时巩固1. （2012黄冈市9月调考） Every one of us has many responsibilities ；we cannot avoid them and must do our best to undertake them. (attach)我们每个人都有依附于我们的责任。我们不能回避这些责任，我们得尽力去承担。2. （2013武汉市4月调考）Have you got ready for the coming job interview by KFC next week? (give)你为下周KFC举行的求职面试作好了准备吗？ 3. （2013襄阳市部分中学11月联考）Are you in favor of the suggestion ?（put）你同意彼得提出的建议吗？ 考点5. 考查非谓语动词作状语1. 不定式和分词作状语，有一般式和完成式，也有主动式和被动式。完成式表示该动作比谓语动词动作先发生。当前后主语一致时，可以按照下列形式选择使用：（1） to do表示目的或结果(to doin order to do / so as to do, 其中so as to do不能放在句首); only to do表示意想不到的结果；thus doing表示自然而然的结果。如：We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. (意想不到的结果)A terrible storm hit the area, thus causing great damage to the crops. (自然而然的结果)（2）doing sth. 表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作 (主动关系)；beingadj. / n.常表示原因；being done强调与谓语动词同时发生的被动动作 (“因为正在被”)。如：Hearing the news, they got excited.Being blind, how could they see an elephant?Being repaired, the car cannot be used today.（3）done表示已经发生的被动动作；having done 先于谓语动词发生的动作(主动关系)；having been done先于谓语动词发生的动作(被动关系)。如：Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.Given (Having been given) a wrong number, I couldnt contact him over the phone.2. too.to do表示肯定的情况（1）当only too和 all too与动词不定式连用时，表示肯定意义。如：Im only too pleased to help you. 我很高兴能帮助你。（2）too ready / anxious / eager / glad / willing (多为表“高兴”“易于”“急于”和“乐于”之意的形容词)to do，其后的动词不定式具有肯定意义。这时too相当于very。（3）never (not) too.to. 意为“不会太所以能”之意。如：One is never too old to learn. （谚）活到老，学到老。（4）cannot.too / enough. 意为“再也不过分”之意。如：You can never be careful enough while driving.驾车时越小心越好。3. 有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出来，成为固定短语，当作插入语使用。此时，句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系。如：（1）to tell you the truth实话说， needless to say不用说， to be honest / frank老实说，坦白说， to be more exact更确切地说， to make things worse更糟的是，say that.假设，not to mention.更不用说（2）generally / frankly / roughly speaking一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说，considering.鉴于 / 考虑到，judging by / from.从来看，依据来判断，supposing / suppose that.假定, providing that.假定, according to.依据, including.包括, owing to.由于, talking / speaking of谈及（3）given.考虑到， provided that.如果4. 连词分词(短语)有时，为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有when, while, if, unless, though, after, before等。但分词的逻辑主语和主句的主语必须一致。如：While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.即时巩固1. （2012黄冈中学11月月考） the builder several times, he signed the contract at length. （negotiate） 与建筑商协商了几次后，他最终签了这个合同。 2. （2013湖北部分中学联考）When his mother came home from work, he was lying on the sofa, his book. (absorb)母亲下班回家的时候，他正躺在沙发上专心致志地看书。 3. （2013武汉市部分中学11月联考）We rushed to the football court, a sign on which was written “Periodic Maintenance”. (see)我们冲进足球场，结果只看见球场上一块牌子上写着“定期维修”。 4. （2013襄阳市第二次联考）When first ，iPhone 5 was widely accepted by consumers. (introduce)当第一次引入市场，iPhone 5就被消费者广泛接受。 5. （2013襄阳市3月联考）The noise outside was extremely terrible, thus my study. (concentrate)外面的噪音太大，使我无法集中注意力学习。6. （2013荆州市质检） the possible snowstorm at hand, they determined to stay at home for the holiday. (warn）得到告诫可能有暴风雪即将到来，他们决定假期呆在家里。考点6. 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语1. hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do sth.，即不能带复合宾语。hope sb. to do sth. 应改为wish / expect sb. to do sth.welcome sb. to do sth. 应改为sb. be welcome to do sth.agree sb. to do sth. 应改为allow / permit sb. to do sth.suggest sb. to do sth. 应改为advise sb. to do sth. / suggest sb. (should) do sth.demand sb. to do sth.应改为require sb. to do sth. / demand sb. (should) do sth.2. 感官动词带宾补的结构。结构公式(以see为例)：see + 宾语 + do / doing / done (主动)主语 + be seen to do / doing / done结构意义：do, to do sth.表示动作的全过程或经常性动作；doing表示主动的、正在进行的动作；done表示完成的、被动的动作(如果是不及物动词则只表示完成的动作)。但在这些动词的被动式(如果可以变为被动式的话)后用作主语补足语的不定式要带 to。A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.此类动词及短语有：see, notice, watch, observe, catch (sight of), listen to, hear, feel, find等。3. get / send 带宾补的结构。（1）get / send宾语doing表示 “使起来”，由静止到运动并持续下去。（2）get宾语to dolet / have sb. do表示“让某人做某事”。（3）get宾语donehave sth. done表示“使某事被做”。（4）send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”。4. make带宾补的结构。使役动词make宾语do / done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如果make 在被动语态中，作补语用的动词原形前要加上to。5. have带宾补的结构。（1）havesth.done意为 “让某事被(他人)做”。（2）havesb.doing意为 “让某人一直做某事”。（3）havesb.do意为 “让某人做某事”。注意：have sth. to be done意为 “有要做的事情” (不是主语本人做)；have sth. to do意为 “有某事要做” (主语本人做)。可参考定语用法。6. keep / leave宾语doing (主动动作，且持续进行) / done (被动状态)。7. want / order / ask / wish / like宾语(to be) done (宾语与done之间为被动关系)。8. be reported (said / believed.)to do / to be doing / to have （been） done 意为“据报道 (说、认为) 要做 (正在做、做过了)某事”。即时巩固1. Mr. White was happy to find his pet dog at home when he was out. (take) 怀特先生高兴地发现当他外出时，他的宠物狗在家被照顾得很好。2. They urged the committee soon. (make)他们极力主张委员会尽快做出决定。3. （2012黄冈市9月调考）Many farmers in the countryside have gone to cities to look for work and left their children behind by their grandparents. (raise)很多农村的农民去大城市找工作，将他们的孩子留给祖父母抚养。4. （2013武汉市部分中学12月联考） The girl under the tall tree was seen all the afternoon. （sit）有人看见大树下的那个女孩闲坐在那里读了一下午的书。 考点7. 考查with复合结构1. with + 宾语 + 现在分词（现在分词表示该动作正在进行）With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English 有这么多人每天用英语交流，精通英语将会变得越来越重要。The day was fine, with a fresh breeze blowing 天气晴朗， 和风轻拂。有时也用现在分词的被动式表示“正在被做”。如：With more and more forests being cut down, some animals are facing the danger of dying out. 由于越来越多的森林正在被砍伐，一些动物正面临着灭绝的危险。（2013湖北卷）2. with + 宾语 + 过去分词（过去分词表示被动，完成）It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished. 遗憾的是那位大作家去世了，留下未完成的作品。With the problem settled，we felt relieved 问题解决了，我们感到很轻松。3. with + 宾语 + to do （动词不定式表示将要做的动作）The hurricane， with its power to sink ships and to destroy strong walls， had found this little ship in its path 飓风威力无比，它能颠覆船只、毁坏围墙，一路风驰电掣般来到小船前。With so many dishes to wash, I can not go with you 有这么多盘子要洗，我不能跟你一起去。With so many problems to solve, the newly-elected president will have a hard time. 有如此多的问题要解决，这位新当选的总统日子难熬。即时巩固1. （2013湖北部分中学期末联考） I cant get down to my work with around. (play)有这么多的孩子在身边玩耍,我不能开始认真工作。2. （2013武汉武昌区期末联考） With he didnt know what to do next. （arise）随着很多问题的出现，他不知道下一步该做什么了。3. （2013武汉市部分中学11月联考） The murderer was brought in, with behind his back. (tie)这个凶手被带了进来，双手绑在背后。4. （2013荆门市元月调考） With so ，the newly-elected chairman couldnt sleep well at night. (settle)由于有如此多的问题要解决，