一般现在时和一般过去时.doc

一般现在时和一般过去时

初中英语动词时态
一. 一般现在时
一般现在时
用法：1.现阶段经常性、习惯性动作；
2.目前的状态；
3.客观真理。
构成：用于是第三人称单数时，作谓语的行为动词要加词尾-s(-es)，其他人称和数用动词原形。
句型：it is / they are / I am (动词要用原型，除单数第三人称外)
主要用于下面几情况：
1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。
在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , every day , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：
They raise ducks as a sideline .他们以养鸭为副业。
She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。
I cycle to work every day .我每天骑自行车上班。
It seldom rains here .这儿很少下雨。
2）仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。
这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。
That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
She majors in music .她主修音乐。
All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。
My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。
3) 陈述客观事实、客观真理。
顾名思义，客观的情况是"没有时间概念"的；也"不会在意动作进行的状态"。例如：
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.日出东方 。
The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。
Ten minus two is eight.十减二等于八。
Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比声音的速度快。
The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。
4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。例如：
I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。
If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.
如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。
用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。
一般现在时是英语中应用最广泛的时态之一。它表示1)经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。e.g. I go to school on foot. He is very busy now. 2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。e.g. He can swim. I work hard. I like watching TV. 3)表示客观真理 e.g. There are seven days in a week. The moon moves round the earth.
其结构按正常语序，即“主语+谓语+其它”，有时为了起强调作用，时间状语也可提前.
其句式变化可分为两种情况 1)表示动作， 一般人称作主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词don’t；变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do。 E.g. They have lunch at 12:00. They don’t have lunch at 12:00. Do they have lunch at 12:00?
2） 单三人称做主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词doesn’t；变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词does。
E.g. Jenny speaks English very well.
Jenny doesn’t speak English very well.
Does Jenny speak English very well?
含有be动词的要在be上做变化.
E.g. Danny is a good student.
Danny isn’t a good student.
Is Danny a good student?
其时间状语为often、 usually、 always、 sometimes等频率副词，on Saturdays、 in the morning(afternoon evening) 、every day 等。
做题时常见错误如下：
一、be动词与行为动词同时出现在句子中
例：We are plant (plant) the trees in spring.
答案：plant
解析：学生往往会用汉语的思维方式去翻译，就成了“我们是在春天植树”。这是学习英语最忌讳的，要看语法是不是正确，在英语中，be是表状态，do是表动作，两种动词不能同时出现在句子中，可记住如下口诀：“英汉语言有差异，be 、do不能放一起，仔细琢磨细分析，语法千万要牢记。”
巩固练习：
一、 单选
1 Jenny ____ in an office. Her parents ____in a hospital.
A work works B works work
C work are working D is working work
2 One of the boys_____ a black hat.
A have B there is C there are D has
3 We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.
A don't rain B didn't rain C doesn't rain D isn't rain
4 He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.
A rose; set B rises; sets C rises, set D rise; sets
5 Wang Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.
A like; listen B likes; listens
C like; are listening D liking ; listen
6 Jenny____ English every evening.
A has study B studies C study D studied
答案：1 B 2D 3C 4B 5B 6B
二、填空
1. I can take Li Ming there when he _____ ( come) to visit.
2. _____your sister_____(know)English?
3.Her home____ _____ ______(远离 )her school.
4. The pot_____(not look) like yours at all.
5. Where _____you____(have)lunch every day?
6. Who_____(想要 )to go swimming?
7 .______she_____(do) the housework every day?
8. Jenny and Danny usually______(play) games in the afternoon .
答案：1 comes 2 Does know 3 is away from 4 doesn't look
5 do have 6 wants 7 does do 8 play
二、单三人称形式易出错
例：1 He plaies (play) football very well.
2 Danny gos (go) to school at 7:10.
答案：1 plays 2 goes
解析：1以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y换成i再加es；2与名词变复数不同，变单三人称形式以o结尾的词要加es.
三、在句式变换时易出错
例：1 Does Jenny has (has) a good friend?
2 Brian doesn’t lives (not live) in China.
答案：1 Does have 2 doesn’t live
解析：单三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时，可记住如下口诀：“见助动，用原形”。此口诀也可推广用于一般过去时态中。e.g. He didn't go home yesterday.
四、对do的理解易出错
例：We don’t (not do) our homework in the afternoon.
答案：don’t do
解析：do是一个比较难理解的词，它有三个含义: a)是所有行为动词的总称；b)是助动词，无实义；c)是一个具体的行为动词“做，干”。此句中给出的do指“做，干”，not指把此句变为否定句，故须在do前加助动词don’t。
五、对主语的数判断有误
例： Li Ming with me are (be) in Beijing.
答案: is
解析:表面一看是“我和李明两个人在北京”，但with在此做伴随状语，不能做主语，故用is.
另外，宾语从句中，从句部分若是表示客观真理，不管主句是何时态，从句都要用一般现在时；在时间和条件状语从句中，主句表将来，从句要用一般现在时。
二 .一般过去时
一般过去时
用法：1.过去发生的动作；
2.过去存在的状态。
构成：用动词的过去式。
句式：it was / they were / I was(动词要用动词过去时)
主要是用来描述在过去某个时候发生的动作或存在的状态。它也可以用来表示在过去某段时间里经常发生的习惯性动作。这一点在表达意义上与一般现在时相同，只是所在的时间区域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般过去时的句子里常常有一个意义较具体的过去时间状语。这也是它与现在完成时的最大区别之一。
一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示，也就是说动词词末要加-ed（除不规则动词外）。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有：last night (week , month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , three years ago , …)等等。
使用一般过去时，在某种意义上说就是要强调动作或状态发生或存在于过去的某个时候。"过去"的时间概念有两层意思：一是指"现在某个时间"以前的时间；二是指"说话、写文章的那个时间点"以前的时间，在这个意义上，"现在的那个时间点"是很小很小的，甚至于小到无法量化的程度。例如：
He got his driving license last month. 他上个月拿到了驾照。
--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里？
--He just went out.他刚刚出去。
一般过去时 主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。可以从以下几个方面来理解：1）过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g. I bought a new shirt yesterday. He was a worker two years ago.2）过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。e.g. When I was a child, I often played with fire. Li Lei always walked to school last term.3）谈到已故人的情况时多用过去时。e.g. Lu Xun was a great writer.4）有些发生时间不是很清楚的情况，实际是过去发生的，也应用过去时态。e.g. What did you say?
另外，还可用过去时表示委婉的语气。e.g. Could you lend me your pen?
其结构是"主语+动词的过去式"。be动词的过去式为was, were；行为动词的过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化有以下几种情况：1）直接在动词原形末尾加-ed. e.g. work-----worked; ask------asked; 2）以e结尾的动词只加-d. e.g. arrive-----arrived; like-----liked.3)末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed. e.g. shop-----shopped; 4)以"辅音字母+y"结尾的动词,先把y变成i,再加-ed. e.g. carry----carried; study------studied.有些动词变过去式是不规则的,e.g. fly------flew; break-----broke; teach-----taught. 这些需要象生单词一样记住.
其句式变化分为两种情况1)含有be动词的依然在be上做文章. e.g. I was born in 1980. I was not born in 1980. Were you born in 1980? 2)含有行为动词的变否定句要在行为动词前加助动词didn't.,同时把动词变成原形; 变一般疑问句,在句首加助动词did,同时把动词变成原形. e.g. I bought a gift for my mum yesterday. I didn't buy a gift for my mum yesterday. Did you buy a gift for your mum yesterday?
其时间状语为yesterday或由其构成的短语,e.g. yesterday morning; 由"last+时间"构成的短语, e.g. last year; 由"时间段+ago"构成的短语, e.g. three days ago; 另外,还有on the morning of Monday, just now等,以及一些表示过去时态的从句.注意,在宾语从句中主句为过去,一般从句也为过去.
常见错误如下:
一　把动词变成过去式易出错
例: 1 They stoped (stop) talking just now.
2 They plaied (play) football yesterday.
答案: 1 stopped 2 played
解析:我们可以记住下面的口诀:"动词变成过去式,双写规律要牢记;y前若是辅音字y变i加-ed;y前若是元音字,只须直接加-ed."
二 忘记把动词变成过去式
例: I fly (fly) kites on the afternoon of Sunday.
答案: flew
解析:我们可以记住下面的口诀:"一般过去时态里,过去形式莫忘记".
专项练习:
一 选择
1 She had lived there before he____to China.
A. came B. comes C. come D. coming
2 I __already___but_____nothing.
A . was listened;was hearing B. listened; heard
C . have listened; heard D. listened; heard of
3 When did you ____here?
A. got to B. reached C. arrive in D. reach
4 I____ my homework at 7:00 yesterday evening.
A. finished B. would finish C. was finishing D. finish
5 -He didn't go shopping with you yesterday afternoon, did he?
- _______.
A. No, he doesn't B. Yes, he didn't C. No, he did D. Yes, he did.
6 -I have had supper.
- When ____you____it?
A. have; had B. do, have C. did,have D. will have
答案: 1 A 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 D 6 C
二 填空
1 They____(be) on the farm a moment ago.
2 There____(be)a shop not long ago.
3 Jenny____(not go)to bed until 11:00 o'clock last night.
4 Danny _____(read )English five minutes ago.
5 I _____(see)Li Lei ____(go) out just now.
6 He ____(do)his homework every day. But he __(not do)it yesterday.
7 When I was young, I _____(play)games with my friends.
8 When ____you_____(write)this book?
I _____it last year.
9 Did he____(have) lunch at home?
10 I _____(eat) the bread, I 'm full now.
答案:1 were 2 was 3 didn't go 4 read 5 saw go
6 does ; didn't do 7 played 8 did write ; wrote 9 have 10 have eaten
三 在句式变换时易出错
例: 1 We didn't went (not go) out last Friday.
2 Did you had (have) a good time yesterday?
答案: 1 didn't go 2 Did have
解析:请记住口诀"见助动, 用原形."
四 易与单三人称作主语的一般现在时弄混
例: He taughts (teach) me English last year.
答案: taught
解析:行为动词的过去式无人称和数的变化.即使主语是单三人称,也和其它人称所用动词的形式一样.
五 易与现在完成时弄混
例: 我看过这部电影
I saw(see) the film.
答案: I have seen (see) the film.
解析:"我看过这部电影"说明我了解这部电影的内容,强调现在的情况,应用现在完成时;
一般过去时态的句子只是说明我看了这场电影,与现在无关..
六 易与过去进行时弄混。

14