微量元素地球化学中国地质大学4微量元素在不同地质体中分布与分配.pptx

微量地球化学微量地球化学Trace Element Geochemistry“Geochemistry really is for everyone!”By Fersman(1958)4.4.微量元素在各主要地质体中微量元素在各主要地质体中的分布的分布 矿物矿物岩石岩石地球化学储库地球化学储库主要造岩矿物1.橄榄石2.单斜辉石3.斜方辉石4.石榴石5.尖晶石6.斜长石橄榄石橄榄石Kd Database Search ResultsRock TypeMineralZElementValueKd TypeReferenceBasaltOlivine3Li0.35ExperimentalNikogosian&Sobolev 1997BasaltOlivine12Mg6.6ExperimentalKloeck&Palme 1988BasaltOlivine22Ti0.007ExperimentalNikogosian&Sobolev 1997BasaltOlivine24Cr0.73ExperimentalNikogosian&Sobolev 1997BasaltOlivine26Fe1.85ExperimentalKloeck&Palme 1988BasaltOlivine27Co3.1ExperimentalPaster et al.1974BasaltOlivine28Ni12.2Phenocrysts-MatrixBougault&Hekinian 1974BasaltOlivine30Zn0.86Phenocrysts-MatrixBougault&Hekinian 1974BasaltOlivine37Rb0.04Phenocrysts-MatrixVillemant et al.1981BasaltOlivine39Y0.009ExperimentalNikogosian&Sobolev 1997BasaltOlivine40Zr0.06Phenocrysts-MatrixVillemant et al.1981BasaltOlivine56Ba0.03Phenocrysts-MatrixVillemant et al.1981BasaltOlivine57La0.0004CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltOlivine58Ce0.01ExperimentalPaster et al.1974BasaltOlivine59Pr0.0008CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltOlivine62Sm0.0013CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltOlivine63Eu0.0016CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltOlivine65Tb0.0015CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltOlivine66Dy0.007ExperimentalNikogosian&Sobolev 1997BasaltOlivine67Ho0.0016CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltOlivine69Tm0.009Phenocrysts-MatrixFrey 1969BasaltOlivine70Yb0.021ExperimentalNikogosian&Sobolev 1997BasaltOlivine71Lu0.018Phenocrysts-MatrixFrey 1969BasaltOlivine72Hf0.04Phenocrysts-MatrixVillemant et al.1981BasaltOlivine73Ta0.03Phenocrysts-MatrixVillemant et al.1981BasaltOlivine79Au0.7ExperimentalKloeck&Palme 1988橄榄石橄榄石橄榄石橄榄石0.0010.010.1110100100010000Li7Al27Si29P31Ca42Sc45Ti49V51Cr53Co59Ni60Cu63Ga71Rb85Sr88Y89Zr90Nb93Cs133Ba137La139Ce140Pr141Nd143Sm147Eu151Gd155Tb159Dy163Ho165Er166Tm169Yb173Lu175Hf179Ta181Pb208Th232U238含量（ppm）0.00010.0010.010.1110Li Sc V Cr Co Ni CuGa Rb Sr Y Zr Nb CsBa La Ce Pr NdSmEuGd Tb DyHo Er TmYb Lu Hf Ta Pb Th U原始地幔归一化值Kd Database Search ResultsRock TypeMineralZElementValueKd TypeReferenceBasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene3Li0.26Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene22Ti0.786Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene24Cr4.22Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene28Ni1.1ExperimentalMysen 1978BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene30Zn0.41Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene37Rb0.0006CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene38Sr0.002Phenocrysts-Matrix/ExpKeleman&Dunn 1992BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene40Zr0.02Phenocrysts-Matrix/ExpKeleman&Dunn 1992BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene41Nb0.003Phenocrysts-Matrix/ExpKeleman&Dunn 1992BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene56Ba0.0035Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene57La0.0005Phenocrysts-Matrix/ExpKeleman&Dunn 1992BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene58Ce0.001Phenocrysts-Matrix/ExpKeleman&Dunn 1992BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene59Pr0.0048CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene60Nd0.382Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene62Sm0.01CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene63Eu0.013CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene64Gd0.82Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene65Tb0.019CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene66Dy0.022CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene67Ho0.026CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene68Er0.03CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene69Tm1.09Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene70Yb0.049CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene71Lu0.06CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene72Hf0.01CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene82Pb0.0013CalculatedMcKenzie&ONions 1991BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene90Th0.013Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977BasaltLow Calcium Pyroxene92U0.017Phenocrysts-MatrixMatsui et al.1977斜方辉石0.00010.0010.010.1110100100010000Li ScV Cr Co Ni Cu Ga Rb SrYZr Nb Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Pb Th U含量（ppm）斜方辉石0.0010.010.1110100Li Sc V Cr Co Ni Cu Ga Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Cs Ba La Ce Pr NdSmEuGd Tb Dy Ho Er TmYb Lu Hf Ta Pb Th U原始地幔归一化值Rock TypeMineralZElementValueKd TypeReferenceBasaltClinopyroxene4Be0.047ExperimentalHart&Dunn 1993BasaltClinopyroxene5B0.036ExperimentalHart&Dunn 1993BasaltClinopyroxene19K0.0072ExperimentalHart&Dunn 1993BasaltClinopyroxene21Sc0.808ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene22Ti0.229ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene23V1.811.81ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene24Cr1.661.66ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene25Mn1.61.6ExperimentalPaster et al.1974BasaltClinopyroxene27Co1.31.3ExperimentalPaster et al.1974BasaltClinopyroxene28Ni2.62.6ExperimentalMysen 1978BasaltClinopyroxene29Cu0.36ExperimentalHart&Dunn 1993BasaltClinopyroxene30Zn0.49ExperimentalPaster et al.1974BasaltClinopyroxene31Ga0.74ExperimentalHart&Dunn 1993BasaltClinopyroxene38Sr0.082ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene39Y0.245ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene40Zr0.046ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene41Nb0.004ExperimentalJohnson 1994BasaltClinopyroxene55Cs0.0058ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene56Ba0.002ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene57La0.032ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene58Ce0.057ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene59Pr0.277ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene60Nd0.129ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene61Pm0.462ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene62Sm0.211ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene63Eu0.27ExperimentalPaster et al.1974BasaltClinopyroxene64Gd0.41ExperimentalPaster et al.1974BasaltClinopyroxene65Tb0.711ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene66Dy0.256ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene67Ho0.66ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene68Er0.259ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene69Tm0.633ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene70Yb0.214ExperimentalSobolev et al.1996BasaltClinopyroxene71Lu0.223ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene72Hf0.23ExperimentalJohnson 1994BasaltClinopyroxene73Ta0.0102ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene82Pb0.014ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene90Th0.0127ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltClinopyroxene92U0.06ExperimentalBenjamin et al.1978单斜辉石0.0010.010.1110100100010000Li Sc V Cr Co Ni Cu Ga Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Cs Ba La Ce Pr NdSmEuGd Tb DyHo Er TmYb Lu Hf Ta Pb Th U含量（ppm）单斜辉石单斜辉石0.0000.0010.0100.1001.00010.000LiScVCr CoNi Cu Ga RbSrYZr Nb Cs Ba La CePr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy HoEr Tm Yb LuHfTa Pb ThU原始地幔归一化值原始地幔归一化值单斜辉石Kd Database Search ResultsRock TypeMineralZElementValueKd TypeReferenceBasaltGarnet21Sc2.62ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet22Ti0.688ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet23V1.48ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet24Cr2.01ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet28Ni5.1ExperimentalMysen 1978BasaltGarnet38Sr0.0099ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet39Y2.8ExperimentalJohnson 1994BasaltGarnet40Zr2.12ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet41Nb0.0538ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet56Ba0.0007ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet57La0.0164ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet58Ce0.065ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet60Nd0.363ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet62Sm1.1ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet63Eu2.02ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet66Dy4.13ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet68Er3.95ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet70Yb3.88ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet71Lu3.79ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet72Hf1.22ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet82Pb0.00012ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet90Th0.00137ExperimentalHauri et al.1994BasaltGarnet92U0.00588ExperimentalHauri et al.1994石榴石石榴石0.010.1110Li Sc V Cr Co Ni CuGa原始地幔归一化值Rb Sr Y Zr NbCsBa La Ce Pr NdSmEuGd Tb DyHo ErTmYb Lu Hf Ta Pb Th U石榴石石榴石0.0010.010.1110100Li Sc V Cr Co Ni CuGa Rb Sr Y Zr Nb CsBa La Ce Pr NdSmEu Gd Tb Dy Ho ErTmYb Lu Hf Ta Pb Th U原始地幔归一化值尖晶石尖晶石斜长石斜长石问题1如果亏损地幔由Ol+Opx+Cpx+Gt+Sp组成，那么：1.元素Yb主要分布在哪些种矿物中？2.元素La主要分布在哪些种矿物中？3.元素Ni主要分布在哪些种矿物中？4.元素Zr主要分布在哪些种矿物中？问题2榴辉岩主要由Cpx+Gt组成，那么：1.元素Yb主要分布在哪种矿物中？2.元素La主要分布在哪种矿物中？3.元素Ni主要分布在哪种矿物中？4.元素Zr主要分布在哪种矿物中？如果该榴辉岩中除了Cpx+Gt以外，还发现少量磷灰石，那么上述元素的分布情况如何？问题3如果某麻粒岩由Cpx+Opx+Pl组成，那么：1.元素Yb主要分布在哪种矿物中？2.元素La主要分布在哪种矿物中？3.元素Ni主要分布在哪种矿物中？4.元素Sr主要分布在哪种矿物中？如果该麻粒岩中除了Cpx+Opx+Pl以外，还发现少量Gt，那么上述元素的分布情况如何？主要岩石大洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）洋岛玄武岩（OIB）大陆溢流玄武岩（CFB）岛弧玄武岩（IAB）Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts(MORB)Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts(MORB)Figure 13-1.After Minster et al.(1974)Geophys.J.Roy.Astr.Soc.,36,541-576.MORB Chemistryl lMORBs are dominantly olivine tholeiites with distinctively low MORBs are dominantly olivine tholeiites with distinctively low K K2 2O(0.2%).O(0.2%).l lAll incompatible trace elements(LREE,K,Rb,Cs,Ba,PbAll incompatible trace elements(LREE,K,Rb,Cs,Ba,Pb,Sr,Th,Sr,Th,U,Ce,Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,and Ti)are depleted.U,Ce,Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,and Ti)are depleted.l lNo depletion in HREE elements indicating relatively shallow No depletion in HREE elements indicating relatively shallow melting within the spinel stability field(70 depth).melting within the spinel stability field(70 depth).l lSr and Nd isotope ratios are depleted indicating a depleted upper Sr and Nd isotope ratios are depleted indicating a depleted upper mantle source region.mantle source region.l lStrong depletions in Strong depletions in highly incompatible highly incompatible trace elements(REE,trace elements(REE,LILE)indicating LILE)indicating“depleted”mantle“depleted”mantle source.source.l lNo depletion in HREE No depletion in HREE indicating relatively indicating relatively shallow melting depths shallow melting depths(70 km).Why?(70-80 depth).garnet stability field(70-80 depth).l lSr and Nd isotope ratios are relatively enriched with respect to Sr and Nd isotope ratios are relatively enriched with respect to MORBs indicating undepleted(primitive)and/or enriched mantle MORBs indicating undepleted(primitive)and/or enriched mantle source components.source components.Types of OIB Magmas1.Tholeiitic series(dominant type)l l“Shield-building stage”-tremendous outpourings of tholeiitic basaltsTypes of OIB Magmas2.Alkaline series (small volumes)“Post-shield stage”-Waning activity.Lavas are -Waning activity.Lavas are more diverse,with a larger proportion of chemically more diverse,with a larger proportion of chemically differentiated magmasdifferentiated magmasl lStrong enrichment in Strong enrichment in highly incompatible trace highly incompatible trace elements(REE,LILE,elements(REE,LILE,HFSE)indicating HFSE)indicating undepleted(primitive)undepleted(primitive)and/or“enriched”mantle and/or“enriched”mantle sourcessourcesl lDepletion in HREE Depletion in HREE indicating relatively indicating relatively deep melting depths deep melting depths(80 km)(80 km)，WhyWhy？OIB Chemistryl lOIBs:OIBs:8787Sr/Sr/8686Sr=0.7035 to 0.710 and Sr=0.7035 to 0.710 and NdNd=+5 to-5,=+5 to-5,primitive and/or enriched mantle source(s)primitive and/or enriched mantle source(s)Figure 14-6.After Zindler and Hart(1986),Staudigel et al.(1984),Hamelin et al.(1986)and Wilson(1989).OIB Petrogenesisl lAdiabatic decompression Adiabatic decompression melting associated with deep melting associated with deep upwelling of anomalously hot upwelling of anomalously hot(+100-200(+100-200 C)mantle.C)mantle.l lPartial melting initiated 100 Partial melting initiated 100 km depth well within garnet km depth well within garnet stability field(explains stability field(explains common HREE depletion).common HREE depletion).l lRelatively enriched trace Relatively enriched trace element and isotope signatures element and isotope signatures indicate enriched mantle indicate enriched mantle source components.source components.DMDMOIBOIBContinentalContinentalReservoirsReservoirsEM and HIMU from crustal sources(subducted OC+CC seds)EM and HIMU from crustal sources(subducted OC+CC seds)OIB PetrogenesisContinental Flood Basalts(CFB)Large Igneous Provinces(LIPs)Large Igneous Provinces(LIPs)l lOceanic plateausOceanic plateausl lSome riftsSome riftsl lContinental flood basalts Continental flood basalts(CFBs)(CFBs)Figure 15-1.Columbia River Basalts at Hat Point,Snake River area.Cover of Geol.Soc.Amer Special Paper 239.Photo courtesy Steve Reidel.Tectonic Setting of CFBsl lContinental hot spotsFFColumbia River Plateau Columbia River Plateau YellowstoneYellowstoneFFDeccan TrapsDeccan Trapsl lContinental riftingFFParana-EntendekaParana-EntendekaFFCAMP (Central Atlantic CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province)Magmatic Province)CFB Chemistryl lCFBs are mostly tholeiitic and similar to OIBCFBs are mostly tholeiitic and similar to OIBl lIncompatible trace elements and isotopes are enriched,like OIB Incompatible trace elements and isotopes are enriched,like OIB BUT show much more variability toward more enriched BUT show much more variability toward more enriched positions.l lDistinctive enrichments of the most highly incompatible elements Distinctive enrichments of the most highly incompatible elements(K,Ba,Rb,Th,Pb,and LREE)over typical OIB.Noticeable(K,Ba,Rb,Th,Pb,and LREE)over typical OIB.Noticeable depletions in HFSE(Nb,Ta)compared to OIB.depletions in HFSE(Nb,Ta)compared to OIB.l lSr and Nd isotope ratios overlap with OIB,but extend to more Sr and Nd isotope ratios overlap with OIB,but extend to more enriched compositions(higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower enriched compositions(higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower NdNd).).CFB Chemistryl lStrong enrichments in Strong enrichments in highly incompatible trace highly incompatible trace elements(REE,LILE)elements(REE,LILE)indicating enriched indicating enriched mantle source(s)mantle source(s)l lNo depletion in HREE No depletion in HREE indicating relatively indicating relatively shallow melting depths shallow melting depths(70 km)(HeONeNCSiMgFeSHHeONeNCSiMgFeSl l地球：地球：FeOMgSiNiSCaAlCoNaFeOMgSiNiSCaAlCoNal l地壳：地壳：OSiAlFeCaNaKMgTiHOSiAlFeCaNaKMgTiH地壳元素分布的不均一性l l整整个个地地球球元元素素分分布布是是不不均均匀匀的的，这这与与壳壳、幔幔物物质质分分异异的的整整体体过过程程相相联联系系。地地壳壳作作为为地地球球的的组组成成部部分分，其其元元素素的的分分布布在在空空间和时间上也都是不均一的。间和时间上也都是不均一的。1.1.1.1.空间上分布的不均一性空间上分布的不均一性空间上分布的不均一性空间上分布的不均一性l l垂向深度（陆壳）垂向深度（陆壳）垂向深度（陆壳）垂向深度（陆壳）l l上地壳是花岗质的上地壳是花岗质的上地壳是花岗质的上地壳是花岗质的(SiO2=66%)(SiO2=66%)(SiO2=66%)(SiO2=66%)，有明显，有明显，有明显，有明显EuEuEuEu负异常；负异常；负异常；负异常；l l中地壳是英云闪长质的中地壳是英云闪长质的中地壳是英云闪长质的中地壳是英云闪长质的(SiO2=61%)(SiO2=61%)(SiO2=61%)(SiO2=61%)；l l下地壳以基性下地壳以基性下地壳以基性下地壳以基性(52%SiO2)(52%SiO2)(52%SiO2)(52%SiO2)为主，一些克拉通和碰撞带具有更演化的成分为主，一些克拉通和碰撞带具有更演化的成分为主，一些克拉通和碰撞带具有更演化的成分为主，一些克拉通和碰撞带具有更演化的成分Ri=Ri=Ri=Ri=上地壳元素丰度上地壳元素丰度上地壳元素丰度上地壳元素丰度/下地壳元素丰度下地壳元素丰度下地壳元素丰度下地壳元素丰度l lRiRiRiRi约等于约等于约等于约等于1:Ca,Si,Zr,Nd,Pb1:Ca,Si,Zr,Nd,Pb1:Ca,Si,Zr,Nd,Pb1:Ca,Si,Zr,Nd,Pb等等等等l lRi 1:Mg,Cu,V,Fe,Ni,Cr,Ag,Co,SrRi 1:Mg,Cu,V,Fe,Ni,Cr,Ag,Co,SrRi 1:Mg,Cu,V,Fe,Ni,Cr,Ag,Co,SrRi 1:Cl,C,Cs,K,Rb,U,Th,Bi,Tl,NbRi 1:Cl,C,Cs,K,Rb,U,Th,Bi,Tl,NbRi 1:Cl,C,Cs,K,