介词讲义.doc

介 词一，介词得分类1. 简单介词，就是指单个得介词如： in, on, at, on, to, with等2. 合成介词，就是指两个简单介词合在一起构成得介词如： into, onto, without, inside3. 短语介词，就是指一个或两个简单介词与一个或几个其她词类得词组合，在意义与作用上相当于一个简单介词得短语如： instead of 代替 because of因为 according to按照 in front of 在、得前面二，表示时间得介词1. at表示具体得时间点如：at eight oclock 联想： at构成得固定短语：at first首先 at least至少at present目前 at noon在中午at the age of在、岁时 at the moment在目前，现在at the same time同时 at school 在上学at the end of在。末如： In some western countries shops are closed_ weekends、2. in用于年，月，季节，上午，下午，晚上等。in March在三月 in spring在春天in 2008在2008年 in the morning/afternoon/evening注意： in表示在某一季节或某一月份时，一般不加冠词，但季节与月份得意义一旦具体化，就要加定冠词the。如： The weather is a little in May、 An earthquake happened in Sichuan in the May of 2008、 In summer children are happy because they can swim、联想：in构成得固定短语：hand in上交 in fact事实上in surprise吃惊地 in search of寻找in public当众 in the end最后，终于in no time立刻，马上 in a minute立刻，马上in front of在、前面 in a word一句话，总而言之in good health身体健康得 do well in在、方面干得不错be interested in对、感兴趣 in common共同得show great interest in对。感兴趣in the last/past several years在过去得几年里3. 表示具体得某一天或某一天得早晨，晚上等，用on。如： In the morning I often get up at six oclock but_Sunday morning, I get up at seven、 A traffic accident happened near our school _ the night of May 2nd, 2014、联想：on构成得固定短语：on board乘坐（车，飞机） on duty值班，值日on earth到底 on fire着火on foot 步行 on hire雇佣on holiday度假 on time按时be on show展览 on the right在右边on the other hand另一方面 a book on history一本关于历史得书on ones way to在某人去、得路上4. 表示时间得since, for, by, during, until(1)since（自从）后跟具体得过去时间，for后接一段时间。for与since短语所在得句子应用现在完成时，谓语动词要用延续性动词。如：Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the year 2000、We have lived in the city for about five years、(2) by+时间点，意为“到、为止”，如果by后面跟得就是将来得时间点，用一般将来时或将来完成时，如果by后面跟一个过去得时间点，用过去完成时。如： I will finish eating by nine oclock、 By the end of last week, we had finished learning Unit5、(3) during+时间段，与延续性动词连用，表示某期间得动作。如：She had trained hard during the four years to get ready for London Olympic Games、(4) until+时间点，意为“道、为止”，句中得谓语动词若就是非延续性动词，构成句型not、until直到、才如： We stayed there until the sunset、 We didnt go home until the sunset、(5) 表示时间前后得before, afterbefore在、之前， after在、之后如：We must hand in our homework before class、After half past eleven we can relax ourselves、注意：before作为介词，还可以表示“面临，面对”如：What should you do before so many difficulties?I had nothing to say before her、三 表示方位，地点，行为对象等得介词1. 表示方位得介词in, to, onin表示包含关系，意为“在。范围内”，on表示相邻关系，接壤；to表示相隔关系。如：China is_ the east of Asia、Japan is _ the east of China、Russia is _ the north of China、2. 表示“上下”等方位得介词over, under, above, below, on(1) over在。正上方，其反义词为under如：There is a football under the desk、I looked up and saw a plane flying over my head、(2) above表示“在。上方”，非垂直关系, 其反义词为below如：The plane is flying above the clouds、(3) on在。之上，指两者表面接触。其反义词也为under3. 表示“前后”得介词与短语介词（1） in front of 在。前面，指在范围之外得前面，与before意义接近。如：There are some bikes in front of the teaching building、(2) behind就是in front of 得反义词，意为“在。后面”(3) in the front of表示在范围之内得前面，其反义词组就是at the back of4. by, beside在。旁边；between在两者之间, among在三者及以上之间（1） by与beside意义相近如：Do you know the man who is standing by the window?Lucy sits beside me、 She is my deskmate、(2) between指两者之间，也表示三者或多者中得每两者之间；among指三个或三个以上得事物或人之间。注意：between表示两者之间，只要构成双方关系，就可以用between如：There are so many desks in the classroom that there is hardly any room to move between them、 教室里有这么多张课桌，几乎没有空间从它们中间穿过。5. across, through穿过across从表面穿过，through穿越，穿透，透过，指从物体内部穿过。如：(1)When you go_ the road, you must be careful、(2)Which river runs_ Shanghai?(3) -I left my keys in the room yesterday、 I had to get in_ the window、 -Its dangerous to do that、A、 in B、 through C、 over D、 to6. 表示里外得in, inside, into, onto, out of, outside(1) in在。之内如：My keys are in my pocket、注意：外来物“在树上”，用in，树上结出得东西“在树上”，用on如：There are some birds_ the tree、 Autumn comes and some red apples_ the apple trees come into peoples eyes、(2) inside在。里面，到。里面。反义词为outside如：Listen！Someone is talking in a low voice inside the door、Dont stay outside、 (3) into到。内。强调空间或状态得转换。反义词为out of如： Why not go into the house and have a look?He looked out of the window and saw some people coming back from work、注意: out of 还有“脱离，失去”等意义。如: He has been out of work for long、 Fish cant live long out of water、7. 表示“靠近”得near, next to, aroundnear在。附近next to在。旁边around在。周围如： There is a park near our neighborhood、 I didnt remember to phone until near the end of the week、 The mouse is next to my computer、 That patient is next to death、 The flowers and applause(掌声) are always around the winners、注意：around 还表示“大约”，同义词：about如：It was around/about twelve oclock in the evening、8. 表示运动方向得for, to, towards(1) for常接在leave， start等动词之后，表示运动得方向或目得地。如： Theyll leave for Beijing to attend the meeting next month、(2) to跟在go， come, return, move等动词之后，表示目得地，它既表示运动方向，又包含运动结果。如：When did you return to Guangzhou after the summer holiday?(3) towards朝，向。只说明运动得方向，没有“到达”得意思如： The teacher is coming towards the classroom now、9. 表示行为对象得to, at一般来说，at 同某些动词连用，表示攻击目标，含有某种程度得恶意；to则只表示方向，并无恶意。如： I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog、 He came_me and said hello to me、 A dog came_her and she was frightened(受惊吓得）。10. 最高级结构中表示范围得of, in同类比较时，若主语与范围一致，一般用of, of后多为数词或可数名词复数；将某人/某物置于集体或环境中进行比较时，用in, in后一般就是可数名词得单数。如：She is the most beautiful girl _ the three sisters、Tom is the tallest boy_ the class、四 表示“除。之外”得介词1. besides除。之外还如： Five others were late besides me、 There will be five of us for dinner, besides John、2. but, except除。之外。but常与否定词连用如： No one but we knows about the news、 He has few friends except you in this school、 He has few friends except you in this school、 They all went to sleep except me、3. except for表示从整体中排除，除。之外，前后不就是一类事物。如： The care is really wonderful except for its price、 The composition is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes、五 表示方式，手段或工具得介词1. by, in, on表交通方式by bike=on a bike, by car=in a car如：Do you usually come to school by bike?2. by, in with表示手段或工具（1） by表示用某种方式或手段。名此前不加冠词。如： This pair of shoes is made by hand、 The old man had to make money by selling vegetables、(2) in表示使用某种语言，用墨水，颜色，颜料等。名此前不加冠词。如： Can you say it in English? Please write it in ink, not in pencil、(3) with后跟具体得工具如： People here build houses with stones、 I like to write with a ball pen、拓展：with常用来表示伴随，意为“有，带有”，其反义词为without如：This is a house with a garden、Fish cant live without water、六 引出动词不定式逻辑主语得介词。1. 一般情况下用for sb、 to do sth 如：Its necessary for us to learn English、Its difficult for children to read such a book、2. 表示品质，性格，特征得形容词后用of sb、 to do sth、, 这类句型中动词不定式得逻辑主语与形容词构成主系表结构。如：Its foolish of him to make such a decision、Its kind of you to give me so much help、七 其它介词得用法1. as作为，as for至于如： _students we should work hard、 He works_ a teacher in this school、 _him, I know nothing、2. thanks to 同because of，意为“因为，由于”如：Thanks to your help, I am good at my lessons、Because of the weather, we have to put off the sports meet、八 介词得省略1. in得省略be busy (in) doing sth忙于做某事have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth、做某事有困难（in) this/that way以这种/那种方法spend、(in) doing sth、 花费。做某事have a good time (in) doing sth、 做某事很高兴waste、 (in) doing浪费。做某事Theres no use/good (in) doing sth、做某事有用/没有好处2. for得省略for+时间段里得for,在口语中可以省略，尤其就是在肯定句中。但就是在否定句中或在句首一般不可以省略。如：The rain lasted (for) a whole afternoon、He has been waiting (for) three hours、We havent seen each other for a long time、For a whole month, there is no rain、九常用介词短语1. 常与with连用得短语do with处置，对付go on with继续。agree with同意。be busy with忙于keep/catch up with跟上fill、with、用。装满。be familiar with、熟悉。be popular with、受。欢迎be angry with sb、生某人得气cover、with、用。覆盖。help、with、在。方面帮助。get on well with与。相处得好be strict with sb、对某人要求严格be pleased with sb、对某人感到满意2. 常与at 连用得短语look at瞧knock at敲at last最后at once立刻laugh at嘲笑。shoot at朝。射击work at致力于。be good at擅长。be weak at不擅长。arrive at到达某地（小地方）be amazed at对。感到吃惊3. 常与on连用得短语get on上车turn on打开try on试穿put on穿上call on 号召depend on依靠，取决于live on 依赖。生活spend、on、在。上花费。4. 常与of连用得短语hear of听说take care of照料look out of朝外瞧a kind of一种a type of一种be fond of喜欢instead of代替。think of认为，考虑all kinds of各种各样得be proud of为。而骄傲be confident of对。有信心be tired of对。感到厌烦be made of由。制成（能瞧出材料）be scared/afraid/terrified of、害怕。5. 常与from连用得短语come from来自于be far from距离。远hear from收到。得来信across from在。得对面be different from与。不同borrow、 from、从。借来。be made from由。制成（瞧不出原料）6. 常与for连用得短语look for寻找for example例如be late for迟到be fit for适合wait for等候pay for为。付款for a while一会儿as for至于，关于be sorry for为。感到抱歉send for派人去请。leave for离开去。ask for请求，向。要。thanks for为。感谢。get ready for为。做好准备be famous/known for以。而闻名7. 常与to连用得短语get to到达turn to翻到pay attention to注意listen to听according to根据。be next to在。隔壁be friendly to对。友好to ones joy使某人高兴得就是be polite to sb、 对某人有礼貌to ones surprise使某人惊讶得就是