高中虚拟语气用法详解.pdf

一、什么是虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测，建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。If I were you,Id take them away.如果我是你的话，我就会带走他们。（不可能是你，所以这是不存在的事实，所以用虚拟语气）If I had met Tom,I could have told him.如果我碰见了 Tom，我就告诉他了。If I had time,I could come to help you.如果我有时间，我会来帮助你的。He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups.他建议说我们的班应该分成五个小组。He speaks to us as if he had been there.他给我们讲的好像他去过那儿。二、虚拟语气的用法虚拟语气在一般用于简单句，宾语从句，主语从句，表语从句，壮语从句以及同位于从句。（下面我们分别看一下）1)虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令，它的谓语动词就是原形。May you be happy.祝你幸福。May you have a good time.祝愿你玩的痛快。May the friendship between us last long.祝愿我们的友情天长地久。Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快！You go out！你出去！2)虚拟语气用在宾语从句中。在 suggest,advise,propose,insist,demand,desire,request,require,decide,order,command 等动词后的宾语从句中，要用虚拟语气，表示建议、要求、决定或命令等，其谓语动词形式为should+动词原形，其中 should 可以省略，主句中的时态不限。We proposed that the medicine(should)be cleaned again.我们提出把那台机器再清洗一次。The captain ordered that we(should)leave the village before daybreak.上尉下令叫我们在天亮前离开村庄。The students requested that the teachers sing a song at the English evening.学生们要求老师们在英语晚会上唱一支歌。The workers demanded that their pay(should)be raised.工人们要求增加工资。He insisted that John(should)do the job.他坚决要求约翰干这项工作。She suggested that the meeting(should)be put off till next week.她建议会议应该推迟至下一周。注意 insist 作“力言”、“强调”解时宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.迈克力言他从未偷过东西。只有当作“坚决要求”、“坚持要”解时宾语从句才用虚拟语气。I insist she go there with her mother.我坚持要她同她母亲到那儿去。Suggest 作“暗示”、“表明”解时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。Her pale face suggested that she was seriously ill.苍白的脸上可以看出，她病得很厉害。只有当 suggest 作“建议”解时，才用虚拟语气。第 1 页 共 4 页We suggested that the sports meet(should)be put off until next Saturday.我们建议把运动会推迟到下星期六。在动词 wish 后面的宾语从句中，表示不可能实现的愿望。汉语一般可译为“但愿”，“可惜”，“悔不该”，“就好了”等。在宾语从句中，表示现在不可能实现的愿望时，谓语动词用过去式（动词 be 的过去式用were）；I wish it were spring all the year round.要是一年到头都是春天该多好啊！I wish I could help you.但愿我能帮助你。如表示过去未能实现的愿望时，谓语动词就用过去完成式（had+过去分词）；She wishes she had been here last week.她想要是她上星期在这里就好了。表示与将来事实可能相反的愿望时，谓语动词一般用would+动词原形。I wish you would be more careful in future.希望你今后会更小心一些才好。在 would rather/sooner（宁愿），would prefer（希望）后面的宾语从句中，表示与现在事实或将来可能相反愿望时，谓语动词用过去式；表示过去未能实现的愿望时，谓语动词就用过去完成式，同。I would rather he came next Saturday.我宁愿他下星期六来。I would prefer he didn t stay there too long.我倒希望他在那儿不要呆得太久。3)虚拟语气用在主语从句中。在句型 It is important(necessary,strange,impossible,natural)that.中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用：should+动词原形。Its necessary that we should have a walk now.我们有必要出去散散步。Its natural that she should do so.她这样做是很自然的。Its important that we should take good care of the patient.重要的是我们要照顾好病人。在句型It is a pity(a shame,no wonder,better)that.中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用：should+动词原形。It was a great pity that you(should)have made so many mistakes in your math exercise.太遗憾了，你居然在数学练习中犯了那么多错误It will be better that she stay with her grandmother.她和她的祖母在一起就好了。在句型It is suggested(requested,proposed,ordered)that.中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用：should+动词原形。It was suggested that the sports meet be put off until next Saturday.大家建议把运动会推迟到下星期六。It is desired that we(should)get everything ready by tonight.希望我们到今晚将一切准备就绪。It was ordered that the medicine be sent there by plane.命令马上用飞机把药送往那里。4)虚拟语气用于表语从句中。由 suggestion,order,advice,desire,idea,request,proposal 等名词做主语的句子里，其表语录从句用虚拟语气表示建议、命令或要求等。从句中的谓语动词形式为should+动词原形，其中 should 可以省略。My advice is that more trees(should)be planted around the village.我的建议是在村庄周围多种些树。Their proposal is that we should set up a spare time school for them.他们的提议是要我们为他第 2 页 共 4 页们成立一所业余学校。His idea is that we(should)discuss the report.他的意见是我们应讨论一下这个报告。5）虚拟语气用于同位语从句中。作名词 suggestion,order,proposal,idea,plan 等的同位语从句中用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为 should+动词原形，其中 should 可以省略。例如：We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.我们都同意他的意见，去北京观光。What do you think of the idea that we should begin the second experiment at once?你认为我们立即开始第二次实验的意见怎么样？(总结上面的几点，其实大家应该看到了，只要涉及建议，要求，渴望等一些词，如 suggest,advise,propose,insist,demand,desire,request,require,decide,order,command，就要用虚拟语气。但是还是要注意，有些词只要在表示建议，要求时才使用虚拟语气，刚才已经见过了，如 suggest,insist。)6)虚拟语气用在（条件）状语从句中。与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实相反从句动词的过去式（be 的过去式一般用 were）had+过去分词动词过去式，should+动词原形，were to+动词原形主句would/should/could/might+动词原形would/should/could/might+have+过去分词would/should/could/might+动词原形If I were you,I should buy it.如果我是你，我就买了它。（现在）If I had time,I would study French.如果我有时间，我会学习法语的。（现在）If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.如果她懂英语的话，她不会找我帮忙的。（现在）If you had got up earlier,you could have caught the train.如果你早一点起床，就会赶上火车的。（过去）If it were fine tomorrow,I would go shopping.如果明天天气好，我就去买东西。（将来）注意的几个问题：1）并不是if 引导的条件从句都是虚拟语气。如果if 从句所指的事很有可能发生，那么这是真实条件句；反之，则是虚拟条件句If you study hard,you will surely pass the examination.(真实条件句)If I were a bird,I could fly freely in the sky.(虚拟条件句)2）有时 if 引导的状语从句可以省略 if，而把从句中的动词 were,had 或 should 移到主语前面,偶尔 did 和 would,should 也可以提前。Were she younger,she would do it.如果她年青点，她就会干的。Had he known her address,he would had gone to visit her.如果他知道她的地址，他会去看她的。第 3 页 共 4 页Did time permit,we might go there.如果时间允许，我们可以去那。3）有时表示虚拟语气的条件从句或者主句都可以省略，而只剩下一个主句或者一个条件从句。I could help you.我本来可以帮助你。If I had time.我要有时间该多好啊！She should have come to the party.她应该来参加聚会。4）虚拟语气中，条件从句的动词动作可以和主句的动词动作时态不一致。If they had studied hard,they could do it easily now.如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。If he had not taken my advice,he wouldnt do it much better like this.如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。5）由 as if 或 as though 引导的状语从句或表语从句中，也用虚拟语气（过去时或过去完成时）。She loves the child as if he were her own.“How wild his white hair lookedas if it had been electrified.”She feels as if/as though she were in danger.如果表达的内容接近事实的可能性大，一般也可用陈述语气。It looks(seems)as if/as though it is going to rain.6）在 It is(high/about)time that从句中，谓语动词用一般过去式得虚拟语气。It is time we went to bed.Its about time you began your work.第 4 页 共 4 页