寻找信息来源的20条原则（英）.pdf

AFP editorial standards.and best practices.12.03.2024.AFP EDITORIAL STANDARDS AND.BEST PRACTICES.CONTENTS Introduction 1/Ten Guiding Principles 2/The Fundamentals 3/Areas of concern 4/Conduct 5/Financial reporting 6/Security,hostile environments,conflicts 7/User Generated Content/Eye-witness media 8/Artificial Intelligence 9/Images graphics,photo,video Introduction.The following document on editorial standards and best practices sets out the guiding principles for AFPs editorial operations at a time of fast-moving changes in the news media.It incorporates the universally accepted ethical principles of providing accurate,impartial and balanced coverage,and codifies and elaborates on the ethical guidelines listed in our editorial stylebooks.It is a living document that will be updated as the news business develops and we encounter fresh challenges.The guidelines and rules in this document are not designed to be a substitute for,or to take precedence over,local labour legislation or existing company agreements.It is divided into nine sections-the 10 key principles,the fundamentals,areas of concern,conduct,financial reporting,security and hostile environments,UGC,artificial intelligence and images.This document was drawn up after extensive research into the ethics codes of other major media around the world,historical documents such as the 1971 Munich Declaration of the Duties and Rights of Journalists,and contemporary research and guidelines published by such institutions as the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma and the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University in New York.Thanks above all are due to the members of the AFP editorial team who contributed to the drafting of this document.Eric Wishart,Michle Lridon 1/Ten guiding principles.1)AFP journalists are expected to provide accurate,balanced and impartial news coverage,and to correct errors quickly and transparently.2)AFP journalists must speak with an independent voice,free of prejudice,bias or external influence.They cannot be obliged to carry out a task that violates the Agencys code of editorial standards and best practices.3)AFP journalists must protect the confidentiality of sources and must never knowingly put them in harms way.4)AFP journalists must respect the presumption of innocence.5)AFP journalists have a duty to seek the truth and not passively report information as it is presented to them.They should challenge their sources and question the facts.6)AFP photo and TV journalists must not doctor images or videos and must not tamper with or alter subject matter.Text journalists must not manipulate quotes.7)AFP journalists must identify their sources of information transparently and do not plagiarise.They must never submit a story to a source for vetting.8)AFP journalists must exercise sensitivity when approaching victims or their relatives and avoid intruding on private grief.They must take particular care when interviewing or taking images of children,and whenever possible obtain parental consent.9)AFP journalists must identify themselves as such.They must not use subterfuge other than in exceptional circumstances with the approval of the news management.10)AFP journalists do not use information they have gathered for their personal benefit or use their position for financial gain.They do not pay sources.2/The Fundamentals.ACCURACY AND TRUTH As AFP journalists,we must report the facts accurately in a proper context without selective use of material or deliberate omissions.We must separate fact from opinion and not report rumours as fact.We must maintain the highest standards of verification.The headline and the lead paragraph must be supported by the story and we must ensure that background information is correct.Every story must be correctly,precisely and transparently sourced.We should only use anonymous sources if we have no alternative or for security reasons and the story is sufficiently important to justify it.Datelines must be honest,and bylined writers must be where they say they are.Photos and videos must not be staged,manipulated or edited to give a misleading or false picture of events.Graphics must be scaled correctly to avoid giving a distorted comparison of data.Information used in graphics must come from trustworthy sources and be thoroughly checked.We must not be influenced by the hype or publicity surrounding an event and should never exaggerate.We treat superlative claims such as first,biggest,best and worst with the scepticism they deserve.We have a duty to seek the truth and not passively report information as it is presented to us.We must challenge our sources.We can accurately quote a politician,but is he or she giving correct facts or telling the truth?Where did the aid worker learn the casualty toll?Are the numbers cited in a speech correct?We have a duty to report the news but should draw attention to any inconsistencies and inaccuracies in a newsmakers comments.All production must be checked by an editor before being sent to clients or published online.In other words,we must do everything we can to provide as accurate and truthful coverage of events as possible.With the amount of rumour and noise circulating online and on social networks,our role of providing accurate and verified news,via identified and reliable sources,has never been more important.BALANCE AND FAIRNESS Our coverage must be fair,impartial and balanced.We must try to contact all sides of a story and obtain comment and reaction from those facing criticism or accusations of wrongdoing.Unless we are dealing with breaking news,we should give a person reasonable time to respond.A single unanswered phone call or email is insufficient.If we cannot reach the person in time,we should say so in the story and keep trying to elicit comment,updating the story if we obtain one.Producing balanced coverage does not oblige us to give equal space to all sides of an issue.We do not have to repeat hate speech,defamatory comments and incitements to violence or propaganda.Nor are we required to quote views that contradict established facts when giving background information.We should regularly step back and ask ourselves if our coverage really is balanced and complete,particularly when it comes to sensitive topics such as conflicts or elections.COMPLAINTS AND THE RIGHT OF REPLY When complaints are made about our coverage we should deal with them politely,calmly and promptly,including when we feel the complaint is unjustified.When a complaint is justified we can correct a factual error or offer to quote the aggrieved party in a fresh story-which does not preclude us from returning to the original source of the story for further comment.In the case of complaints that touch on potential legal issues,such as libel or breach of law,we should(a)ask the person to submit the complaint in writing and(b)refer the matter to the management for handling by AFPs legal department.We must not enter into correspondence with the person concerned beyond acknowledging receipt of their complaint and saying that it has been transferred to the relevant department.Anything we write or say,however well intentioned,can be used in future legal action against the Agency.CORRECTIONS AND KILLS AFP must correct errors quickly and transparently.The Agency does not set a time limit on corrections-even if days or weeks have passed,factual errors must be corrected and if necessary,the story killed and removed from the database.When in doubt,the journalist should contact the chief editor and legal department for advice.DATELINES AND BYLINES Datelines can only be used if AFP has a journalist,either a staffer or a stringer,at the scene.We must be transparent with datelines and not pretend to be somewhere we are not.Journalists being sent on coverage should not write advancers for sports,conferences or any other events with the local dateline if they have not yet arrived.We should not use a dateline if we are receiving our information from a local news agency and there is no AFP presence at the scene,even if we have an agreement to pick up the local agencys coverage.We can switch a series to a local dateline once we have an AFP presence(text,photo,video)and have received initial elements from the location.A byline can be used if the journalist is at,or has just returned from,the datelined location,but not before.When the situation merits it,a second byline can be added from another location (e.g.by Tom BROWN(with John SMITH in Paris)Vienna,July 10 xxx DATAJOURNALISM AFP journalists mining data must ensure that the material is accurate and originates from a trustworthy source.They must present the resulting content in a neutral fashion.They must not present the data in a way that favours any particular narrative or indicates bias.Graphics giving data should be properly scaled to avoid giving misleading impressions.EMBARGOES Once we agree to handle a story with an embargo we are ethically obliged to respect it.However,that obligation ends the moment another news outlet breaks the embargo,or if they publish elements under an“exclusive”tag with the tacit approval of the embargoed materials authors.If a reporter believes there is a pressing reason for releasing the story ahead of time he or she should consult with the bureau chief or head of service.Breaking an embargo can deprive us of receiving future information from those concerned,so it should be done only with the approval of the chief editor.HANDOUTS We must clearly identify all material received as handouts from governments,press services etc.and never present it as our original work.The same rule applies to pool reports.IDENTIFYING YOURSELF AS A JOURNALIST AFP journalists must identify themselves as such.They must not conceal or misrepresent their identities without an overriding reason such as personal safety,in which case the news management should be informed.INTERVIEWS We must explain the circumstances under which we conducted an interview and say if there were any ground rules(which would require prior approval from the bureau chief,head of service or chief editor).If it was a face-to-face interview,we should make that clear by giving the location and any colour elements that add to the story.If the interview was conducted electronically,we must say so,e.g.XXX said in the interview,which was conducted by telephone/Skype call/email/Facebook messenger etc.This must be made clear from the very start of the series so that there is no danger of misleading clients and consumers who may assume the interview was face-to-face.We must also say whether we submitted the questions in advance.We never submit the text of an interview or quotes for vetting although we can recontact the individual for clarification of any factual points or unclear quotes.PLAGIARISM We must never present the work of others as our own.If we use external material such as extracts from the work of others,pick-ups from interviews and other media,the source must be fully identified and credited.We must not violate copyright.PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE We must respect the presumption of innocence and never suggest that because an individual has been arrested or charged that he or she is guilty.PRODUCT LAUNCHES Major technology or other product launches can generate global interest and should be given the coverage they merit,but we must maintain a neutral tone and not appear to be giving an endorsement.We must avoid repeating manufacturers claims of first,biggest and best,unless we can independently verify the veracity of the assertion,and we should add background on competing products.PROTECTION OF SOURCES Journalists have a duty to protect the identity of confidential sources and fixers and should never knowingly put them at risk.Digital surveillance is now commonplace and this should be taken into account when working on sensitive stories.If we promise our sources confidentiality,we must be prepared to accept any legal consequences that may result.AFP journalists should never hand over their recordings,notes or images to a third party.If requested to do so they should inform the chief editor who will seek legal advice if necessary.RESPECT FOR THE LAW AFP journalists respect the laws of the countries where they work and must not resort to illegal means such as theft,misrepresentation,stealing of passwords,hacking or electronic surveillance to obtain information.We can report on material and events whose origin is legally questionable such as leaked classified documents,and covering banned demonstrations and other forms of resistance in authoritarian countries.However,we must take care to ensure that we are not leaving ourselves open to potential legal action.In such cases,the reporter should contact the chief editor who will consult with the legal department if necessary.When we are informed in advance of militant actions by activist groups,NGOs or trade unions,we must ask the organisers for as many details as possible so that we can assess whether the action is legal or whether it could be dangerous,in order to make an informed decision on coverage.In such cases,the editor-in-chiefs department should be consulted.SOURCES AND ATTRIBUTION We have a duty to be as transparent as possible in our reporting so anonymous sources should only be used to report information that we cannot obtain by other means.The use of anonymous sources should be an exception,not the rule,and we must explain in as much detail as possible why we cannot identify the source.Before granting anonymity,we must consider the motivations of the source and be wary of possible manipulation.See more on:https:/ SUBTERFUGE We should never film or record people with hidden equipment unless there is an overriding public interest or if we have security or other legitimate reasons.It is forbidden to film or record someone without their knowledge when the story concerns their private life or is in a private location.USE OF QUOTES We must report sources accurately,without modifying what was said or selectively using quotes that misrepresent the sense of the statement.It is not our responsibility to correct grammatical mistakes or clumsy language.We can use a partial quote or paraphrase if necessary,although it is legitimate to quote verbatim a public figure who misspoke.We must never change the sense of a quote through editing,either in text or video,and avoid using ellipses.Without overburdening the text,we should give complete quotes and limit partial quotes.If there is any room for doubt,we must explain where and how we obtained the quote.3/Areas of Concern.ANALYSES Providing analyses of current issues is an important part of our job,but we must take care that analyses are based on the opinions of those interviewed and do not reflect our own viewpoint.We are a global news agency and we should seek out analysts who offer conflicting points of view,and not be content with analysts who represent only one position.We must spe