高中状语从句讲解.doc

高中状语从句讲解语法专题复习（四）状语从句讲解状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。 一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下: 1I fell asleep when he was doing his exercises .他正作练习时我睡着了。（时间状语从句）3She always sings as she walks .她总是一边走一边唱。（时间状语从句）4I waited until he had finished his work .我等到他做完活。（时间状语从句）5It was not long before he told me about this affair .不久，他就告诉我这件事。（时间状语从句）6He has worked very hard since he entered the factory 自从他进厂，工作一直很努力。（时间状语从句）1 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when种类从属连词例 句说 明时whenwheneverWhen I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正在写信。We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。when指的是“某一具体的时间”。whenever指的是“在任何一个不具体的时间”。间状whenI was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末。语whileWhile it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去了。I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。while指“在某一段时间里”，“在期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的。asShe always sings as she walks .as引导持续性动作，强从她总是一边走一边唱调主句和从句的动作同时发生。句beforeBe a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先生。before译为在之前afterHe arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。till We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到为止”时until She didnt stop working until eleven oclock .她到11点钟才停止工作。Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there.她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直才”“在以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调，一般用until间状sinceas soon asGreat changes have taken place in China since 1978.自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, Ill write to you.我一到上海就给你写信。状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。语从句hardlywhenno soonerthanI had hardly got home when it began to rain.我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.我们刚到车站，火车就走了。Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。hardlywhen和no soonerthan的意义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装。every time, by the time, the moment等Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕船。The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。Next time you come ,youll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时。2 地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere地点状语从句wherewhereverWhere there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语。3 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, since特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, 原因状becauseI came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强一般放在主句之后语从句sinceSince everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首asAs he didnt know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中。now that, seeing thatNow (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去。4 目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that目的状语从句thatI shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。Well tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.多穿点衣服，以免患感冒。目的状语从句中常用情态动词may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主从句之间不用任何标点符号so thatin order thatlest = for fear that5 结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,结果状so that sothatWe turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。He was so excited that he couldnt say a word.他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。so that前有逗号为结果状语从句。sothat的so后面跟形容词或副词。语从句suchthatHe gave such important reasons that he was excused.他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.这是一本十分有意思的书，大家都想看。suchthat的such后面跟名词，如果名词是单数就要用such a /anthat还可以转换用sothat，语气较强6 条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that 条件状语 从 句if Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。unless和ifnot同义，unless是书面语，ifnot是口语，通常二者可以换用。条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。unless除非下雨，我们明天就去那里。= We shall go there tomorrow if it doesnt rain.as/so longSo/As long as you work hard, you will succeed. asin case so far as只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。So far as I know, the book will be published next month.据我所知，那本书下月出版。7 让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever 让 步 状 语thoughAlthough (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 。We were not tired though (although) we had在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still连用。though / although意义相同，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后者正式多放主句的前面。although worked all day.虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。 从 句even ifeven thoughIll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也要去。even if 和even though的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。 让 步as Child as he is , he knows a lot .虽然他是一个孩子，但他懂得很多。Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors.虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。as引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它比用though或although引导的从句，语气强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。 状 语 从no matter (who, what when, where which, how)Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful.不管谁为我处理这件事，我都将非常感激。no matter与 who-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一 样，no matter引导的从句可是以位于主句前或主句后。 句whever (whatever whoever whenever whichever however)Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。Whoever comes, he will be welcome.无论谁来，都会受到欢迎。whever从句中的动词有时可以和may连用。判断whever引导的是状语从句还是名词性从句的一点是，名词性从句，主句中一定有一个成分要在从句担任，一般从句与主句之间没有逗号。不可将no matter与whever连用8 比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as B 比 较 状 语asas not so/as asthe same assuchasMary is as old as my sister.玛利和我姐姐一样大。He doesnt run so (as) fast as Jack (does).他不如杰克跑得那样快。His book is the same as mine.他的书和我的一样。Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。连词表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用asas否定句可用not asas 或not soas 从 句thanShe has made greater progress this year than she did last year.她今年比去年进步更大。He bought fewer books than I (did).他买的书比我买的少。表示不同程度之比较，主句中用比较级的形容词或副词。比较状语从句the more the moreThe more you read, the better you understand.你看的书越多，你懂得的就越多。The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。 The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。The sooner, the better.越快越好。The warmer, the better.越暖和越好。 the morethe more 意思为越越，通常的语序为从句在前主句在后，这两个the都是表示程度的副词，用在比较级的形容词或副词前面。句子意思明显，句子的主语和动词都可省略。9 方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the way 方 式 状 语 从 句as Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的画一只猫。Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做。此处as译为，按照或正如as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气。as ifas thoughShe looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了。He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。10特殊的特殊形式的状语从句that We are sure (that )the four modernization will be realized in China .我们相信四化一定会在中国实现。Im sorry (that) I didnt have time to write you sooner.很抱歉，我没有抽出时间早点给你写信。I am afraid that I cant go with you.恐怕我不能同你一起去了。that 引导的从句，往往跟在一个做表语的形容词后面，从句概念上看是宾语，所以有的语法家把它看做是宾语从句，但结构上看，也可以把它看作是一个特殊的状语从句，用来修饰表语的形容词。这种从句的连词常常被省略。 状语从句的简化状语从句的省略状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：Im taller than he (is tall ). The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ). 状语从句的简化现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。 If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。 You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。 As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。 Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。While (he was) a you ng boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。 Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。d.连词+过去分词The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什He wouldnt solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。f. 连词+介词短语She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。tips:只用as不用when或while的情况1、用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行，指“一边一边”，如： The girl sings as she goes to school.2、表示两个同步发生的动作或行为如： As time went by,she became more and more beautiful. 3、表示两个动作紧跟着发生，如： As he was going out,it began to rain, 4、接在名词后面表示某一个年龄段时。如： As a young man, he was active in sports.连接词when,while,as的用法区别1、while引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是可持续的，而when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词既可以可持续的，也可以是表短暂性动作的动词。 WhenWhile he was eating his breakfast,he heard the door bell rang. When I stopped my car,a man came up to me.(while不可用) 2、从句动作发生在主句动作之前时，只能用when 引导，不可用whileas,如： When you have finished your work,you may have a rest3、表示“随着”,连词用as,不用whenwhile,如： As the election approached,the violenve got worse. 4、如果主句表示的是短暂性的动作，从句用延续性动作的进行时态表示一段时间内正在进行的动作时，三者可互相交换使用。如： WhenWhileAs I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend of mine.till,until和notuntil用法1、untiltill引导时间状语从句用于肯定句中时，主句的动词时延续性动词，表示动作或状态一直持续到untiltill所表示的时间，意为“某动作一直持续到某时间点才停止”，译为“直到为止”。 You may stay here until the rain stops. 2、用于否定句时，主句谓语动词时非延续性动词，从句为肯定，意为“直到才”，如： He wouldnt go to bed till/until he had finished the work. 3、until 可以置于句首，till不行。如： Until you told me , I had no idea for it. 4、notuntill句型中的强调和倒装说法： It iswas not until that Not until+从句+助动词+主句。例： e.g.it was not until you told me that I had some idea for it. Not until you told me did I hace any idea for it.连接词since的用法注：since的用法主要有两点：一是表示“自从以来”，二是表示“既然”。1、 Since意思是“从那一刻开始”如： He has studied very hard since he came to our school. We have been missing them since they left here. 2、 若since 引导的状语从句表示 “从持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如： I havent heard any noise since I slept. Sleep为持续性动词，sleep的动作结束时，即“醒来”时，译为“我醒后还未听到任何声响。” John is now with his parents in New York .It is already 3 years since he was a teacher. 3、 若since其表示的时间的起点应从动作之时算起。如： I havent heard from him since he has lived there.这里的has lived表示动作的持续性，时间的起点应从“开始居住”时算起，“自从他（开始）住在那儿，我就一直没有收到他的来信” Since we have owned a car,we have gone camping every year. 4、 句型it is +一段时间+since与it has been +一段时间+since意思相同，时间的计算从since从句的动作完成或状态结束结束结束结束时算起。It is 2 years since he left the country.Before1、it+（will/would）be +时间段+before “过了（多长时间）才” It will be sometime before we know whether the drug takes effect or not.2、it+（will/would）be not +时间段+before “过不了多久就