专四语法第3节-代词.doc

专四语法第3节-代词

第三节 代词
代词在语言学和语法学中是指代替名词或名词短语的词。代词在不同语言中分类也不同，不过大体上包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词等。

一．人称代词
用来代替人或事物的名称的代词叫人称代词(Personal Pronoun)，人称代词有主格(Nominative Case)和宾格(Objective Case )之分。
1.主格:I，he，she，it，we，you，they。用作主语、表语或同位语。
Tom is our headmaster，and he is very strict with us.汤姆是我们的老师,他对我们很严格。(主语)
The winners are he and I.获胜者是他和我。(表语)
Two employees, David and he, have worked here for five years.两个雇员,戴维和他，已经在这里工作5年了。(同位语)
2.宾格:me，him，her，it，us，you，them。用作宾语、宾语补语、同位语或独立使用。
Lucy is a good friend of mine, and I like her.露西是我的好朋友之一,我喜欢她。(动词宾语)
Nobody knows it except me.除了我以外,没人知道这件事。(it是动词宾语,me 是介词宾语)
I don't believe the murderers to be them.我不相信凶手是他们。(实语补语 )
Let's you and me have a try.我们来试一试! (宾语us的同位语)
-I don't want to have classes on Sundays.我星期天不想上课。
-Me either.我也是。(独立使用)
3.人称代词it 的特殊用法
(1) 表示天气、时间和距离、环境等。如:
It's raining.下雨了。
It's eight o'clock.8点了。
It's about two hours' walk.步行大约两个小时。
(2) it用于打电话时,指人。如:
Hello, it is Susan.喂,我是苏珊。
(3) it 可指代婴儿或小孩。如:
Look at the baby. It's laughing in its cradle.看那个小孩,他正在摇篮里笑。
(4) it作形式主语或形式宾语。如:
It's easy for him to finish all the exercises.对他来说,做完所有的练习很容易。
(5) it用于强调句型it is/was+强调部分+that/who+其余部分。如:
It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed.不仅在公共场合中,在私人生活中同样需要智慧。

二．物主代词
表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词(Possessive Pronoun)。
1.形容词性物主代词有:my，his，her，its，our，your，their。 形容词性物主代词具有形容词的功能，可修饰名词、动名词。
A tree drops its leaves in autumn.树在秋天落叶。
比较:Our students should study hard.我们的学生应该努力学习。(说话者不在学生之内)
We students should study hard.我们学生应该努力学习。(说话者是学生)
2.名词性物主代词有:mine，his，hers，its，ours，yours，theirs。名词性物主代词起名词作用，能作主语、宾语、表语,但不能作定语。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。
Our school is much larger than theirs (= their school) 我们的学校比他们的大。

三．反身代词
反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns)也叫复合人称代词(Compound Personal Pronoun )，由人称代词加self构成，共有9 个词: myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,oneself,ourselves,yourselves 和
themselves。其用法有:
1.作宾语,此时宾语必须和主语或动作的发出者一致。
Let me introduce myself.我来介绍一下自己。
The cup didn't break itself; somebody must have broken it.这个杯子自己是不会破的，一定有人把它打破了。
2.作同位语,强调不是别人、正是此人。
The president himself gave her the medal.总统亲自给她颁发了奖章。(主语同位语)
I spoke to Sunny herself.我向桑妮本人说的。(宾语同位语)
3.反身代词常用的固定搭配:
teach oneself 自学 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 lose oneself迷路
help oneself to…随意吃…… devote oneself to 专心于 come to oneself 苏醒
make oneself at home不受拘束 by oneself独自一人地 beside oneself 发狂
of oneself 自发地 for oneself替自己,为自己 in itself本身
between ourselves 你知我知,不要对别人讲
四、 指示代词
指示代词（Demonstrative Pronoun）以this, these, that, those为主，such, so, same也常充当指示代词用。
1、 this, these, that, those 的用法
（1）this, that 制单数，these, those指复数，this和these指靠近说话者的东西，that
和those指远离说话者的东西。
（2）电话用语中，this指自己，that指对方，为身旁的两人介绍，都是this。
（3）this, that, these, those 指可和复数（或含有复数含义的）名词表示连用一段时间一笔钱等。如：
What about that ten dollars you borrowed from me last week? 你上个星期跟我借的那10元钱真么样啊（你打算什么时候还？）
I’ve been reading the book these two weeks.这两周末我一直在读这本书。
（4） that和those可以指代前文提到的名词，避免重复，这时后面总是接有修饰语。如：
The population of China is a quarter of that (=the population) of the world中国的人口为世界人口的四分之一 。
His dress is that (=the dress) of a gentleman, but his speech and behavior are those (=speech and behavior) of a clown.她的衣着是绅士的衣着，可是他的言行是小丑的言行。
（5） 用于指代上下文内容时，常用that/those ,指代下文时，用this/these
. Health is above wealth ;this (=wealth or the latter) cannot give us so much happiness as that (=health or the former).健康胜于财富；后者（财富）不想前者（健康）能给我们那么多的幸福。
（6） this和that还可以用作副词，置于形容词和副词之前表示so 的含义。如：
I can’t walk that far (=as far as that).我走不了那么远。
Can you spare me this much (=as much as this)?你能分这么多给我吗？
（7） 有关this 和that 的惯用语。
By this 到了这个时候 at this 一听/看到这一点 on/upon this 于是
With this 于是，一面说（一面又）for all that/this虽然如此that is (to say)即，也就是说
That’s it.对的！ That’s right.是的。 That’s all 仅此而已
Is that so?是那样吗？/是真的吗？ That will do那正好。
2. such作指示代词的用法
Such are the results.结果就是如此。（主语）
He is a child, and must be treated as such (=a child) 他是个孩子，所以应该以小孩看待。（作介词as的主语）
[专四真题] his strong sense of humour was make everyone in the room burst out laughing.
A. so as to B. such as to C. so that D. such that
译文：他的幽默感如此之强，以至于让屋子里每一个人都大笑了起来。
分析：such as to 表示“如此……以至于”。在这个短语中such是个代词，代表上文提到的情况或句子暗含的情况。在本句中such代表“他很强的幽默感”，因此B符合题意。A项so as to 表示“以便”。C项 so that 后应跟一个完整的句子；另外make 这个动词用的是复数形式，如果把that看做主语，谓语就应为makes,因此C选项也不合题意。D项such that“如此……以至于”后面也应该跟一个完整的句子。
3. the same 作指示代词的用法
The same may be said of his brother.他弟弟可以说也有这种情况。（主语）
He bought a new car, but soon sold the same.他买了一辆车，但不久就把它卖了（宾语）
Our views are the same 。我们的看法是相同的。（表语）
“Happy new year !” “The same to you !” “新年好！” “新年好！”
4. so作指示代词的用法
（1）so 用于代替对话中前面提到的内容，表示肯定的意思。
I don’t think he is an honest person and I’ve told him so.我认为他不是一个诚实的人，这一点我已经对他表明了。
--Do you think Tom will come to this party?你觉得汤姆会不会来参加聚会？
--I hope so.我希望他会来。
（2）so 常置于句首，强调末尾的词。
You have seen the film. So have I.你看过这部电影，我也看过（这部电影）
五，相互代词
相互代词(Reciprocal Pronoun)是指表示两个人或几个人之间的相互关系的代词。相互代词只有两个，即each other和one another。他们的用法没有区别。
1.相互代词常做宾语。
Probably we influence each other/one another.或许我们相互影响。
2.加 `s 做定语。
They were holding with each other’s hands tightly when they were parted.当被分开时，他们紧握住彼此的手。
六、 疑问代词
疑问代词(Interrogative Pronoun)指的是引出特殊疑问句的代词，常见的疑问代词有：what, which, who, whom, whose等。疑问代词在剧中做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如：
Who cleaned the classroom yesterday?昨天谁打扫的教室？（主语）
What can we do about it？这是我们有何办法？（宾语）
What’s your father? 你爸爸是干什么的（表语）
Which book do you like best? 你最喜欢哪本书？（定语）
*注意：what 和which 做定语时，若有明确的范围用which；若无，则用what。
七、 关系代词
关系代词(Relative Pronoun)用来引导定语从句，具有从属连词与代词的双重作用，主要有who, whom, whose, which, that 等。常用的用法有（详见本书第10节“定语从句”）：
1.who,whom 指人，在定语从句中分别做主语和宾语；
2.that 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语；
3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语
4.whose可疑之人也可以植物，在定语从句中做主语。
八、 不定代词
不定代词(Indefinite Pronoun),即不指明代替任何特定名词或形容的代词。
1.不定代词one 的用法
（1） one 指不定人物时，相当于anyone，表示任何一个人、人人，器反身代词为oneself物主代词为one’s,凡是要重复one 或one’s的地方，可以用he 或者his 来代替。
One has to do one's best.人人都要尽 力 而 为
One who does not take care of his (不 用 one's) health is likely to be ill at any time. 不注意自己健康的人随时都可能生病。
【专四真题】When one has good heath,＿＿＿should feel fortunate.
A. you B. they
C. he D. we
译文: 当一个人健康的时候，他应该感到幸运。
分析: one作不定代词代指某人，谓语动词用单数时，指代one的人称代词相应地用第三人称单数，因此答案是C。
(2) 代替前面出现过的可数名词，以免出现重复，复数形式ones,可与冠词连用，可以有自己的定语。如:
Please pass me the book, the one on the top shelf. 请把那本书递我，书架顶上那本。
The new cars are much better than the old ones. 这些新车比旧车好很多。
one of之后的名词或代词一定是复数,one of...作主语时,必须接单数动词;但one of...后面接定语从句时,定语从句的谓语动词用复数。如:
One of my friends is going to meet me at the airport. 我的一个朋友会在机场见我。
Jone is one of the students who are never late.琼是从不迟到的学生之一。
2.no one, nobody, none的用法
(1) no one和nobody同义,意为“无一人”,相当于not anyone,作主语时用单数动词,可用于回答who问句。如:
No one expects you to be perfect.没人指望你是完美的。
-Who's in the classroom? 谁在教室里?
-Nobody.没人。
(2) none指三者或三者以上中的“任何一个都不”，可指人也可指物,相当于not one或not any persons/things,可用于回答how many...问句。none作主语时，用单数动词或复数动词都可以;none后面常接of短语。
Any is better than none.有总比没有好。
None has/have made such an attempt.没有人做过这样的尝试。
It's none of your business.不关你事。
3.either,neither,both的用法
(1) 这三个词都只能指两个人或两件事物。both“两者都”,either“两者中任何一个”，neither“两者都不”。这三个词也可作形容词用,后接名词。作主语时,either, neither 与单数连用,both 与复数连用。如:
Neither car is exactly what I want.这两辆车都不是我想要的。(作定语)
Both look equally good.这两个看起来都好。(作主语)
There are flowers on both sides of the street.路边长满了野花。(作定语,强调两边)
There are flowers on either side of the street.路边长满了野花。(作定语,强调每一边)
(2) both之后可接名词,也可接the或形容词性物主代词，再接名词;both of之后可接名词或代词,但接名词时，名词前必须有限定词the或形容词性物主代词; 而either和neither不能这样用，可用于neither/either of+人称代词或neither/either of the/these/those.如:
Both the boys are clever. //Both of the boys are clever. //Both boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either/Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很/不聪明。(不可去掉of)
Neither of them can swim.他们俩没有一个会游泳。
4.each,all和形容词every的用法
(1) 三者都可用来概括全体,但强调重点不同:all指三者或三者以上的“全部”，整体性地考虑总体(具有概括性);every指三者或三者以上中的“每个”,考虑总体中的所有成员(与all很接近);each指两者或两者以上的“每个”，是逐个逐个地考虑总体(具有个别性)。
All books are interesting.//Every book is interesting.所有的书都很有趣。
There are trees on each side of the road.路两边都有树。(指两者,不可用every)
(2) all和each既可作代词(单独使用或后接of短语)，也可作形容词（其后接名词);而every却只能用作形容词，不能用作代词。如:
All (of the) books are good.//Each/Every book is good.//Each of the books is good.
所有的书都是好的。//每本书都是好的。
(1) each和every之后通常接单数可数名词，用作主语时,其谓语动词用单数;即使后面接两个用and连接的名词,其谓语依然用单数。但是,each作同位语时，不影响谓语动词的数。如:
Every/Each man and (every/each) woman knows it.每个男人和女人都知道此事。
The students each have a dictionary.学生每人有一本字典。(each为主语students的同位语)
Each of the students has a dictionary.学生每人有一本字典。(each为主语)
(2) every可以与almost, nearly, single, without exception等结合,以强调“(几乎)全体一致,没有例外",但each却不能。如:
Almost every student has read the book.几乎所有学生都读过这本书。(不可用each)
(3) all和every可与not连用构成not all/every,表示部分否定,意为“并非每个都";every可用于"every+基数词+复数名词“结构中,等同于"every+序数词+单数名词"，意为“每隔.....之中" 但each没有这两种用法。如:
Not every culture divides the sexes absolutely.//Not all cultures divide the sexes absolutely.
不是每一种文化都绝对区分性别。
I go to see my grandmother every three days(=every third day).我每三天(每隔两天)去看我祖母。
(4) every one与everyone
every one是两个词,既可用来指人，也可用来指物,等于each one,后面可跟介词of; everyone是一个词,只用来指人,等于everybody,后面不能跟介词of,是“每个人，人人,大家”的意思，不指具体哪一个人,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数形式。如:
Every one of us is getting ready for the exam.我们每个人都在为考试做准备。
Every one is here except Tom.除汤姆外大家都到了。
5.another,other,others,the other, the others 的用法
(1) another泛指不定数目之中的“另一个";the other指确定数目中的“另一个",多指两个之中剩下的“另一个”,常与one连用,one..the other..
This office is rather untidy. Can we use another?这个办公室非常乱,我们能用另一个吗?
I don't like this one. Please show me another.我不喜欢这一个,请给我看看另一个。
I have two pens. One is black, the other is red.我有两支钢笔，一支是黑色的，另一支是红色的。
比较 :No one can tell one child from another; they all look quite alike. (至 少: 三个小孩)
No one can tell one child from the other; they look quite alike.(两个小孩)
(2) another two/three...+复数名词= two/three more+复数名词,意为“再两/三....。如:
I want to stay for another four(= four more) days.我想再待4天。
（3）other可作形容词或代词,作形容词时，意思是“别的，其他”，作代词时泛指其他(人或物)。
any other通常接单数名词,表示“其他任何....“other+复数名词”相当于others,多用于与前面提到的some并举。如:
Tom runs faster than any other student(=any of the other students)in his class.汤姆比他班上的任何人都跑得快，
Some students are playing games, others(=other students)are boating.一些学生在玩游戏，另一些在划船。
(4) the others是the other的复数形式，特指某一范围内的“其他的(人或物)”，the others=the other+复数名词。如:
Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others(=the other boys)will stay at home.两个男孩将去动物园，其余的留在家里。

典型真题训练
1.Our association, which has consistently pressed for greater employment opportunities for the disabled, will publish _______ proposals in the near future.
A. their B. our C. his D. its
2.Children who stay away from school do _______ for different reasons.
A. them B. / C. it D. theirs
3.Your ideas, _______, seem unusual to me.
A. like her B. like hers C. similar to her D. similar to herself
4. My daughter has walker eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk
______ far.
A. / B. such C. that D. as
5. His remarks were ______ annoy everybody at the meeting.
A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to
6. It was as a physician that he presented himself, and ______ he was warmly received.
A. as such B. such as C. as that D. so that
7.______ of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party last night.
A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
8. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?
A. They each have two tickets. B. They cost twenty yuan each.
C. Each they have bought the same book. D. They were given two magazines each.
9. The additional work will take ______ weeks.
A. the other B. another two C. other two D. the more
10.I can’t go-for one thing, I have no money, and ______, I have too much work.
A. what’s more B. as well C. for another D. in addition
11. You’d better look at the difficulty ______.
A. the other way B. by the other way C. another way D. by another way
12. Which of the following reflexive pronouns(反身代词) is used as an appositive(同位语)?
A. He promised himself rapid progress B. The manager herself will interview Mary C. I have nothing to say for myself D. They quarreled themselves red in the face
13. Henry does write his report very carefully, but I find that ______ of his two solutions is correct.
A.all B. none C. both D. neither
14. _____ made the school proud was _____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A.What; because B. What; that C. That; what D. That; because
15. It is said that every boy and girl in this school must have _____ hair cut short.
A.his B. her C. their D. its
16. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, _____ greatly upsets me.
A.it B. which C. that D. what
17. I wish to have a friend with _____ shares my hobbies and interests.
A.whomever B. no matter who C. whoever D. anyone
18. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _____ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A.as B. which C. what D. that
19. We consider _____ the thief stole all the underwear in the house instead of valuable things.
A.that strange B. it strange what C. it strange that D. strange why
20. The only candidate _____ can hope to defeat him finally quits.
A.who B. which C. that D. when
21. Austin had made no grammar mistakes in his thesis paper, but _____ had he well prepared for it.
A.so B. neither C. both D. either
22. Which of the following words can NOT be used to complete “This is the place _____ I visited”?
A./ B. where C. which D. that
23. They were caught in the forest, and _____ made matter worse was that it kept raining cats and dogs.
A.it B. which C. what D. that
24. Is this novel _____ Mr. Zhang referred to last week?
A.that B. what C. which D. the one
25. Tom says he won’t forget the day _____ we worked together and the day _____ we spent together.
A.when; which B. what; that C. which; when D. on which; when
26. It is reported that about two hundred people died in the accident, _____ children.
A.many of whom B. many of them are
C. many of which D. many of them
27. A five-year-old boy can speak two forei