英语写作复习笔记.doc

一． 修辞手法
1. Simile 明喻
Eg、 O my love's like a red,red rose、
That man can not be trusted、He is as slippery as an eel 黄鳝
She likes an apple in her eyes、
2. Metaphor暗喻
Eg、 The picture of those poor people's lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it、
There was a medieval magnificence about the big dining hall、
The street faded into a country road with straggling houses by it、
There was a few lordly poplars before the house、
All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment、
Independent would not be a trial seperation,but would be a painful divorce、
3. Personification 拟人
Eg 、 Youth is hot and bold,age is weak and cold、
The match will soon be over and defeat is staring us in the face、
The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing抛 their boat、
4. Metonymy 借喻 转喻 不直接说明而就是以另外一个与之相关得事物来说明
Sword and cross in hand,the European conquerors fell upon the Americas、
When the war was over,he lay down the sword and took up the pen、弃武从文
His purse钱包would not allow him that luxury
The kettle boils 水开了
The room sat slient、 全屋人安静得坐着。
Lend me your ears , please、 请听我说。
His unfriendly tough surprised her、
5. Synecdoche、提喻
A. 部分代整体 或者说特殊代一般
Eg 、 He is the Newton of this century、
The had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs、打零工 面包来代指生活收入
The farms were short of hands during the harvest season、 手代指人
There are about 100 hands working in the factory、 同上
B、整体代部分 或者一般代特殊
Eg、 The fox(狐狸来代指狐狸得毛皮) goes very well with your cap、帽子
Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in this exciting football match、用德国与阿根廷来代指两个国家得球队
The poor creature could not endure her sufferings、用生物代指人
6. Euphemism 委婉 ,诲饰
Eg、 He is out visiting the neccessary、 她出去方便了。
His relation with his wife has not been fortunate、 她与她妻子离婚了。
Deng xiaoping passed away in 1977、
注意瞧课本page19页得词得委婉用法。
7. Irony 反语
Eg、 It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning、
早上没有时间观念还真就是好事。实际上就是运用反语说应该有时间观念。
8. Overstatement 或hyperbole 夸张and Understatement缩小,低调陈述
A. Overstatement得用法
Eg、 I beg a thousand pardons、 我非常抱歉。
When she heard the bad news,a river of tears poured out、当她听到噩耗,眼泪如江水一般汹涌流出。
She is dying 十分to know what job has been assigned her、
On hearing that he had been admitted to that famous university,he whispered to himself,"I'm the luckiest man in the world、"
B、Understatement 得用法
Eg、 It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool、建室内游泳池只花了一点小钱。
"He is really strange,"his friends said when they heard he had divorced his pretty and loving wife、 Strange在此就是低调陈述,实际上就是说he is very stupid and crazy、
9. Transferred Epithet 移就 用本来应该修饰人得形容词来修饰物或者其她得东西,大多就是把表达人得思想观念得词语移用于其她物体上面 。英语移就格得特征:转移形容词 + 中心语 。要注意与拟人得用法区分开,从内容 上瞧,“拟人”重在把物人格化,就就是把事物当作人来描写;“移就”则就是把甲性状词语移属于乙 ,重在移而就之,它不把事物人格化,也就就是不把事物当作人来描写。
Eg、 She was so worried about her son that she spent several sleepless nights、
她太担心她得儿子以至于她整晚难眠。Sleepless本身就是指人睡不着,在此却修饰了nights夜本身无所谓眠不眠,不眠得只就是人而已。
In his quiet laziness he suddenly remembered that strange word、 Quiet 本就是形容人得安静 在此形容laziness 指人懒
The assistant kept a respectful diatance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor、
He said yes to the question in an unthinking moment、
The old man put a reassuring劝慰人得 hand on my shoulder、老人拍了拍我得肩膀。
She has expensive tastes in clothing、
I was surprised to find him living in such drab and cheerless surroundings、
10. Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法,反意法,逆喻
Eg、 The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees、严格就是对队友好
When the news of failure came ,all his friends said that it was a victorious defeat 虽败犹荣
The president was conspicuously非常显眼得 absent on that occasion、
11. Alliteration 押韵,渐降法
Eg、Long and loudly little Lily laughed、
The windows waved violently in the wind、
Drain your sweat--nay,drink your blood?
I see also the dull,drilled,docile,brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts、
12. Synaesthesia 通感
The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice、由视觉转移到听觉
鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花得声音。
Taste the music of Mozart、品味莫扎特得音乐。
13、排比
14、Pun 双关
Eg、 If we don't hang悬挂 together,we shall hang 绞死separately、
15. Parody 仿拟 就是指模仿名言警句与谚语等。
Eg、 Rome is not built in a day nor a year、
A friend in need is a friend to be avoided、
16. Rhetorical qustion 反义疑问句
Eg、You are staying,I'm going、
Give me liberaty,or give me death、
17. Antithesis 对照 就是指意义完全相反得两个语句排在一起比较。
二． 句子 The Sentence
1. 句子结构
S+V、
S+V+O
S+V+O2间接宾语+O1直接宾语
S+V+O+OC宾语补足语
S+LV连系动词+N名词 eg、 I'm a student、
S+LV+A形容词 eg、 I'm happy、
S+V+O+A eg、 We find the work difficult、
2. ma fault 逗号拼接句 两个完整得句子就是不能用逗号连接得
Eg、 Faulty: It was raining hard,they could not work in the field、
Improved: It was raining so hard that they could not work in the field、
Faulty: I was born in a small town, in the town there was only one school,I studied there for six years、
Improved: I was born in a small town, where there was only one school、I studied there for six years、
I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born、
Faulty: The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea、
Improved: The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea、
3. 句子类型 Types of Sentence、
A. 按照用法分为Declarative 陈述句 Interrogative 疑问句 Imperative 祈使句 and Exclamatory Sentence、感叹句
B. 按照句子结构可分为以下四种
a、Simple 简单句
b、pound 并列句 指包含两个或多个用连词或者分号(and,but,or,etc、)连接得独立完整得句子。
c、plex 复合句 就是指包含一个主句与一个或多个不完整得从句。像主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,定语从句,状语从句。
d、pound-plex Sentence 并列复合句
eg、 Jellyware is the human being and he is the person who uses the output of software、
C. Loose 松散句 Periodic 圆周句 and Balanced Sentence 对仗句
a、松散句就是把主要得强调得放在前面
eg、 She decided to study English though she was interested in music、
b、圆周句就是把主要得想要强调得放在后面,而且如果缺少了后面得部分 整个句子就是不完整得
she finally decided to study English、
Eg、 Although she was interested in music,he finally decided to study
c、二者得区别办法
loose 组织松散,在某些地方随时停顿,语法上具有一定得完整性
‚Periodic句末所讲得一般就是最关键得,语法语义上得停顿都就是不完整得,直到最后读完才知道讲得就是什么
ƒloose 一般比较简单,更自然更直接,而Periodic句式结构复杂,用词更正式书面化。
D、Effective Sentence 考试句子改错题
① Unity 完整----内部逻辑
Eg、Faulty:Du Fu was one of the greatest poets、
Revised: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang period、
②Coherence 连贯
Eg、Faulty: A man is judged not only by what he say but also by he deeds、
Revised:A man is judged not only by what he say but also by what he does
、 考点 A man is judged not only by his words but also by he deeds、
Faulty:We have great faith and high hopes for her、
Revised:We have great faith in and high hopes for her、
Have faith in sb\sth
Have hope for sb\sth
●Dangling modifier 悬垂分词 Page46-47瞧
Faulty: Looking out of the window,the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach、主语不一致 前面主语就是人得眼睛 后面主语就是grassland
Revised:Looking out of the window,he\she\I can see the grassland stretching as far as the eyes can reach、
Outside the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach、
Faulty:To get ready for the trip,all the things she needed were put into a suitcase、
Revised:To get ready for the trip,she put all the things she needed into a suitcase、
③Conciseness 简洁明了 page 48-49
Wordy: It was blue in color、
Mary is a quiet and careful woman、
He gave many reasons for the failure,but the reasons he gave were not convincing、
Concise:It was blue、
Mary is quiet and careful、
He gave many reasons for the failure,but none of them was convincing、
三． 段落 Paragraph
1. 段落得构成
Topic +controling idea
Paragraph=the topic sentence+supporting sentence+concluding sentence
2. 段落发展方式Ways of Developing Paragraphs、考试内容
①Development by Time
Signal words:when,before,after,while,during,first,second、、、
②Development by Process
Signal words:firstly,then,next,until,once,as,before,after,lastly、、、
③Development by Space 考Page78 sample13
Signal words:adjacent to 毗邻parallel to 平行 corresponding to 对称,正对面 edge,beyond,under,opposite to, beneath,down,over,above,on top of,inside,beside、、、
④Development by Example and Generalization 总分---举例 分总---归纳
注意瞧page81得sample16与sample17
⑤Development by parison and Contrast
1. parison 比较就是指比较得相同点,分为整体比较(block parison)page86 sample21就就是先写一个所有得特征之后再写另一个得所有得特征,把这两个得特征进行比较 ;交替比较(alternating parison)page85sample19就就是写一个这个得特征再写另一个得特征,交替着写 、
●比较得一个特殊形式----类比analogy多用于抽象得观点,感情等page87sample24
2、Contrast 对比 就是指比较得就是不同点,分为整体对比(block contrast)page86sample22与交替对比(alternating contrast)
⑥Development by Cause and Effect、
Signalwords:so,thus,hence,since,thanksto,because,consequently,therefore,result in,as a result of,so that,seeing that,for fear that、、、、
⑦Development by Classification
Signal words:classify,divide,similar,different,kinds,types,parts,
According to, fall into、、、categories
⑧Development by Definition、通常就是开头第一句就是解释一个词或者其她得,以下定义得方式引文。
⑨Development by a bination of Methods、不作为考试内容。
一． 填空 transitional expressions 2*10=20points
In addition/ for example/ in fact/ also/ furthermore/ then/ if/ because / even though/ first/ first of all/ and/ meanwhile / obviously/ now/ generally speaking/ when /lastly/therefore/ as a result / so/ so that/
二.