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专业英语部分习题答案参考.doc

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b-—吡啶 pyridine  巴比妥酸:barbituric acid   比电导conductance 不规则得:irregular   崩解剂disintegrant c--萃取 extraction 成团:agglomeration 测量仪measurement  肠液:intestinal fluid d-—胆固醇cholestero  对映体:enantiomer 电极electrode  代谢:metabolism f-—反相渗透reverse osmosis  分布:disposition g-—构象:conformation   固化:solidize j-—甲苯 toluene 静脉注:intravenous injection  挤压:press 聚集:aggregate 胶囊capsule l—-粒子:particle  立体选择性:stereoselectivity 利用率:availability  m—-灭菌产品sterile products       n--粘合剂adhesive p——偏振光:polarized light  片剂tablet   配剂elixir   排泄:excretion q--起始原料starting materials(raw materials) q醛 aldehyde r--溶解度:solubility 乳剂emulsion 润滑剂lubricant s——释放:release   渗液solution  生物膜:biologic membrane  生物碱alkaloid,          t-—-糖浆syrup  甜味剂sweetener w--丸剂pill 微生物microorganism  胃液:gastric fluid 稳定态:steady-state  x——旋光异构现象:optical isomerism  悬浮液suspension 香味剂flavor 稀释剂diluent   形状:shape 吸收:absorption    消除:elimination     y--胰岛素 insulin 压片:tablet pression  z—-中间体intermediate  重结晶 recrystallization 左旋:levorotation  蒸馏distillation  组织tissue a—-asymmetric carbon不对称碳 absorption吸收 action动作  adhesive粘合剂 c—-contamination污染  chirality:手性 press压缩  posite合成得 pressibility:可压缩性  paction:压紧  contamination specialize特殊污染 conductivity电导率 control:控制   clinical:临床得 d-- design:设计   dry:干燥    delivery:传送 e-- extend:延长  epoxide:环氧化物 f—— formulation:制剂    fluidity:流动性 function:功能  g-- geometric isomerism:几何异构 h-— hormone激素 hydrolysis diastereoisomer:水解非对映异构体 heterogeneous catalyst多相催化剂,   i—— irrigating冲洗 m-— metabolite代谢物  medication药物治疗  medicine内服药  mill:研磨 measure尺寸 mix:混合 microorganisms微生物   o—- ophthalmic眼药 p-- polysaccharide多糖 peptide肽  plasma血浆  penicillin青霉素,    precursor:前体 partition coefficient:狭义分配系数 pharmaceutical制药得  parenteral注射药物  pycogens热源  procedure:程序 q-— quality性质 quantity数量      s-— steroid甾类 steric effect:空间效应 stereoselectivity:立体选择性 screening:过筛 sustain :维持 t-- treat治疗   therapy:治疗     u-—uniformity目标    v--vaccine疫苗 Unit1   P7 1、 Answer  the  following  questions: (1) How many  groups  can pharmaceutical agents be  split into depending on their  production or  origin? ①totally synthetic materials(synthetics)②natural products③products from partial syntheses(semi-synthetic products)  (2)Can  you  illustrate  any  significant examples of  pharmaceutical  agents obtained  by  total synthesis? L—amine,chleramphomical,caffeine,Dopamine,Epinephrine, Lerodapa,peptide,hormones、Prestaglanding,P_Pouricollamine,Vincamine, (3)What is  the difference between  the synthetic  drugs  and  traditional  Chinese herbal medicine? synthetic drugs include the most important of synthetics and semi-sythetic products, however, natural products are frequently needed as starting materials or intermediates for important synthetic products、     2、生物碱 4、Introduction of Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight、 These polymers are posed of a sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually termed a polynucleotide、 The nucleic acids are of two main varieties, ribonucleic (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic (DNA)、  DNA is found primarily in the chromatin to the cell nucleus, whereas 90% of RNA is presented in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus、 The two classes of nucleic acids are distinguished primary on basis of the five-carbon atom sugar of pentose present、  Two general kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids、  One type is a derivative of the parent pound purine、 Principle examples are guanine and adenine、  The second class of bases found in all nucleic acid is derived from the parent pound pyrimidine、 介绍核酸 核酸就是超高分子量聚阴离子分子。这些聚合物组成,亚基或核苷酸,使整个通常称为多核苷酸序列。核酸有两种,主要品种核糖核酸(RNA)与脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)得。 DNA就是主要存在于细胞核内得染色质,而90%得RNA在细胞质现在与10%得核仁。核酸类得两个主要得区别在于对目前得五个戊糖碳原子得糖基础.一般两个种基地发现,在所有核酸。一类就是母体化合物嘌呤得衍生物.原理就是鸟嘌呤与腺嘌呤得例子.在所有发现核酸碱基第二类就是来自母体化合物嘧啶。 Unit2 P23 1、Answer  the  following questions: (1) What is quantitative  structure-activity  relationship (QSAR) of  pharmacologic  agents? quantitative descriptions of physical properties of pounds and the response of the biological system under consideration、 (2) How  many steric factors  influence  on  the pharmacologic activity? Three major headings、(1)Optical and Geometric Isomerism and Pharmacologic       Activity、(2)Confrontational Isomerism and Pharmacologic  Activity、(3)Isomerism and Pharmacologic Activity、 (3) Why do enantiomophric pairs (optical  isomers)  exhibit different biological  activities? difference in biologic activity may be due to a difference in the distribution of the isomers or to a difference in the properties of the drug-receptor bination of less them the optimal number of binding groups is suitably located for binding、 2、静脉注射 4、The finding of a novel drug molecule is a long, expensive, and tortuous process with no guarantee of success、 Clearly, out of the almost in finite number of possible pounds, only a finite(few, small) number can ever be selected for testing within a given time and the skill of medicinal chemist is in deciding which of those pounds to make first、 Of course, there is then the major problem of how to synthesize them! In order to make that decision, the mass of  biological data produced for pounds already tested needs to be analyzed in such a way that features which are important for the biological activity/activities can be identified and then for future molecules、 The goal of quantitative structure—activity relationship (QSAR) is to find predicative effect between quantitative descriptions of physical properties of pounds and the response of the biological system under consideration、  Hopefully the resulting QSAR will lead to an definition of the molecular features/properties most important in derterming activity, and guide the research of biological activity within the pound series、 发现了新得药物分子就是一个长期得,昂贵得,曲折得过程没有成功得保证。显然,出了几乎无限多得可能,只有有限得(很少,小)数量能被选定为测试在给定得时间与技能得药用化学家在决定哪些就是这些化合物使第一。当然,有那么主要问题就是如何合成!为了使这一决定,大规模得生物数据产生得化合物已经测试需要分析得方式,特点,就是重要得生物活性/活动可确定,然后为未来得分子.目得定量构效关系(构效关系)就是找到预测作用之间得定量描述化合物得物理性质与反应得生物系统得思考。希望由此产生得构效关系将导致一个定义得分子功能/性能最重要得derterming活动,并指导研究生物活性得化合物系列。 Unit11 P120 1、Answer the  following  questions: (1)How many kinds of the route of drug administration are there? ①oral route②parenteral route③topical route (2)Can you present these usual dosages for us of the drug that are administered orally? ①tablets②capsules③liquid oral (3)How is an evaluation of a tablet’s properties made? The actual physical design, manufacturing pracess, and plete chemical makeup of the tablet can have a profound effect on the efficacy of the drug being administered 2、Solid oral dosage forms are delivery systems presented as solid dose units readily administered by mouth、 The group includes tablets, capsules, pills, and turunda(suppository), as well as bulk or unit-dose powder and granules、 The group constitutes the most popular form of presentation, and tablets and capsules account for the greatest number of preparations in this category、 The prime reasons for this popularity includes: easy of accurate (yet versatile) measurement, good physical and chemical stability, petitive unit production costs, and an elegant distinctive appearance resulting in a high level of patient acceptability、 Among the potential disadvantages are irritant effects on the gastrointestinal mucosa by some solids and the possibility of  bioavailability  problems caused by the fact that both effectivity (in most causes) and stability must take place before the drug is a available for absorption、 固体口服剂型得运载系统作为固体剂量单位容易管理得嘴。该集团包括片剂,胶囊,丸,与栓剂(栓),以及体积或单位剂量得粉末与颗粒。该组得最流行得形式,介绍,与片剂与胶囊占最大数量得筹备工作在这个类别.主要原因包括:容易普及准确(但多才多艺)测量,物理与化学稳定性好,具有竞争力得单位生产成本,与优雅得独特得外观,导致高水平得病人接受。其中潜在得缺点就是刺激性影响胃肠粘膜得某些固体与可能得生物利用度得问题造成得事实,既有效性(在大多数得原因)与稳定之前必须发生得药物就是一种可吸收。 4、片剂 Unit12 P127 1、Answer the following questions: (1)Have you ever know the general methods and processes of the manufacture of tablet? Yes (2)What is the importance of manufacture granulation which tables are made from? Such as pactness, physical stabiling, rapod production, capubilty chemical stability and efficacy, are in general distated primarily by the qualities of the granmlation from which it is made (3)What ponents are included in general excipients in a tablet’s formula? All nondrug ponents (4) Have you understood the principle of tablet pression operation? 2、One of the monly used dosage forms oral is tablet, the ponents in tablet’s formulation include general diluent, binder, disintegrant, lubricant, and making the granulation is an important process of tablet's manufacture, the characteristics of a tablet depend basically on the qualities of the granulation, which must possess two characteristic: fluid ity and pressibi lity 、The wet g ranulation is a monly used method of granulation, which involves wet massing of the powers, wet sizing or milling and drying、 The idesl physical form of tablet materials is spheres 、unfortunately, most materials do not asily form spheres, which must be processed by granulation for forming sphere like or regularly shaped agg regates、 一个常用得剂型口服片剂,片剂得配方成分包括稀释剂,粘合剂,崩解剂,润滑剂,与造粒得过程就是一个重要得片得制作,特色得一片基本上取决于质量得造粒,其必须具备得特征:流动性与可压缩性.湿造粒方法常用得就是肉芽组织,其中包括湿集结得权力,或研磨与干燥得湿上浆。理想得物理形式得片材料领域。不幸得就是,大多数材料不容易形成领域,必须处理得肉芽组织形成球形或定期形成聚集体. 4 粒子 5、There are three essential methods of the manufacture of granulation for tablet pression, what are they? Unit13 P135 1(1)Can you tell difference in quality control between the oral tablet and sterile products injected? They are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body partment (2)How is the quality of sterile products assured in-process? assured in process :No extemporaneous changes are permitted to be made in these procedures, any change must go through the same approval steps as the original written sop、 Further, extensive records must be kept to give assurance at the end of the preduction process that all steps have been preformed as prescribed, an aspect emphasized in the FDA’s Good Manufacturing Practices (3)What is the standard operating procedure(SOPs)? To enhance the assurance of successful manufacturing operation, all process steps must be carefully reduced to writing after being shown to be effective (4)How is the water for injection usually prepared? Producing high—purity water Distillation and reverse osmosis, can be expected to remove undissociated substances along with those that are dissociated substances such as pyrogenus, however, could be present in the absence of ions and not be disclosed by the test 2、plete the passage below: Sterile product are dosage forms of therapeutic agent that are free of viable microorganisms, these include parenteral,ophthalmic and Irrigating preparations,because they are injected through the skin or mucuous membranes into internal body,parenteral products must be free from microbial contamination and from toxic ponents 、     Sterile products are most frequently solutions or suspensions,the most frequently employed vehicle for sterile product is water the quality of water for injection (WFI) is required by pharmacopeia,which is superior quality required,the natural water contain generally dissociated and undissciated organic and inorganic substances which they must be essentially removed and set a permitted limits,contaminants are products of matabolism of microorganisms,the removal of pyrogens  is very important for water for injection、 Water for injection is prepared by distillation or reverse osmosis、 无菌产品剂型得治疗剂,就是免费得,可行得微生物,其中包括肠外,眼科与灌溉得筹备工作,因为她们就是通过皮肤或粘膜进入人体内部,肠外产品必须免受微生物污染与有毒成分。无菌产品就是最常见得溶液或悬浮液,最经常使用得车辆为无菌产品水水质注射(注射用水)所需得药典,就是上乘得质量要求,自然含水量一般分离与undissciated有机与无机物质,它们必须就是基本上消除,设置一个允许得限度,污染物产品代谢得微生物,去除热原就是非常重要得注射用水.注射用水得制备蒸馏水或反渗透. 4、灭菌产品 5 、Why removal of pycogens is very important for WFI? Usually by a thermal method, in a container that has dissolved to some extent in the water、 Therefore, the solids content will be greater than for the nonsterlilzed product、 Unit14 P142 1、(1)What is the sustained release concept? Sustained release, sustained action, prolonged action, controlled release, extended action, timed release, depot, and repository dosage forms are terms used to identify drug delivery systems that are designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended perior of time after administration of a single dose、 (2)What are the advantages of sustained release dosage forms? Since the frequency of drug administration is reduced, patients pliance can be improved, and drug administration can be made more convenient as well、 Is that the total amount of drug administered can be reduced, thus maximizing availability with a minimum dose、 In addition, better control of drug absorption can be attained, since the high blood level peaks that may be observed after administration of a dose of a high availability drug can be reduce by formulation in an extend action form、 The safety margin of high potency drugs can be increased and the incidence of both local and systemic adverse side effects can be reduced in sensitive patients、 Overall, administration of sustained release forms enables increased reliability of therapy、 (3)What methods are employed for in vitro measurement of drug availability? Using either the rotating basket, the paddle, or the modified disintegration testing apparatus、 2、 plete the passage below、   The effectiveness of drug’s therapy correlate in general with availability of in vivo drugs, which are influenced by absorption, disposition, metabolism, excretion, and elimination of drug in internal body、   Sustained release and sustained action are terms used to identity drug delivery system that are designed to achieve a prolonged therapeutic effect by continuously releasing medication over an extended period of time、 Term “controlled release” has associated to deliverance automatic predefined rates over a long period of time、   During the development stage, the effect of sustained release is simulated by in citro testing with the specification permissible of pharmacopoeia、  药物得有效性得治疗相关得一般可用性体内得药物,这就是影响吸收,处置,代谢,排泄,与消除药物在人体内部. 缓释与持续得行动就是用来识别药物输送系统,目得就是实现长期治疗效果得持续释放药物在一段长时间。 术语“控释”相关得救助自动预定率在很长一段时间. 在发展阶段,持续得影响释放模拟在目标测试规范允许得药典。 4、吸收 Unit16 P158 1. Answer the following questions: (1)ﻩWhat kinds of the reactor are often used in pharmaceutical factories ? All reactors have in mon selected characteristics of four basic reactor types: the well-stirred batch reactor, the semi batch reactor, the continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor, and the tubular reactor (Fig、1)、 (2) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Continuous—Flow Stirred-Tank reactor? The CSTR is the idealized opposite of the well—stirred batch and tubular plug—flow reactors、 Analysis of selected binations of these reac
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