语言学第四章课后练习.doc

8、 The following phrases include a head, a plement, and in some cases a specifier、 Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrases、
a、 rich in minerals
AP A PP
P NP
N
Rich in minerals

b、 often read detective stories
VP

Qual V NP
A N
Often read detective stories
c、 the argument against the proposals
NP

NP PP

Det N P NP
Det N
the argument against the proposals
d、 already above the window
PP

Qual P NP

Det N

already above the window
9、 The following sentences contain modifiers of various types、 For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures、
a、 A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution、
Infl P(S)

NP Infl VP

V NP PP
Det AP N None pst
Det N P NP
A
AP N
A
A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution
b、 A huge moon hung in the black sky、
Infl P (s)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N V PP
P NP
A
Det AP N

A

A huge moon hung in the black sky
C、 The man examined his car carefully yesterday、
Infl P(S)

NP infl VP

Det N pst V NP Adv Adv
Det N

The man examined his car carefully yesterday

d、 A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm、
Infl P (S)

NP Infl VP

Det AP N PP V PP

P NP P NP

Det N Det N

A wooden hut neat the lake collapsed in the storm

10、 The following sentences all contain conjoined categories、 Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences、
a、 Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants、
InflP(=S)

NP ＶＰ

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Aux V NP
N
Det A NP

N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
or
InflP(=S)

NP ＶＰ

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Aux V NP
N
Det A NP

N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
b、 Helen put on her clothes and went out、
InflP(=S)

NP VP

VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out
OR
InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP
pst
VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

c、 Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics、
InflP(=S)

NP VP

VP CON VP
N
VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
OR
InflP(=S)

Infl
NP VP
nonpst
VP CON VP
N
VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

11、 The following sentences all contain contain embedded clauses that function as plements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun、 Draw a tree structure for each sentence、
a. You know that I hate war、
S

NP VP

N V CP

C S

NP VP
N
V NP
N
You know that I hate wat
OR
S

NP Infl VP

N Nonpst V CP

C S

NP VP
N
V NP
N
You know that I hate wat
b. Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam、
S
NP VP

N VP NP
NP CP
V C S
Det N NP VP

N V NP

Det A N

Gerry believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam

c. Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce、
S

NP VP

N V A CP
C S

NP VP

Det N V NP NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce
d. The children argued over whether bats had wings、
S

NP VP

Det N VP CP

V P C S

NP VP

N V NP

N
The children argued over whether bats had wings
12、
a、 The essay that he wrote was excellent、
Deep structure
CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP Infl VP
V NP
N N

The essay he wrote that was too long

Surface structure
CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP NP Infl VP
V NP
N N N

The essay that he wrote e was too long

b、 Hebert bought a house that she loved、
Deep structure
CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N CP

C S

NP Infl VP

N V NP

N

Hebert bought a house she loved that
Surface structure
CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N CP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N V NP

N

Hebert bought a house that she loved e

c、 The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics、
Deep structure
CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

C Infl S P NP

NP VP
NP
N V N

The girl he adores whom majors in linguistics

Surface structure
CP

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

C Infl S P NP

NP NP VP
NP
N N V N

The girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics

13、
a、 Would you e tomorrow?
Deep structure
CP

C S

NP VP

N Infl V AdvP

Adv
You would e tomorrow
Surface structure
CP

C S

Infl NP VP

N Infl V AdvP

Adv
would you e e tomorrow

b、 What did Helen bring to the party?

Deep structure
CP

C S

NP VP

Infl V NP PP
N
N P NP
Det N
Helen did bring what to the party

Surface structure
CP

NP C S

N Infl
NP VP

Infl V NP PP
N
N P NP