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从句(二)
状 语 从 句
状语从句就是一种作状语用得从句,修饰主句中得动词、形容词、副词或修饰全句,补充说明时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、程度、状态等。
㈠ 时间状语从句:
通常用下列从属连词引导:
when, while, as, before, after, since(自从…以来), till (until), as soon as(刚一…马上就…), once(一旦), whenever等。
如:
①I’ll give the note to him as soon as I see him、
我一瞧见她就马上把这条子给她。
②The first bell was already ringing before she got to the school gate、
她走到学校大门之前,头遍铃已经响了。
③I’ll go and see her after I get the new dress、
我买到新衣服之后要去瞧她。
④I won’t go home until I have finished my homework、
我直到做完作业再回家。
⑤As you study a globe, you may notice that most of the large land areas are connected、
当您研究地球仪时,您会注意到多数大块陆地就是相连得。
⑥Once he understood, he did what he was told to do、
一旦她明白了,她就按照吩咐得去做。
⑦When clothes are washed, they don’t get dry very easily、
洗了得衣服不容易干。
⑧He has read a lot since he was a child、
她从小时候起已经读了许多书。
⑨I’ll discuss the problem with you whenever you are free、
无论您什么时间有空,我就同您讨论这个问题。
◆ the moment/ minute/ second, immediately, directly等副词式连词也可引导时间状语从句,意为“一…就…”,相当于as soon as, 此时前面不可再加连词,也不可加at, in, on等介词。
如:
①I went home directly I had finished work、
我一干完活就回家了。
②Please phone me immediately you get home、
您一到家就给我打个电话。
③I loved her the moment I saw her、
我一瞧见她就爱上了她。
④I want to see him the minute he arrives、
她一来到我就要见她。
* hardly …when…与 no sooner…than…得意义相当于as soon as, 也可引起时间状语从句,但只能用过去时,即从句谓语动词用一般过去时,主句谓语动词用过去完成时。
如:
①I had hardly fallen asleep when I felt a soft touch on my elbow、
= Hardly had I fallen asleep when I felt a soft touch on my elbow、
我刚一睡着就觉得有人轻轻碰了碰我得胳膊肘。
②I had no sooner come home than it began to snow、
= No sooner had I come home that it began to snow、
我刚一到家天就开始下起雪来了。
◆ every time, each time, by the time, soon after, shortly after等表示时间得短语也可作为连词使用,引导时间状语从句,此时前面也常不再加连词。
如:
①Each time he comes to Baoding, he comes to see me、
每一次她来保定得时候都来瞧我。
②You grow younger every time I see you、
我每一次见到您得时候您都显得更年轻。
③Shortly after he took office, the Southern States rebelled、
她任职之后不久,南方各州就叛乱了。
④By the time he was fourteen years old, he had taught himself advanced mathematics from textbooks、
到十四岁得时候,她已自学了课本上得高等数学。
◆until 与not until:
当主句中得动词就是延续性动词时,常用:…until…, 表示主句得动作延续到从句表示得动作发生或完成为止。
如:
①Jim stayed up until his mother came back last night、
昨晚吉姆一直熬夜到她母亲回来。
②I waited until he had finished his work、
我一直等到她做完工作。
当主句中得动词就是非延续性动词时,常用: not…until…, 表示“直到…才…”
如:
①Jim didn’t go to bed until his mother came back last night、
昨晚吉姆直到她母亲回来才睡觉。
②I won’t stop shouting until you let me go、
直到您放我走我才停止喊叫。
* not until 置于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。
如:
Not until his mother came back did Jim go to bed、
吉姆直到她母亲回来才睡觉。
* not until 也可用于强调句型:
It is/was not until …that…
如:
It was not until his mother came back that Jim went to bed、
吉姆直到她母亲回来才睡觉。
◆ before 从属连词,“在…之前”,但在具体得句子中,译法多种多样。
表示“…才…” “没来得及…就” “…后…才…”
如:
①He measured me before I could get in a word、
没等我插上一句话她就给我量好了尺寸。
②She was angry before I could explain to her、
我还没来得及向她解释,她就生气了。
③He asked a second question before I could answer the first question、
我还没来得及回答第一个问题,她又问了一个问题。
④I hadn’t waited long before he came、
我没等多久她就来了。
⑤We can leave early in the morning before it gets too hot、
不等天太热,我们一大清早就出发。
⑥They are thinking of buying the house before the prices go up、
她们正在考虑趁房价未涨时把房子买下来。
⑦We walked a whole day before we got to the forest、
我们走了一整天才到了森林。
*before 还常用于下列句型:
It won’t be …before…用不了(多长时间)就会…
It will be…before…得过(多长时间)才…
It wasn’t …before…没过(多长时间)就…
It was…before…过了(多长时间)才…
①It will be a long time before we finish the task、
我们还需要很长时间才能完成这项任务。
②It wasn’t long before he learned to use the computer、
不久她就学会使用计算机了。
③It was some time before he told me about this affair、
过了一段时间之后她告诉了我这件事。
④It won’t be long before we meet again、
不久之后我们还会再见面得。
◆ when, while 与as:
when 既可引导一持续性动作,又可引导一短暂性动作。它可以表示主句得动作与从句得动作同时发生,或从句得动作发生在主句动作之前。
如:
①When he was a child, he used to play toys、
她小时候常玩玩具。(同时)
②When the class was over, we began to clean our classroom、
下课后我们开始打扫教室。(从句动作在前)
while 指“在某一段时间里”或“在…期间”,表示时段或过程,强调主句与从句得行为或状态同时发生或存在。因而while从句必须用延续性动词。
如:
①While I was in San Francisco, I met him twice、
当我在旧金山时,我见过她两次。
②Please don’t talk so loud while others are working、
别人在干活得时候,您们不要大声喧哗。
as 当表示一个人得两个动作交替或同时进行时,多用as,表示“一边…一边…”。另外,当两个短促行为或事件几乎同时发生时,多用as。这两种情况一般不用when,更不能用while。
如:
①She danced as she sang、
她一边唱一边跳。
②Just as he caught the worm, he cried out、
她刚抓住那只虫子,就大声叫了出来。
* 当when引导得状语从句就是系表结构(名词作表语),其主语又与主句一致时,往往可用as引导得省略从句代替,应注意as在这里就是连词,不就是介词。
如:
When he was a young man, he was a storekeeper and a postmaster、
= As a young man, he was a storekeeper and a postmaster、
她年轻时开过零售店,后来当过邮政所所长。
* when 除了作从属连词引导时间状语从句,还可作并列连词连接两个并列分句,这样用时,when前可以用逗号,也可不用逗号。此时,when不译作“当…得时候”,而常常表示“正在…时,这时另一件事发生了”。其句型有三种形式:
be about to do sth、 when… 正要做某事时突然…
be doing sth、 when… 正在做某事时突然…
had done sth、 when… 某个动作刚开始或持续没多久,这时另一动作突然发生了
如:
①I was about to start when the telephone rang、
我刚要动身电话就响起来了。
②He was walking by the sea when he heard a voice for help、
她正在海边散步,这时突然听到呼救声。
③They had just begun to work when the machine broke down、
她们刚开始工作,这时机器突然出故障了。
㈡ 地点状语从句
通常用where与wherever引导,二者意义基本相同,但后者感情色彩强。
如:
①Good comrades want to go where work is hard、
好同志要到工作艰苦得地方去。
②Where there is oppression, there is resistance、
哪里有压迫,哪里就有反抗。
③We will go wherever the motherland needs us most、
我们要到祖国最需要我们得地方去。
④Stay where you are、
留在原地别动。
◆ 地点状语从句与关系副词where 引导得定语从句得区别:
定语从句前有一个表示地点得名词作先行词,地点状语从句无此特征;地点状语从句可放在句首,而定语从句不可。
如:
①He found the pencil where he had left it、
(where前面无表示地点得名词,状语从句)
②I found the pencil in the desk where I had left it、
( where 前面有表示地点得名词,定语从句)
③ Where there is water and air, there is life、
哪里有空气与水,哪里就有生命。( 状语从句)
④The village where I was born was very small、
我出生得那个村子很小。(定语从句)
㈢ 原因状语从句
通常由连词because, as, since, now that等引导。
如:
①As he was busy, he didn’t come、
因为她忙,所以她没来。
②Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school、
因为她病了,所以没去上学。
③Now that you have come here, you should stay here、
既然您来了,就呆在这儿吧。
◆ because, since, as, 与for 得用法辨析:
because 表示直接而明确得原因或理由,语气最强,其引导得状语从句就是全句得重心所在,既可置于主句前,也可位于主句之后,主要用来回答why;
as语气不如because强,它引导得从句常置于主句之前,主句与从句表达得内容同等重要;
since 意为“既然”,它所表示得理由就是说话者与听话者所共知得,主句就是全句意思得重心所在,只表示事情关系上得自然结果,它所引导得从句常置于主句之前;
now that与since, as同义,其区别就是now that用来提出一种新得情况,从句与主句得因果关系很小,而since与as连接得句子因果关系比较明显;
for连接得就是并列句,不能位于句首,它所表示得就是附加得理由,就是推断得理由;
在强调句中只能用because引导从句。
如:
①----Why did he drop out of school? 她为什么辍学?
----Because he has no money、 因为她没钱。
②The oil must be out, for the light went out、
一定没油了,因为灯灭了。(对前面主句内容得原因得推测)
③The light went out because the oil was out、
灯灭了,因为没油了。(表原因)
④It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet、
昨晚一定就是下雨了,因为地上就是湿得。(对前面句子做附加说明得理由)
⑤Now that you are free today, you may go out for a walk、
既然您有空,就出去走走吧。
⑥Since he says so, it must be true、
她既然这么说,那一定就是真得。
⑦It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us、
(强调句中只能用because引导)
㈣ 目得状语从句
用来引导目得状语从句得连词有:in case(以免,以防), for fear that(以免,惟恐), so that(以便), in order that(以便)等
如:
①You must be quiet in case your sister is frightened、
您一定要保持安静,以免吵醒您妹妹。
②They asked the driver to stop the beast so that they could have a “look”、
她们请求赶兽得把这头兽停下来,好让她们能瞧一瞧。
③He left early in order that he might be in time to attend the meeting、
为了能及时参加会议,她动身很早。
㈤ 结果状语从句
通常用so that, so…that, such…that等引导
如:
①It was very cold, so that the river froze、
天很冷以至于河都结冰了。
②He ran so quickly that I couldn’t catch up with him、
她跑得很快以至于我赶不上她。
③He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper、
她进步如此之快,不久就开始用英语给一家美国报纸写文章。
◆ so that引导目得状语从句与结果状语从句得区别:
引导目得状语从句时,从句主语后常有may, might, can, could等情态动词,引导结果状语从句时一般没有这些词;
so that结果状语从句前可有逗号,而目得状语从句没有;
(so…that…常引导结果状语从句)
如:
①We hurried so that we might not miss the train、
我们匆匆忙忙为得就是不误车。(目得)
②I got up quickly so that I caught the train、
我起得很早,结果赶上了火车。(结果)
③He didn’t plan his time well, so that he didn’t finish the work in time、
她没有把时间计划好,结果没及时完成工作。(结果)
④Jack is so clever a boy that he can work out difficult problems quickly、
杰克很聪明,因而能很快得解出难题。(结果)
⑤He turned up the radio so that everyone could hear the news、
她把收音机音量开大一点,以便大家都能听见新闻。(目得)
⑥Bob turned off the alarm so that he could sleep late in the morning、
鲍勃关掉闹钟以便早上能睡懒觉。(目得)
⑦The teacher raised his voice, so that all the students heard him clearly、
老师提高了声音,结果所有得学生都听得很清楚。(结果)
◆ so …that 与 such… that 之间得转换:
so + adj、/adv、 + that
so + adj、 + a/an + 单数名词+ that
such + a/an + adj、 + 单数名词+ that
such + adj、 + 复数名词或不可数名词+ that
如:
①He is speaking so loud that I hear him even from here、
她说话得声音如此大以至于我甚至在这里就能听到。
②This is so interesting that I have read it twice、
这本书如此有趣以至于我读了两遍。
③It was such fine weather that they went out for a picnic、
天气如此好以至于她们去野餐了。
④It is such an interesting book that everyone wants to read it、
这就是如此有趣得一本书,每个人都想读它。
㈥ 条件状语从句
通常由以下连词引导:
if, unless, on condition that, suppose, in case(如果,万一), as /so long as(只要)等
如:
①If you are thirsty, water far away can’t help you、
远水不解近渴。
②So long as we do not divorce ourselves from the masses, we are certain to be victorious、
只要我们不脱离群众,我们就一定会胜利。
③You can’t expect the reception to be clear unless the radio set is properly tuned it、
如果不把收音机调好,您不可能指望收到清晰得播音。
④Suppose we can’t get the necessary equipment, what shall we do?
假设我们弄不到必要得设备,那我们怎么办?
⑤We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy、
我们可以让您们用这个房间,如果您们能保持整洁得话。
⑥Send us a message in case you have any difficulty、
万一有什么困难请给我们一个信。
◆unless作连词,表示“如果不”,“除非”,在意义上等于if…not, 在有些场合主要就是指真实条件句,它引导得肯定式得条件状语从句可以与if引导得否定式得条件状语从句互换。
如:
Unless you change your mind, I won’t be able to help you、
= If you don’t change your mind, I won’t be able to help you、
除非您改变您得想法,否则我不能帮助您。
* unless不可用于假想得事情,因此,当if…not引导非真实条件状语从句时,一般不可改用unless、
如:
If she weren’t so silly, she would understand、
如果她不那么傻,她就会懂了。
㈦ 方式状语从句
通常由as, as if/though等引导
如:
①You should do just as I told you、
您应该根据我叫您做得去做。
②He acted as he had known the news、
她行动起来好像已经知道了这消息。
◆ as if引导得状语从句多用虚拟语气,也可用陈述语气。
如:
①It looks as if it’s going to rain、
瞧起来天好像要下雨。(陈述语气)
②She loves the boy as if she were his mother、
她像母亲一样爱这个孩子。(虚拟语气)
*as if 引导得从句可用省略形式,其后可接分词、不定式。
如:
①He opened the mouth as if to speak、
她张开口,像要说话一样。
②She stood at the door as if waiting for someone、
她站在门口好像在等人。
㈧ 比较状语从句
通常由as…as, not so/as …as, than等引导。在这种状语从句中如果谓语动词与主句一致时,或省略,或用替代词do, does, did等。
如:
①She is not so pretty as her sister、
她没有她妹妹长得好瞧。
②We didn’t watch as carefully as they did、
我们不如她们观察得仔细。
③He is less tall than Tom、
她没有汤姆高。
◆ 在not as/so …as 这个句型中,如果主句得主语与从句得主语相同,都指同样得事物时,可以用that代替单数或不可数名词,用those代替可数名词复数。
如:
①The population of Beijing is not as large as that of Shanghai、
北京得人口不如上海得人口多。(that代替不可数名词the population)
②Books in our library are not as many as those in the city library、
我们图书馆得藏书没有市图书馆得藏书多。(those代替复数名词the books)
㈨ 让步状语从句
通常由though, although, as(虽然), even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however, no matter who/what/which/when/where/how, whether等引导。
如:
①Though it was very cold, he still stuck to his post、
尽管天气很冷,她仍然坚守工作岗位。
②I would not tell you even if I knew it、
即使我知道这一点,我也不会告诉您。
③Late as it was, he still studied on、
=Although it was late, he still studied on、
尽管天已很晚,她仍然在学习。
④Whatever shortcomings he may have, he is a good comrade、
无论她可能会有什么缺点,她都不失为一个好同志。
⑤Whoever you may be, I won’t let you in、
无论您就是谁,我都不放您进来。
⑥You’ll have to do it, whether you like it or not、
不管您喜欢还就是不喜欢,您都得去做。
◆ no matter +疑问词,(如:no matter what, no matter when, no matter where,…) 用来引导让步状语从句。
疑问词+ever (如:whatever, whenever, whoever, whichever,…) 既可引导状语从句,也可引导名词性从句。
如:
①No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished、
=Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished、
不管谁犯了法,她都应该受到惩罚。 (状语从句)
②No matter how hard you try, you’ll never lose your English accent、
=However hard you try, you’ll never lose your English accent、
不管您多么努力,您也决不会不带英国口音。(状语从句)
③I’ll eat whatever you give me、
不管您给我什么我都吃。(宾语从句,不能用no matter what…来替换)
④Whoever breaks the law should be punished、
任何违反法律得人都要受到惩罚。(主语从句,不能用no matter who…来替换)
◆当when, while, until, though, although, if等引导得状语从句得主语与主句得主语相同或从句得主、谓语分别为it 与be动词时,从句中得主语及部分谓语(be动词或助动词)可省略。
如:
①Although (he was) told many times, he hasn’t remembered my telephone number、
虽然告诉她好多次了,但她还就是记不住我得电话号码。
②When (we are) working with the workers, we learned a lot from them、
当我们与工人在一起劳动得时候,我们从工人那儿学到了很多得东西。
③When (he was) asked, he gave good advice、
问到她得时候,她提供了好得建议。
④Though (she is ) young, she is very sensible、
虽然她小,但却很懂事。
⑤He said he wouldn’t go to the party unless (he was) invited、
她说除非被邀请,否则不去参加晚会。
⑥If (it is) necessary, I’ll go there myself、
如果有必要,我会自己到那儿去得。
⑦As (he was) a young man, he worked in a factory、
年轻得时候,她在一家工厂工作。
⑧When (you are) in trouble, let me know, I’ll try my best to help you、
遇到困难时,告诉我,我会尽力帮助您。
高考预测题:
1、Read it aloud ___________ the class can hear you、
A、 so that B、 if C、 when D、 although
2、I learned a little Russian _________ I was at middle school、
A、 though B、 although C、 as if D、 when
3、_______ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back、
A、 Every time B、 Though C、 Even D、 Where
4、Small ________ it is, the pen is a most useful tool、
A、 because B、 so C、 if D、 as
5、_______ had I hurried into the cave _______ it began to pour down、
A、 No sooner, when B、 Hardly, when C、 Hardly, than D、 As soon as, when
6、I will never give in _______ he might do or say about my plan、
A、 no matter how B、 how C、 whatever D、 although
7、________ we have finished the book we shall start doing some exercises、
A、 For now B、 Since that C、 Now that D、 Since now
8、Peter worked just so much ______________、
A、 like what he was told to
B、 as he was told to
C、 as to what he tried to do
D、 like he was told to
9、________ she was sitting at the desk, the day-dreaming Alice saw figures in the sky、
A、 Until B、 Since C、 While D、 During
10、_________ he does his work, I don’t mind what time he arrives at t
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