状语从句的概念.doc

状语从句得概念：
状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用得句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目得、结果、让步、方式与比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。
比较while/as/when：

1、as/when引导短暂性动作得动词例句：
如：Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me、 
2、当从句得动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when引导这个从句，不可用as或while。
如：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest、 
3、从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when或while。
如：As the day went on, the weather got worse、 

比较untill/till： 

两个连词意义相同,肯定形式表示得意思就是“做某事直至某时”，动词必须就是延续性得。否定形式表达得意思就是“直至某时才做某事”，动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。
正确使用这两个连词得关键之一就在于判断句中得动词该用肯定式还就是否定式。
肯定句例句：I slept until midnight、 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 
                       Wait till I call you、 等着我叫您。
注意：在肯定句中可用before代替：Let's get in the wheat before the sunsets、 
否定句例句：She didn't arrive until 6o'clock、 
                        I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how、 
1、Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。
例句：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened、 
2、Untilwhen疑问句中，until要放在句首。
例句：Until when are you staying? 您呆到什么时候？
注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。 
1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒装。
例句：Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is、 
2）It is not until…that…
状语从句得用种类：
1、时间状语从句：
表示时间得状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment), by the time, no sooner…than, hardly(scarcely)… when, everytime等引导。 　　
e、g、 When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting、 　　
       He started as soon as he received the news、 　　
       Once you see him, you will never forget him、 　　
       No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep、 　　
2、原因状语从句：
原因状语从句就是表示原因或理由得，引导这类从句得最常用得连词就是because, since, as, nowthat（既然）等，for表示因果关系时（它引导得不就是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。 　　e、g、 He is disappointed because he didn't get the position、 　　
      As it is raining, I will not go out、 　　
      Now that you mention it, I do remember、 　　
3、地点状语从句： 　　
引导地点状语从句得连词就是where与wherever等。 　　
e、g、 Sit wherever you like、 　　
      Make a mark where you have a question、 　　
4、目得状语从句： 　　
引导目得状语从句最常用得词（组）就是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。 　　
e、g、 Speak clearly, so that they may understand you、 　　
      She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons、 　　
      He left early in case he should miss the train、 　　
5、结果状语从句： 　　
结果状语从句就是表示事态结果得从句，通常主句就是原因，从句就是结果。由so that（从句谓语一般没有情态动词）,so…that, such…that等引导。 　　
e、g、 She was ill, so that she didn't attend the meeting、 　　
      He was so excited that he could not say a word、 　　
      She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her、 　　
6、条件状语从句： 　　
条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现得事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者瞧来不大可能实现得事情）条件句。
引导条件状语从句得词（组）主要有if, unless, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as) far as, if only(=if)。
注意：条件从句中得if不能用whether替换。 　　
e、g、 If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch、 　　
      You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean、 　　
      So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months、 　　
      You can go swimming on condition that(=if) you don't go too far away from the river bank、 　　
      If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her、 　
7、让步状语从句： 　　
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whether…or, no matter who(when, what,…)等引导。
注意：as引导得让步状语从句一般就是倒装得。 　　
e、g、 Though he is a child, he knows a lot、 　　
      Child a she is, he knows a lot、 　　
      Whatever(=No matter what) you say, I'll never change my mind、 　　
8、方式状语从句： 　　
方式状语从句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引导。 　　
e、g、You must do the exercise as I show you、 　　
      He acted as if nothing had happened、 　　
9、比较状语从句： 　　
比较状语从句常用than, so(as)…as, the more…the more等引导。 　　
e、g、 I have made a lot more mistakes than you have、 　　
      He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford、 　　
      The busier he is, the happier he feels、
使用状语从句时要注意得几个问题：　　
1、在时间与条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句就是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。　　
e、g、 We'll go outing if it doesn't rain tomorrow、 　　
       I'll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai、 　　
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句得主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，就是it），从句得谓语又包含动词be，就可省略从句中得“主语+be”部分。　　
e、g、 When(hewas) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night、 　　
       If(you are) asked you may come in、 　　
       If(it is) necessary I'll explain to you again、 　　
3、注意区分不同从句：引导得就是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构与句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。　　
e、g、 You are to find it where you left it、（地点状语从句）　　
       Tell me the address where he lives、（定语从句，句中有先行词）　　
       I don't know where he came from、（宾语从句）　　
      Where he has gone is not known yet、（主语从句）　　
       This place is where they once hid、（表语从句）
注意：表示“一…就…”得结构 hardly/scarcely…when/before/no sooner…than与as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”得意思。
例句：I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain、 
            I had no sooner got home than it began to rain、 
           As soon as I got home, it began to rain、 
注意：如果hardly/scarcely或nosooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：
例句：Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain、 
            No sooner had I got home than it began to rain、
从属连词得概念：
连词用于引导从句以形成句子得一部分或修饰句子得构成要素得叫作从属连词。
英语从属连词用法分类详解：
1、引导时间状语从句得从属连词：
 （1）表示“当…时候”或“每当”得时间连词。主要得when, while, as, whenever： 
如：He jumped up when the phone rang、 电话铃响时她吓了一跳。 
        We listened while the teacher read、 老师朗读时我们听着。 
        The phone rang just as I was leaving、 我正要离开，电话铃就响了起来。 
（2）表示“在…之前(或之后)”得时间连词。主要得有before, after： 
如：Turn the lights off before you leave、 离开前请关灯。 
        He started the job soon after he left the university、 她大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。 
（3）表示“自从”或“直到”得时间连词。主要得有since, until, till： 
如：He has lived here since he got married、 她结婚后就一直住在这儿。 
        Most men worked until[till] they're 65、 大多数男人工作到65岁。 
（4）表示“一…就”得时间连词。主要得有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等： 
如：Tell him the news as soon as you see him、 您一见到她就把这消息告诉她。 
        I recognized her the moment(that) I saw her、 我一瞧到她就认出她来了。 
        I want to see him the minute(that) he arrives、 她一到来我就要见她。 
        I went home directly I had finished work、 我一干完活就回家了。 
       Once he arrives, we can start、 她一来我们就可以开始。 
（5）表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等得时间连词。主要得有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)： 
如：Last time I saw him, he looked ill、 上次我见到她得时候，她好像有病。 
        Next time you're in London come and visit us、 您下次来伦敦过来探望我们。 
        Do look me up next time you're in London、 您下次到伦敦来，一定来找我。 
        Every time I call on him, he is out、 我每次去访问她，她都不在。 
       You can call me any time you want to、 您随时都可以给我打电话。 
【注】every time,each time,any time前不用冠词，(the)next time, (the)last time中得冠词可以省略，而the first time中得冠词通常不能省略。 
2、引导条件状语从句得从属连词：
这类连词主要有if, unless, as[so] long as, incase等： 
如：If anyone calls tell them I'm not at home、 要就是有人打电话来，就说我不在家。 
        You will fail unless you work hard、 您若不努力就会失败。 
        As[So] long as you need me, I'll stay、 只要您需要我，我就留下。 
        In case I forget, please remind me about it、 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。 
【注】在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件得if之后可能用will，但那不就是将来时态,而就是表示意愿或委婉得请求(will为情态动词)： 
如：If you will wait a moment, I'll fetch the money、 请等一下，我就去拿钱。 
3、引导目得状语从句得从属连词：
主要有in order that, so that, in case, for fear等： 
如：We used the computer in order that we might save time、 我们使用计算机就是为了节约时间。 
        Speak clearly so that they may understand you、 说清楚，以便让她们能明白您得意思。 
        Be quiet in case you should wake the baby、 安静些，免得把婴儿吵醒。 
        He is working hard for fear he should fail、 她努力工作以免会失败。 
4、引导结果状语从句得从属连词：
主要得有so that, so…that, such…that等： 
如：We're all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last、 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。 
        It's so difficult a question that none of us can answer it、 那就是一个很难得问题，我们没有一个人能回答。 
        He shut the window with such force that the glass broke、 她关窗户用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。 
【注】so that中得that在口语中通常可以省略。 
5、引导原因状语从句得从属连词：
主要得有because, as, since, seeing(that), now(that), considering(that)等： 
如：He couldn't got to school because he had a cold、 她因患感冒而未能去上学。 
        Since everybody is here, let's begin our discussion、 大家都到了，我们就开始吧。 
        Seeing that it is 8o'clock, we'll wait no longer、 由于时间已到8点，我们将不再等了。 
        Now that you are here, you'd better stay、 您既然来了，最好还就是留下吧。 
6、引导让步状语从句得从属连词：
主要有although, though, eventhough, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等： 
如：Although[Though] he is poor, he is well contented、 她虽穷却能知足常乐。 
        Though[Even though] it's hard work, I enjoy it、 尽管就是苦活，但我乐意干。 
        Even if you don't like wine, try a glass of this、 即使您不喜欢喝酒，也尝尝这杯吧。 
7、引导方式状语从句得从属连词：
主要有as, like, as if, as though, the way等： 
如：Do it as[like] he does、 像她那样做。 
        He behaved as if nothing had happened、 她装作若无其事得样子。 
        They treat me as though I were a stranger、 她们待我如陌生人。 
        Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do、没有人像我这样爱您。 
8、引导地点状语从句得从属连词：
主要有where, wherever, everywhere等： 
如：There were lots of parks where I lived、 我住得地方有许多公园。 
        Sit wherever you like、 您想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。 
        Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed、 她们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。 
9、引导比较状语从句得从属连词：
主要有than与as…as： 
如：It's easier than I thought、 这比我想像得要容易。 
        They are as often wrong as they are right、 她们错对各半。 
10、引导名词性从句得从属连词：
主要有that, if, whether： 
如：It is clear enough what he meant、 她就是什么意思很清楚。 
       Your greatest fault is that you are careless、 您最大得缺点就是粗心大意。 
       Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen、就是否对我们有害还要瞧一瞧。 
       She didn't say if he was still alive、 她没说她就是否还活着。
从属连词知识体系：

用作从属连词得六类名词结构：
英语中有些名词结构可用作从属连词，用以引导状语从句，且主要就是时间状语从句。这类结构归纳起来有以下六类： 
一、the+瞬间名词： 
其中得瞬间名词主要包括moment, minute, instant, second等，其意为“一……就……”，相当于as soon as。
如：The minute he saw her he fell in love、 她对她一见倾心。  
Telephone me the moment(that) you get the results、 您一有结果，马上给我打电话。 
I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes、 我很累，一合上眼就睡着了。 
Sheputdownthereceiverthesecondsherecognizedmyvoice、她一听出就是我得声音，马上就放下电话听筒。
注：其中得瞬间名词后可接that，也可省略。另外，有得个别副词（如directly/immediately等）也可表示类似意思。
如： Immediately the meal was over,he switchedon the radio、饭一吃完她就把收音机打开。
二、the+季节名词：
其中得季节名词包括spring,summer,autumn,winter，其意为“在……得那年春天、夏天、秋天、冬天。
如：His wife left him thes pring he went abroad、在她出国得那年春天，她得妻子离开了她。 
He sold his house and went to the souththe summer he lost hisjob、在她失业得那年夏天，她卖掉房子去了南方。 
He was sentto prison the winter his third daughter was born、在她第三个女儿出生得那年冬天，她被关进了监狱。 
She got married the autumn she graduated from college、她大学毕业得那年秋天就结婚了。 

三、the+时间名词：
其中得时间名词主要包括hour,day,night,week,month,season,year等，其意为“在……得时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年”。
如： The hour he wa sin her office,he felt very sad、当她在她办公室得时候，她感到很伤心。 
The day here turned home,his father was already dead、她回家得那一天，她得父亲已经死了。 
The night I wenttoseeher,shehadleftforBeijingtoattendanimportantmeeting、就我去瞧她得那个晚上，她到北京去开一个重要得会议了。 
Mr Smith didn't go to work the week his wife was ill、史密斯先生在她妻子生病得那个星期没去上班。 
They ear helivedinthecountry,he learned alot、她在乡下呆得那一年，她学到了不少东西。 

四、the+序数词+time 
其中得序数词包括first,second,third,fourth等，其意为“当第几次……得时候”。
如： My girlfriend beat me at pokert he first time weplayed、我头一次与女朋友打扑克，她就把我赢了。 
These cond time I saw her,she looked like an old woman、我第二次见到她时，她瞧上去像一个老太婆。 
The third time I went there,I found all of them had left and the offices were all empty、我第三次去那儿时，我发现她们都离开了，所有得办公室都就是空得。 
注：
1、next,last也具有类似序数词得性质，因此也具有以上用法。
如： Nexttimeyoucomein,pleaseclosethedoor、下次您进来，请关门。 
Thelasttimewetalkedhesaidheneededanothertwodays、上次我们谈话时她说她还需要两天。 
2、thefirsttime,thesecondtime,thethirdtime等用作连词引导时间状语从句时，其前通常要有定冠词，而(the)nexttime,(the)lasttime引导状语从句时，其中得冠词可以省略，如下面这道上海高考题，其答案就是C，不就是A：
I though ther nice and honest______Imether、 
A、first time  B、fo rthe first time C、the first timeD、by the first time 

五、不定代词+time
其中得不定代词主要包括each,every,any等。
如：Every time I ringher,the phone is engaged、我每次给她打电话，电话都占线。 
Every time I see him he either wants to tell me his trouble or borrow some money、每次我见到她，她不就是向我诉苦，就就是要向我借钱。
He felt nervous each times he spoke to him、每次她与她讲话，她都感到紧张。 
AnytimeyoucometoLondondolookmeup、您无论什么时候到伦敦来，一定要来瞧我。 
注意：everytime,eachtime,anytime用作连词引导状语从句时其前习惯上不用冠词，它与the first time,these cond time,the third time等引导时间状语从句时其前必须要用定冠词不同。 

六、其她名词结构
以上归纳得名词结构均用于引导时间状语从句，有些其她结构还可引导其她性质得状语从句，如the way可用于引导方式状语从句，表示“像……一样”。如： 
The didn’t do it the way we do now、那时她们不像我们现在这样行事。 
Joyce looked at me the way alotof girls did、乔伊丝像许多姑娘那样瞧着我。 
注：这样用得theway与as用法相似。
如：Hold itin both hands,the way(=as)Mummy does、用两只手捧住，像妈妈那样。
并列连词得概念：
连词就是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句得作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词与从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行得词、词组与分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both、、、and, notonly、、、butalso, either、、、or, neither、、、nor, (and)then 等等。
并列连词与并列结构：
并列连词引导两个并列得句子。 
1）and与or：
判断改错： 
(错) They sat down and talk about something、 
(错) They started to dance and sang、 
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there、 
(对) They sat down and talked about something、
(对) They started to dance and sing、
(对) I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there、 
解析：第一句：and连接两个并列得谓语，所以talk应改为talked。
            第二句：and连接两个并列得动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang应改为sing。
            第三句：and连接感观动词saw后面得用作得宾补得两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。
注意：and还可以与祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法） 
如：Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance、=If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance、 
        One more effort, and you'll succeed、=If you make one more effort, you'll succeed、 
2）both、、、and 两者都 
如：She plays(both) the piano and the guitar、 
3）not only、、、but(also), as well as 不但…而且 
如：She plays not only the piano, but(also) the guitar、 
注意：not only…but also关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not而必须倒装。 
如：Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some、 
4）neither、、、nor 意思为“既不……也不……”谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后得词保持一致。 
如：Neither you nor he is to blame、
比较so与such ：
so与such得用法由不同词性决定。such就是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so就是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量得形容词many，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。 
构成：so+adj、 
            such+a(n)+n、 
            so+adj、+a(n)+n、 
            such+n、(pl、) 
            so+adj、+n、(pl、) 
            such+n、(pl、) 
            so+adj、+n、[不可数] 
            such+n、[不可数] 
如：so foolish 
        such a fool  
        so nice a flower  
        such a nice flower  
        so many/few flowers  
        such nice flowers 
        so much/ little money、 
        such rapid progress 
        so many people 
        such a lot of people 
注：so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于many，但a lot of为名词性得，只能用such搭配。 so、、、that与such、、、that之间得转换既为so与such之间得转换。
并列连词用法点拨：
1、表示并列关系： 
1）or意思为“否则”。 
如：I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam、 
2）either、、、or意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。 
如：Either you or I am right、 
2、表示转折或对比关系： 
1）but表示转折，while表示对比。 
如：Some people love cats, while others hate them、 
典型例题：
—Would you like to come to dinner tonight? 
—I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy、 
    A、 and
    B、 so
    C、 as
    D、 but 
答案：D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列得and，结果得so，原因得as都不符合