常见的英语长句汉译法.pptx

常见的英语长句汉译法一一 包孕法包孕法所谓“包孕”就是译成汉语时将英语后置修饰成分（包括各种词组或从句）放在中心词（被修饰成分）之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中前置。而修饰词前置是汉语的正常语序，因此只要修饰成分不因过长而形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛，我们尽量用此法。前置包孕可使句义十分紧凑，结构上整体感很强，多用于公文文体。前置部分不宜太长，成分不宜过于复杂。The General Assembly may call the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to endanger international peace and security.大会对于足以危及国际和平与安全之情势，提请安全理事会注意。Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it,the amount and sources of funds,membership,and names and salaries of their representatives.国会已制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱、怎样花的，以及款项的总额和来源、成员人数、代表的姓名和薪水等情况。二、切断或分切二、切断或分切所谓“切断”就是在英译汉时将长句“化整为零”，在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及按意群切断，译成汉语分句。将英语长句切断成汉语分句，具有以下两个优点：1、可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，可以减少漏译等疏漏。2、能顺应长短句相替、单复句相间的现代汉语句法修辞原则。就总的趋势而言，汉语倾向于用较短的句子。段句易于做到层次清晰、语气连贯、涵义清楚、脉络分明，而且能产生汉语特有的节奏感。(一)、在主谓连接处切断Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members.安全理事会关于程序事项之决议，应以九个理事国之支持票决之。A substantial minority of each party in strong opposition to the other party is sometimes the key factor in the partys policy making.每一政党中坚决反对另一政党的有实力的少数派，往往成为这一政党在决策时的关键因素。(二)、在并列或转折连接处切断The statement declared that the international economic order must be changed or the gap between developed and developing countries would continue to widen.声明宣称国际经济秩序必须改变，否则发达国家与发展中国家之间的差距将继续加大。（三）、在从句前切断A small unit was set up in the Association to prepare for an international conference on the problems already mentioned,which is to take place in Rome,in September 1981.本协会曾成立了一个小组以便筹备一次国际会议讨论上述各项问题，会议拟于1981年9月在罗马召开。The answer to the question of whether one should continue using the method depends in part on what other forms of solutions are available.至于是否可以继续使用这一方法的问题，部分取决于：是否还有其他形式的解决办法可供采用。在实际翻译工作中，“切断”乃是最常用、最便利也是最有效的长句汉译法。在译者遇到长句时，只要深透地理解了原文，又有较好的汉语母语语感及表述能力，有一定的翻译基本训练，就不难设法按照英语意群切断长句，看看是否可以以汉语长短相间的句式，将原句长句化整为零。Now out of that bright white snow ball of Christmas gone comes the stocking,the stocking of stockings,that hung at the foot of the bed with the arm of a golliwog dangling over the top and small bells ringing in the toes.就在那渐渐消融的晶莹洁白的圣诞节雪球中，迎来了那只圣诞长统袜。啊，那只最漂亮、最漂亮的袜子，就挂在我的床头，袜筒里装着的小木偶还露出一只胳膊在外边荡来荡去，袜尖的小铃铛在叮当作响。包孕和切断是英语长句汉译的最基本的手段：前者是前置法，后者基本上是顺译法。三、倒置（一）、将英语原句的意思前后倒着说：So it was that the farm poor were caught in their own past,the double victims of technology:exile from their home by advances in agricultural machinery;unfitted for life in the city because of the consequences of industrial mechanization.农民由于农业机器日益用于生产而被赶出自己的家园；而由于工业机械化的结果又使他们在城市里无以为生。农村中的穷人就这样变成了技术发展的双重的牺牲品，又陷入了往昔遭受的困境。A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the class poor,the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation,a real phenomenon in the late fifties.五十年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象，穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的典型的穷人；正是在这个时候，大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。（二）、将英语原句的意思部分地倒着说通常是将句首或首句置于全句之尾。Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming collar workers.许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。四、拆离所谓拆离就是将长句中的某些成分（句子、词组或词）从句子主干中拆开，另行处理，以利句子的总体安排。An outsiders success could even curiously help the two parties to get the agreement they want.说来奇怪，一个局外人取得的成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望取得的协议。The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible-about one in four.大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力。这简直令人难以置信！（二）、拆离词组The Congressman tends to be very interested in public workssuch as new government buildings,water projects,military basesthat will bring money to the area or improve living conditions.议员一般对兴建公共工程极感兴趣，因为这样一来就能为本地区开辟财源或改善生活条件。这类工程如新的办公大楼、水利设施及军事基地等等。（三）、拆离从句This land,which once barred the way of weary travelers,now has become a land for winter and summer vocations,a land of magic and wonder.这个地方现在已经成了冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为奇观；而从前精疲力竭的旅游者却只能到此止步。The very important oil industry,which has done much to rejuvenate the economy of the South since the end of World War II,made considerable headway especially in the following five states第二次世界大战以后石油工业对振兴南部经济起了很大的作用。这个十分重要的工业部门尤其是在以下五个洲中取得了很大的进展翻译中采用拆离式的目的是化长为短，化整为零，消除行文中的突兀或梗阻。如果包孕式或切断原句顺译并不发生梗阻或突然转折等问题，就没有必要拆离。不适当的拆离，无论放在句尾或句首，都可能使人读来产生画蛇添足或琐碎之感。五、插入法利用破折号、括号或前后逗号，处理难译的句子成分。此办法不宜多用。The snow falls on every wood and field,and no crevice is forgotten;by the river and the pond,on the hill and in the valley.雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里；撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。六、重组所谓重组就是将长句结构完全捋清，将英语原意完全弄懂以后按汉语叙事论理的习惯重新组合句子，基本上脱离了原句的层次和结构安排。What the New Yorkers would find missing is what many outsiders find oppressive and distasteful about New Yorkers rawness,tension,urgency;its bracing competitiveness;the rigor of its judgments;and the congested,democratic presence of so many other New Yorkers encased in their own world.纽约的粗犷、紧张，那种急迫感和催人奋发的竞争性；它的是非观念之严酷无情；纽约市的那种各色人等熙熙攘攘，兼容并蓄于各自的天地之中的格局；这一切都使那些非纽约人感到厌恶和窒息；而这一切，又正是纽约人所眷恋的。新闻文体的语言特点与翻译一、词汇新颖1）新词层出不穷频繁使用新词是新闻文体用词的一个重要特点。新闻反映着人们日新月异的现实生活、科学技术的迅速发展与人类文明的不断提高。政治、经济、科技、文化等社会生活的各个方面的变化促使人们寻求新的表达方式以适应反映新的现实生活的需要。这些新词往往在英语新闻报道中最先使用，达到相当程度的普遍性后便被吸入词典，正式成为现代生活的一部分。它们有的是新词新意，有的是旧词转义，有的是临时造新词。1 新词新意Cybercafe cyberchatting E-bombsHacker videophone infotainment2 旧词转新义source “人士”、“官员”diplomatic sources外交界人士 informative sources信息灵通人士 official sources官方人士 reliable sources可靠人士Diplomatic sources in Beijing say the Chinese are upset with the restrictions banning transfer of the U.S.technology to other countries.在北京的外交官员说，中国对美国限制技术转让给其他国家一事感到不满。China has got up a think tank to study strategic and national defense questions concerning both China and foreign countries,the government announced yesterday.中国政府昨天宣布说，他们已经组成一个智囊团来研究涉及中国与外国的战略和国防问题。3 临时新造词stick and carrot policy大棒加萝卜政策、软硬兼施政策shuttle diplomacy穿梭外交An urgent task is to turn it into“yesable”proposition.紧迫的任务是将其转化成“可以接受”的建议。An estimated 19 million people joined the nations 4th Great American Smokeout Thursday.估计有一千九百万人，星期四参加了第四届盛大的美国戒烟节活动。2)借用词 1 外来词 visa kungfu Nelson Mandela took the oath of office yesterday to become South Africas first black president in a glorious celebration ending the agony of apartheid and marking the countrys return to the world community.纳尔逊曼德拉昨天在一次结束种族隔离痛苦，庆祝该国回到国际社会的辉煌庆祝仪式上宣誓就职，成为南非第一位黑人总统。2 人名、地名、建筑物名称的借用White House Pentagon Beijing In line with such thinking,President Clinton argued last week for continued American assistance for the Kremlins economic reform.根据这样的想法，克林顿总统上周为继续援助克里姆林宫的经济改革进行辩护。3 行话(jargon)sportsmanship kick off draw jump the gun I did not want to jump the gun by saying the agreement would increase jobs for Americans.3)各种表示“说”的词汇add affirm allege analyze announce argue assert boast claimconcede concur challenge confess contradict conclude contend declare deny elaborate emphasize explain imply inquireinsist maintain object二、句式复杂1）复合定语的灵活使用Instead of an all-out strike,the workers will stage a go-slow.Thirty-five foreign ministers from the“group of 77”developing nations will be present and other member-countries are expected to be represented by high-level non-ministerial delegations at the two-day meeting.77国集团中有35名外长将出席这次为期两天的会议，而其余的国家则将派出非部长级别的高级代表团到会。2）插入语的使用。由于插入语在语义上有相对的独立性，既可对所叙述的新闻事件加以补充说明，以提供更多的背景资料和相关信息，又可反映有关人员在新闻事件发生后的意见、观点等。As the competition intensifies to excel in information technology,the division will likely widen.And as more individual Asians catch up with,or even surpass,Western counterparts in terms of IT skillssuch an e-commerce,computer development and Internet usemany more will be left behind.信息技术领域中的竞争正日益加剧，这种信息技术差距也将会不断扩大。随着越来越多的亚洲国家在信息技术方面诸如电子商务、计算机开发和互联网运用赶超西方时，也将会有更多的国家落在后面。3)直接、间接引语的广泛使用新闻报道中常用引语，这样既可以增加报道的真实性和生动性，又能提高所述内容的客观性。4）省略、倒装句式的使用这些多变的句式可使新闻语言生动活泼，趣味盎然Most alarming,the total number of cases in the city continues to double every five months.更令人震惊的是，该市患此疾病的人数还在以每五个月翻一番的速度增加。三、丰富多彩的修辞To rivals,making Microsoft kinder and gentler is like getting a tiger to not only change its stripes but become vegetarian,too.对于对手而言，要想让微软变得善良而有风度，无异于让老虎改变其斑纹并成为素食者。Dusk comes to Manhattan:smoke rises from the downtown business area following the destruction of building at the World Trade Center.黄昏降临曼哈顿：在世界贸易中心大楼被摧毁后，浓烟仍在从市中心的商业区升起。Ancient Mongol tribes inhabited it;Persian Shahs fought for it and the Russian conquered it.古代蒙古各族栖息于此；波斯诸国王为此而战；而俄罗斯人征服了此地。Jack Frost made its belated appearance this winter as Shanghai tasted the first bitterness of freezing cold yesterday after a long warm spell.迟迟而来的严寒昨天终于降临。上海在经过长时间的暖空气影响后第一次尝到了寒流的滋味。广告翻译广告语的特点1 多用口号形式The Great American Road belongs to Buick.伟大的美国公路属于别克牌轿车。No problem too large.No business too small.(IBM)没有解决不了的大问题，没有不做的小生意。Where there is a road,there is Toyota.车到山前必有路，有路便有丰田车。Follow the Leader(Honda)跟随领袖。Quality never goes out of style.(Levis)质量永与款式为伴。2 广告的词汇特点1）多用形容词及其比较级和最高级Your trip can always be a carefree experience as our meticulous services keep you feel at home.Innovative dcor,well-equipped guests home,elegant dining venues,attentive services and friendly smileonly when you visit the Windsors can you discover how considerate we are!您的旅行可以一直是无忧无虑的，这是因为，我们周到的服务会使您感到宾至如归。富有创意的装饰、设备良好的客房、环境优雅的餐厅、细心的服务和友善的微笑只有当您光临温莎公寓时，您才会感觉到我们做得多么细致入微！Our philosophy is simple.To give you the most important things you want when you travel:the best location,the best standards and the special attention a businessman needs.我们的宗旨很简单。让您在旅行中得到企业家最想要的一切：最好的地点，最高的标准和特别的服务2）多用缩略词Hk HR GE PR PRC P.O.JVad add m deg ed exce pref prog sal secbnfts hr mst pls rd rm wkasst bkground bldg conds dept.expd mgmt pkg prefd To Let or For Sale FurnishedEdingburgh Court,426 Argyle St.2nd floor,1650sq.Ft.4bdrms with dining and living room,private garage.Sate at$130000.Rent$14000.Tel.389540 office time or 821948.亚皆街426号爱丁堡花园三楼面积1650平方英尺，四居室，餐厅和客厅各一间，备有家具、配有车库。售价130000美元；月租1400美元。请拨电话389540（办公时间）或821948接洽。3）复合词的使用1 名词+形容词 world-famous brand2 形容词+名词 short-term investor3 名词+过去分词 honey-coated pills4 副词+过去分词 perfectly-textured cakes5 名词+现在分词 cool,thirsty-quenching cucumber6 形容词+现在分词 the best-looking small car in the world4)口语在广告中经常出现Is microwave cooking fast?You bet!5）多使用单音节的动词Practice really does make perfect.Get the feeling.6)用优雅、正式的书面语来描述高档消费用优雅、正式的书面语来描述高档消费品品An elegant and majestic atmosphere awaits you upon first entering Tian Hsiang Restaurant.Your attention is immediately drawn to the interior decor which is both refined and luxurious.The restaurant comfortably accommodates 23 tables and there is ample parking conveniently located in the grounds.英语广告的语法特点多用简单句或口语化英语，易留下深刻的印象。Hi,my names Messy Marvin.I got that name because no matter how hard I tried,my room and my clothes always messy.But then one day,Mom brought home thick,rich,yummy Hersheys Syrup in the no mess squeeze bottle.And before I Knew it,I was making the best chocolate milk Id ever had.嘿！我叫脏马温。我得了这么个“美名”，是因为不管我怎么小心，我的衣服和房间总是乱糟糟的。可是有一天，妈妈回家，带来一瓶美味的Hershey巧克力酱，粘粘稠稠的，用塑料瓶装着，手一挤就出来了，一点儿不乱滴乱溅。我还没搞清楚是怎么一回事，最棒的巧克力奶就做成了。省略句和句子片段使用较多，能使广告节奏明快，又节省篇幅。Qualifications:With excellent English,Mandarin and CantoneseWith 5 years experience in computer operatingWith a pleasant mature attitudeWith an age above thirtyIts a moment you planned for.Reached for.Struggled for.A long-awaited moment of success.Omega,for this and all your significant moment.To enjoy a good picture these days you need more than a good screen.You need a video tape designed to bring out the best in all the video equipment you own.You need a video tape that delivers crisp colors and clear sounds.You need a video tape that look every bit as vivid on extend playing time as it does on standard.You need a video tape so technologically advanced that it can keep your pictures even after hundreds of replays.In short,you need Fuji video tape.Because if you want to improve your picture,all you really have to do is improve your video tape.祈使句具有劝说、鼓动功能Now!Say goodbye to rough razors,tough tweezers,hot wax,harsh creams,or electrolysis.Hare off removes unsightly hair in second.Keeps your skin looking silky smooth up to 8 wonderful weeks!You wont find a quicker,easier,neater way to enhance your beauty.Hair off makes you feel more elegant,more sensual.More alive!Money back if it doesnt.很少使用否定句。即使使用，也是从反面突出自己产品的特性。We would never say the new Audi 100 is the best in its class.We dont have to.No cold medicine relieves more cold symptoms.If you cant relax here,you cant relax.-Where in American can you find a better pair of Mens Twills for$32.50?-Nowhere that we know of.广告英语的分类与翻译根据参照的标准不同，广告可以分为许多种类：按广告的最终目的，广告可分为商业性广告和非商业性广告。商业广告占主导地位，它本身又可分为产品销售广告，形象广告和观念广告。非商业性广告包括公益广告和政治性广告。按广播媒体分类，可分为电视广告、广播广告、杂志广告、报纸广告等。按传播空间分类，可分为地方性广告、全国性广告和国际广告。一 理性诉求广告通过介绍产品的质量、性能、特色、效果等方面，来达到以理服人、促进推销的目的。这类广告的文体多是说明性或解释性的，语言准确清晰、朴实客观、语气平稳冷静、循循善诱。照相机自动聚焦，自动曝光，自动拍摄，自动送出印好的照片。拍立得SX-70声纳单步照相机。要获得一张焦距精确，曝光恰当的照片，只需要按下拍立得SX-70声纳单步照相机上的按纽即可。这是世界上最好的即刻显影照相机。声纳自动测距。四元镜头旋至焦点。内设的小电机将印好的照片送出。整个过程在1秒半内完成。照相如此简便精美，以前何曾有过！感性诉求广告感性诉求指广告通过感性的表诉来影响,打动消费者,激发其购买的欲望.这类广告重在传情,有时通过富有人情味的情节或形象传达广告信息,影响消费者的情感和态度.其文体多是描述性或叙述性的,语言生动形象,易采用多种修辞手段,有时语气较为夸张,富有诱惑力.翻译时应注意把其情感和神韵传达出来.跟海象说声悄悄话。轻轻拍几下企鹅。对大海豹唱唱歌。摸一摸微笑的海豚，或者抱抱那只名噪全球的杀人鲸“山姆”，它可是你所结交的朋友中最大的一位呢！今年夏天就计划一游美丽的海洋世界吧。除了它，还有什么地方你可以认识这么多的海洋动物？彼此交谈，彼此欢笑，彼此相爱，彼此了解。并且，还有什么地方，你和你的家人可以从新交的朋友那儿得到如此这般的乐趣？你可享有一整天妙不可言的表演，表演，表演！这一切只有“海洋世界”才有。在“海洋世界”里，你可以跟动物说说话，它们也会跟你说说话。三 理性诉求和感性诉求相结合大多数情况下,广告是理性诉求和感性诉求相结合的,这样既可注意介绍产品本身品质和特点,语言上又不过于直白,而是通过人情味较浓的手法来表现,这样广告可取得更好的效果.英汉代词比较代词是用来代替或指示事物、行动、性状、数量的词，在句中具有名词和形容词的句法功能。一 在分类法上，汉语代词分类的依据是代词的指代作用，英语代词分类的依据是代词的句法功能。按照代词不同的作用，汉语在传统上将代词分为三类：人称代词：我、你、他（她、它）、自己、别人、大家、人家等指示代词：这、那、这里、那里、这样、那样、这么、那么、某、各、某、有的、有些等等疑问代词：谁、什么、哪、怎样、怎么样、几、多少、多么二、英语代词在分类上不仅考虑词义，而且还依据代词的句法结构功能，分出了传统上的九类代词。以下几类代词在汉语中是没有的：1）人称代词（名词性代词）：mine,his,hers,ours,yours,theirs2）关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as,but3）连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,what 从翻译角度上而言，英汉代词最重要的区别于英语倾向于多用代词，特别是人称代词，汉语倾向于重复名称、人名或称谓，避免在容易混淆的上下文中交替地使用不同的人称代词。She told them he never gave her any information about his friend at Cambridge fearing that she would in one way or another leak it out.她告诉他们说他从来没有对她谈过他在剑桥的朋友的情况，惟恐她会在不知不觉中将它泄露了出去。在英语中人称代词的指代关系很清楚。而在汉语中人称代词在口语语流中的指代关系则很不清楚。导致指代关系混淆的根本原因是多词一音。代词汉译的几个问题一、摆脱英语的影响，在译文中适当减少代词（特别是人称代词）的使用频率可以大大改善译文的可读性。We tender our sincere compliments and express our heartiest thanks and appreciation for the close cooperation and generous patronage you always render to our Corporation.衷心感谢贵国对本公司所给予的合作和照顾。Previously in our letter dates last 15th,we ask you for the delivery of these goods not later than the 25th,but they finally failed to reach us.本公司曾于上月5日致函贵方要求货物启运日期不得迟于25日，但迟至今日仍未运到。(一)英语普通名词具有一个很独特的属性，即前面必须用一个不同类型的限定词，包括冠词以及代词，而这就导致了代词的广泛使用。而汉语中没有冠词，也就不存在功能相当于冠词的限定词。Put your gloves on your hands.Well,give us your reason,please.Regards to your family.Now I make my protest once again.A blush witnesses her confusion.（二）英语及物动词必须带宾语，这也是导致英语代词广泛使用的一个原因。1）反身代词，反身代词一般不必译出，但在形态上与反身代词完全一致的强调代词则必须译出来。He has distinguished himself in cost accounting.他在成本核算业务方面是很出众的。He had sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学，期望儿子超过自己。2)完全充当结构上的宾语而无实际意思的itTo understand what has happened in retail trade over past decade,it is necessary to be aware of