高一英语语法-定语从句.doc

定语从句-Attributive Clauses1定语从句：在复合句中起起形容词的作用,用来修饰名词、名词性成分或代词的从句，所以又称为形容词性从句。相关概念：先行词定语从句中所修饰的名词、名词性成分或代词叫做先行词。 关系词（引导词）引导一个定语从句的词。Eg: She is an English teacher (who likes singing songs). I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.2.关系词(引导词)：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系词先行词所指关系词在句中作用关系代词that人/物主、 宾(可省) 、 表which物主、 宾(可省)who人主、 宾(可省)whom人宾Whose/of which人/物定as人/物/事情主、 宾 、 表关系副词when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 4. 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种1)限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。（一） 限定性定语从句1. who 指“人”，在定语从句中作主语Is he the man who invented the machine? 他就是发明这机器的人吗?2. whom 指”人”,在从句中作宾语,可以用who来代替省略,当前面有介词时,不能用who代替且不能省略The person (who/whom) I spoke to just now is our headmaster.刚才我和他说话的那个人是我们的校长.The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming.你等的那位教师就要来了.3. whose 可指”人或”物”,在从句中作定语, whose修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样This is the girl whose family is in the northeast.这就是家在东北的那位姑娘.Water is a liquid whose boiling point is 100.水是一种沸点为一百摄氏度的液体.4. which 指”物”,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略,但前面有介词时不能省略 The train which has just left is or Xian. 刚刚离开的那班火车是去西安的. Here is the pen (which) you lost yesterday. 这是你昨天丢的钢笔. The room in which he lives is very new. 他住的房间很新.5. that 既指”人”,又指”物”,既在从句中作主语,又作宾语,作宾语时前面不能有介词,可以省略,只能引导限制性定语从句. The woman that/who is in the next room is our English teacher.隔壁的那位女士是我们的英语老师. He is a man (that/who/whom) you can depend on. 他是一个你可以依赖的人.6. as 引导限制性定语从句时,可在从句中作主语或宾语,主要用于suchas和 the sameas句型中 I have never heard such a moving story as he told.我还从未听过像他讲的那么动人的故事. I have the same opinion as you have. 我和你意见相同.7. 关系副词有why, when, where,在定语从句中代替先行词,作状语,不可省略,有时也可用”介词+which”代替.(1) when表示时间,在从句中用作时间状语 He was born in the year when World War broke out.他出生于第二次世界大战爆发的那一年. I cant remember the day when the day he went abroad. 我记不起他出国的日子了= I cant remember the day on which he went abroad.(2) where 表示地点,在从句中用作地点状语 This is the place where he was born. 这是他出生的地方.= This is the place in which he was born. I dont know the exact spot where they will meet.我不知道他们将要见面的确切地点.(3) why表示原因,在从句中用作原因状语,主要用于先行词是reason的情况Thats the reason why I did it.那就是我做这件事的原因.= This is the reason for which I did it.I dont know the reason why he didnt come. 我不知道他为什么没来.8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。 判断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。（二）非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which指“物”，在从句中作主语或宾语，引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 I have read the book A tale of Two Cities, which was written by Charles Dickens.They came to a house, in front of which there was a tall tree.They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.2. who指“人”，有从句中作主语He has a brother, who works in a factory.他有个哥哥，在一家工厂工作。3Whom指“人”，在从句中作宾语His father, whom he loved dearly, died last year.他父亲去年去世了，他非常爱他父亲。4. whose可指“人”或“物”，在从句中作定语This is Wang Gang, whose sister you met last week.这是王刚，上周你见过他姐姐。5. as在从句中可作主语或宾语，经常可修饰整个主句或主句的一部分。as引导的非限制性定语从句还可置于主句之前。He was strongly against the idea, as could be expected.正如可以预料到的，他强烈反对这个主意。6.where在从句中作地点状语I come from Qingdao, where I was brought up by my grandmother.我来自青岛，我是在那里由我奶奶带大的。7. when在从句中作时间状语In the old days, when I was a little boy, I often swam in this small river.注意：（1）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。（2）.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。（3）在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物。 （三）注意介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T正确)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F错误)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. （四）先行词和关系词二合一1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) （五）as, which引导的非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。as一般放在句首，which在句中，并且在从句中充当主语和宾语。He married well, which/as was natural. (作主语)他的婚姻很幸福，这是很自然的事。She is a French woman, which/as we know from her accent.（作宾语）她是一个法国人，我们是从她的口音得知的。1.关系代词在非限制性定语从句中代替主句中某个名词或词组，并对该名词或词组进行补充或说明时，只能用which引导从句。The dictionary, which I bought last Wednesday, is very helpful to me.2. 关系代词在非限制性定语从句中，只替代主句谓语部分的整个概念时，只能用which引导从句。I asked him to lend me his car, which he did.3.关系代词在非限制性定语从句中代替主句所表达的整体内容，并当关系代词等于and this/ that时，只能用which引导从句It was raining hard, which kept us from arriving there on time.4.关系代词在非限制性定语从句中替代主句所表达的整体部分内容，并当关系代词等于which fact时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导He came to work very early this morning, as was usual.5.关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句放在主句之前时，该从句只能用as引导As we all know, Taiwan is a part of China.6.当非限制性定语从句的谓语为know, say, report, announce, imagine, expect, explain, point out等动词的被动形式时，该定语从句只能用as引导He is a famous pianist in the world, as is known to us all.7.关系代词在非限制性定语从句中替代主句中替代主句中表语的意思，并在从句中作表语时，一般只能用as引导从句This question is very simple, as indeed it is.这个问题非常简单，的确是这样的。8.as常用于一些固定结构中，如as often happens(正如经常发生的)，as I remember（正如我记得的），as appears(正如出现的)，as follows(如下)，as was said earlier(正如早些时候所说的)等。He has read widely, as appears from his articles.9.如果定语从句的内容对主句有消极作用或含义不一致，则从句用which引导，如果语义一致，则用as引导She did nothing but sit there, which showed her laziness.10.非限制性定语从句是复合结构时和从句是否定结构时，常用which引导She always tells a lie, which her parents found strange.她总是撒谎，她父母对此感到奇怪。11.as与which在非限制性定语从句时, as 多用于被动语态，which多用于主动语态 He has been absent again, as is expected.正如所料，他又缺席了。（六）区别用法关系代词that 的用法(1)不用that的情况(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.(b) 介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。There is a rule that you dont know here.这儿有一条你不知道的规则。(b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town? 在城里有我能替你做的事吗？注意：all指人时后面也可用who, something, everything表示心中所指的情况下其后面也可用whichThere is always something which he doesnt like to say.他总是有不想说的事。(c)先行词有the only, the very, the same, the last, just修饰时，只用that。The only thing that I can do is to wait. 我能做的唯一的事情就是等待。(d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.这是本学期在我校放映的第三部影片。(e)先行词既有人，又有物时。The writer and his novel that you talked about are well known.你谈到的那位作家和他的小说很有名气。(f) 当关系代词本身在定语从句中作系动词be的表语时，只能用thatTom is no longer the boy that he was five years ago.汤姆不再是五年前的那个男孩了。(g) 在以who, which开头的句子中，为了避免重复，只用that Who is the lady that is playing the piano.弹钢琴的那位女子是谁？关系代词who的用法定语从句中的先行指人时,其关系代词用who或whom,也可用that,但在以下情况则只能用who或whom(a) 在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词指人时The boy, who is young, can work out the maths problems.那男孩,他很年轻,会解这道数学题.(b) 定语从句中指人的关系代词是介词的宾语时The person to whom I spoke just now is my biology teacher.刚才同我说话的那个人是我的生物老师.(c) 先行词为单得数同形的集体名词,如family, team, club, class, government等用于复数,表示各个成员时,用who,如果着眼于集体,用that/whichMr Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV.史密斯先生来看望我的家人,我们都在看电视Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.我们班是一个很棒的班集体,又在会上受到表扬了.(d) 先行词为he, she, man, these, one(指人),people, all及由body, one与any 构成的不定代词时He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉.People all like those who have good manners.所有人都喜欢那些有礼貌的人.（七）难点分析1.who作先行词时,一般用that引导定语从句;that作先行词时,一般用which引导 Who that is human can do such a cruel thing? 这种残酷的事不是人干出来的. He found that which he had looked for. 他找到他过去一直寻找的东西.2. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。3. 以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。The way in which/ that/ he answered the question was surprising.4. but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句There are very few but understand his idea. (but= who dont )(八) “介词关系代词”引导定语从句“介词关系代词”引导定语从句是我们学习定语从句的重点，也是高考的常考点。学习这种从句应注意以下几点：1. 用于这种情况的关系代词一般为which（指物）和whom（指人）。在这种结构中，介词的选择非常关键，可以遵循以下四个原则：（1）根据定语从句中的谓语动词确定介词，其动词与介词搭配，构成动词短语。例如：Is this the car for which you paid a high price? （pay for）这是你花大价钱买的车吗？In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. （turn to sb. for help）在黑暗的街上，她找不到一个人来帮助她。The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher. （shake hands with sb. ）刚才你和他握手的那个人是我们的英语老师。（2）根据定语从句中的形容词确定介词，其形容词与介词搭配，构成形容词短语。例如：The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. （be sure about）马克思没有把握的两件事是：语法和习惯用法。The teacher with whom the students in our class are popular is Mr Wang, our English teacher. （be popular with）在我们班，深受学生欢迎的是王老师我们的英语老师。（3）根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词，其先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方法、工具等的词，它们与介词之间有一定的联系。当“介词关系代词”在定语从句中充当时间、地点、原因状语时，可分别用when, where, why替换。例如：Ill never forget the day on which （= when ）I joined the army. 我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。The factory in which（= where）his father works is far away from my hometown. 他父亲工作的那家工厂离我们家乡很远。I dont know the reason for which （why）he was late for school. 我不知道他为何上学迟到。This is the camera with which he often takes photos. 这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。（4）根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时，要根据句子所要表达的意思，选用不同的介词。例如：This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera.（意思是：I bought a camera for the pilot.）这就是我给他买相机的那位飞行员。This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.（意思是：My brother has worked with the pilot for ten years. ）这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.（意思是：My son was saved by this pilot.）这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。2. 介词若与从句中的动词词组有关，可前置于关系代词前，也可置于动词后，但若此介词与动词为固定词组，则此介词一般不前置。例如：Yesterday we paid a visit to the house in which Lu Xun lived. Yesterday we paid a visit to the house which Lu Xun lived in. 昨天，我们参观了鲁迅的故居。This is the very pen that Im look for. （look for为固定词组，则介词for不可前置。）那就是我正在找的那支钢笔。3. 限定性定语从句中，介词前置时，关系代词不能用that，且不能省略；若介词后置，则可以用that，也可省略。This is the school in which I studied 3 years ago. This is the school（which / that）I studied in 3 years ago. 这就是三年前我学习的那所学校。4. 表示所属关系时，介词应用of，关系代词为which / whom, 即n. + of + which / whom，可转换为whose+ n. 。He lives in a room, the window of which faces west. He lives in a room, whose window faces west. 他住的房间，窗子向西开着。The child was saved by a man, the name of whom was not known. The child was saved by a man, whose name was not known. 这个孩子被一位不知姓名的男子所救。5. 表示整体中的一部分或中最的，介词一般也用of。例如：The Greens have two daughters, both of whom are college students. 格林夫妇有两个女儿，她们都是大学生。China has many rivers, the longest of which is the Yangtze River. 中国有众多河流，最长的是长江。(九)易混辨析1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(1)从形式上看,限制性定语从句紧跟在先行词的后面,不能用逗号把从句与先行词隔开来;非限制性定语从句通常由