牛津高中英语语法【主谓一致】.doc

主谓一致

主谓一致的概念
所谓主谓一致是指“主语和谓语动词”之间,即（主语的人称和单复数形式）决定着（谓语动词对应的形式）。
一、【语法一致】
1. <and连接>两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下两种情况：
(1) 如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时候,谓语动词用复数。
He and she _____both students of this school.
他和她都是这个学校的学生。
（2）如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物, 或者指同一概念的时候, 谓语要用单数。
The singer and dancer____ going to give us a performance.
那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。
2. 如果主语是<不定式, 动词ing形式或主语从句>的时候,谓语动词一般用单数。
　 When he is coming seems very important.
他什么时候要来看起来很重要。
Collecting stamps is his hobby.
收集邮票是他的爱好。
To love her is not to break her wings.
爱她就不该折断她自由飞翔的翅膀。
3. 定语从句的<关系代词who, which, that>在从句中作主语时，要与<先行词>的人称和数保持一致。
Those who enjoy singing may join us.
Tom, who is your friend, should help you.
4. 在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。例如:
Between the two windows hangs a picture.

二、[意义一致原则]
指主谓一致取决于主语的其实际意义。（有的主语名词在形式上是单数, 但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数, 但在意义上却是单数。）

1. 不定代词all, more, some, any, none作主语,谓语动词视情况而定。
All of the apples ____rotten.
所有的苹果都烂了。
All of the apple ____rotten.
整个苹果都烂了。
None of the money_____ left.
没有剩下一点钱。
None of the students _____ there.
没有学生在那里。
2. 集体名词作主语, 动词可用单数, 也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时, 动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。
His family ____going out.
他们全家要外出。
His family ____all music lovers.
他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。
3. 某些名词如people, police, cattle等,形式上是单数, 但意义上是复数, 谓语动词应用复数。people指“民族”时是例外。
The police are searching for a thief.
The cattle are eating grass on the hill.
注意：the+adj. 表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。
The old are taken good care of in our country.
4. 复合不定代词作主语, 谓语动词要用单数，如someone ,somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。
　 Someone is asking for you.
有人找你。
　 Nothing is found in the room.
在屋子里什么也没找到。
5. 一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，例如：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等加名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
如：
The pair of shoes is worn out.
这双鞋破了。
The shoes are worn out.
鞋子破了。
6. 某些名词以s结尾如maths, politics, physics, news, plastics 等，谓语动词应用单数。
Physics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一门很有趣的学科。
7. 有些名词的单数和复数形式一样, 作主语的时候, 其谓语动词由上下文决定, 这一类名词有: means(方法、手段), works(工厂) , species(种类), deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。
　 Not every means is useful.
不是每种方法都好使。
Not all means are useful.
不是所有的方法都好使。
8. 书刊名、时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数。
Thirty years is not a long time.
Roots is a famous American novel.

9. 不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词<即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时>，谓语动词仍用单数形式。every... and every ...; each ... and each ...; no ... and no ... 在以上短语中and连接的单数名词, 整个短语在句中作主语时, 谓语动词常使用单数。
Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.
Each man and each woman is asked to attend.
Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。
No sound and no voice is heard. 听不到任何声音。
10. “分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of 后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。例如:
Lots of damage was caused by fire.
About three-fourths of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
Three-fifths of the workers here are women.
和这种情况类似的还有“a number of + 名词复数”。但是,“the number of + 名词”的中心词却是number。试比较：
A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest.
The number of pages in this book is two hundred.
注意：
① a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
A large quantity of people is needed here.
quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。
Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.
② a great deal of, a large amount of, 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数;
large amounts of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。例如:
③ 表示数量的one and a half 后, 名词要用复数形式, 但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
例如：
One and a half bananas is left on the table.

11. 如果主语有more than one很多 非常…或many a许多……构成，one and a half与单数名词组成的短语。尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。
如：
More than one student has read the book.
Many a girl has been there.
但是，“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。
如：
More members than one are against your plan.

三、[就近原则]
either ... or; neither ... nor; not only ... but also, whether...or在句子中连接主语的时候或者在there be句型中,谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。
Neither you nor I am wrong.
There is a cup of tea and some apples
on the table.
Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.

四、就远原则
with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, but, including 如果句子中有这些连接词和主语连用,谓语动词的数<随主语的变化>而变化。
例如：
　The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street.
老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。
Everybody except you is down on me. 除了你，大家都看不起我。
A woman with two children has come. 一位妇女带着两个孩子已经来了
John, rather than his roommates, is to blame. 约翰，而不是他的室友，应受责备
Jim, together with his classmates, has seen the film. 吉姆和他的同学都看看过这电影

主谓一致练习题
从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. One-third of the area _____ covered with green trees. About seventy percent of the trees _____ been planted.
  A. are; have          B. is; has           C. is; have           D. are; has
2. The number of teachers in our college _____ greatly increased last term.A number of teachers in this school _____ from the countryside.
   A. was; is             B. was; are          C. were; are         D. were; is
3. What _____ the population of China? One-third of the population _____ workers here.
   A. is; are              B. are; are          C. is; is           D. are; is
4. Not only he but also we _____ right. He as well as we _____ right.
   A. are; are             B. are; is           C. is; is           D. is; are
5. What he’d like _____ a digital watch. What he’d like _____ textbooks.
   A. are; are             B. is; is         C. is; are         D. are; is
6. He is one of the boys who _____ here on time. He is the only one of the boys who _____ here on time.
   A. has come; have come  
   B. have come; has come
   C. has come; has come
   D. have come; have come
7. Either you or he _____ interested in playing chess. _____ you or he fond of music at present?
   A. are; Are            B. is; Are             C. are; Is         D. is; Is
8. Many a professor _____ looking forward to visiting Germany now.  Many scientists _____ studied animals and plants in the last two years.
   A. is; have             B. is; has           C. are; have         D. is; are
9. A knife and a fork _____ on the table. A knife and fork _____ on the table.
   A. is; is              B. are; are             C. are; is         D. is; are
10. Her family _____ much larger than mine four years ago. Her family _____ dancing and singing when I came in last night.
    A. were; was          B. was; were          C. was; was          D. were; were
11. How and why Jack came to China _____ not known. When and where to build the new library _____ not been decided.
    A. is; has           B. are; has          C. is; have            D. are; have
12. Now Tom together with his classmates _____ football on the playground.
    A. play              B. are playing        C. plays           D. is playing
13. Two hundred and fifty pounds _____ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car.
    A. is                B. are              C. were            D. be
14. All but Dick _____ in Class Three this term.
  　A. are               B. is              C. were            D. was
15. Soon after the earthquake, every man, woman and child _____ about it.
    A. were talking         B. was talking          C. talk               D. talks
16. We each _____ strong points and each of us on the other hand _____ weak points.
    A. have; have          B. has; have         C. has; has         D. have; has
17. My friend and classmate Paul _____ motorcycles in his spare time.
    A. race                 B. races          C. is raced            D. is racing
18. There _____ a pen, two pencils, and three books on the desk.
    A. are                B. is                 C. has             D. have
19. The factory, including its machines and buildings, _____ burnt last night.
    A. is                B. are               C. were           D. was
20. Climbing hills _____ of great help to health.
     A. is                B. are             C. were             D. be
21. Time and tide _____ for no man.
    A. wait             B. waited          C. is waiting       D. has waited
22. The injured in the tsunami _____ good care of by some medical teams.
    A. is taken                     B. are being taken     
    C. are taking                   D. is being taken
23. It is not J. K. Rowling but her works that _____ us excited.
    A. makes              B. is made            C. make            D. are made
24. On the closet _____ a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday.
    A. lying             B. lies              C. lie             D. is laid
25. Each man and each woman _____ asked to help when the fire broke out.
    A. is                B. was               C. are              D. were
26. About 60 percent of the students _____ from the south; the rest of them _____ from the north and foreign countries.
    A. are; is             B. is; is           C. is; are           D. are; are
27. —Is there anybody in the classroom ?
—No, the teacher, together with the students _____ to the playground.
A. go B. went C. has gone D. have gone
28. —Are these your sheep ?
—No. Mine _____ on grass at the foot of the hill.
A. are feeding B. feed C. is fed D. is feeding
29. Sitting at the back of the room but in front of some old men and women _____ a very shy
girl with two bright eyes.
A. was B. are C. were D. there was
30. Mr. Bush, together with his wife and daughter _____ going to Japan next week.
A. are B. is C. will be D. would be
31. Not the teacher but the students _____ excited.
A. is B. has C. are D. have
32. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _____ all that I can spare to talk with you.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
33. _____ of the land in that district _____ covered with trees and grass.
A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifths; are C. Two fifth; are D. Two fifths; is