资源描述
题型一 细节理解题
事实认定
数字确定
顺序排列
通过阅读，认定文中出现的who，what，when，where，which，how等具体事实信息。
对文中所涉及的年代、年龄、数量、钱款等进行规整、计算、换算，得出试题所要求的答案。
对文中所列举的事实、事项、事件等按照时间、空间或逻辑顺序进行恰当排序。
解题技巧
1.略读、跳读，锁定与问题相关的信息范围，定位相关的词语或句子。
2．读选项，理解各选项的意义，比较各选项的意义差别。
3．通过直接信息认定、同义替换对应，筛选出正确答案。
4．重点关注给出的例证、类比、顺序等重要信息点。
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，A)
Washington，D.C.Bicycle Tours
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
Duration：3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the worldfamous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!
Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour
Duration：3 hours(4 miles)
Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington，D.C.Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop.Guided tour includes bike，helmet，cookies and bottled water.
Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
Duration：3 hours
Morning or Afternoon，this bike tour is the perfect tour for D．C.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington，D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents，Congress，memorials，and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线)make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.
Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour
Duration：3 hours(7 miles)
Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington，D.C.Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike，helmet，and bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.
21．Which tour do you need to book in advance?
A．Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
B．Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C．Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
D．Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
[解题指导] 考查细节理解题之事实认定。根据第一部分中的“Reserve your spot before availability — and the cherry blossoms—disappear！”可知，这个骑自行车旅游需要提前预定。故选 A 项。
22．What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?
A．Meet famous people.
B．Go to a national park.
C．Visit well-known museums.
D．Enjoy interesting stories.
[解题指导] 考查细节理解题之事实认定。根据第三部分中的“Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most，interesting stories about Presidents，Congress，memorials，and parks.”可知，在这个活动中，你可以欣赏到有趣的故事。故选 D 项。
23．Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?
A．City maps. B．Cameras.
C．Meals. D．Safety lights.
[解题指导] 考查细节理解题之事实认定。根据最后一部分中的“All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.”可知，所有骑车人都配备了反光背心和安全灯。故选 D 项。
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，A·节选)
Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens
Visitor Information
How to Get to Holker
By Car: Follow brown signs on A590 from JB6，M6.Approximate travel times: Windermere—20 minutes，Kendal—25 minutes，Lancaster—45 minutes，Manchester—1 hour 30 minutes.
By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth，Lancaster and Preston for connections to major cities & airports.
Opening Times
Sunday—Friday (closed on Saturday)11：00 a．m.—4：00p.m.,30th March—2nd November.
Admission Charges
Hall & Gardens Gardens
Adults: ￡12.00 ￡8.00
Groups: ￡9.00 ￡5.50
21．How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?
A．20 minutes. B．25 minutes.
C．45 minutes. D．90 minutes.
[解题指导] 考查细节理解题之数字确定。根据Visitor Information部分“How to Get to Holker”中的“Manchester—1 hour 30 minutes”可知，从Manchester到Holker要用1 hour 30 minutes，即90分钟，故选 D 项。
22．How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit Hall & Gardens?
A．￡12.00. B．￡9.00.
C．￡8.00. D．￡5.50.
[解题指导] 考查细节理解题之数字确定。根据Admission Charges中的内容可知，参观Hall & Gardens时，购买团体票(Groups)的价格为9英镑，故选 B 项。
题型二 推理判断题
隐含信息、言外之意
作者的观点、看法、情感态度
文章出处、读者对象
预测后文
通过归纳、演绎、类比等方式从已知信息中推出未知信息，由已言之意，推未言之意。
通过对事件、景物、话语的深入分析推出作者含蓄、隐晦地表达出的观点或看法；体会作者在字里行间中流露出的情感态度。
通过对格式、结构、内容的分析，推出文章的出处、题材范围和阅读此文章的主要读者群。
通过对上文情节、事理的叙述的理解，结合行文逻辑分析，推出文章后文要讲述的内容。
解题技巧
1.推理判断要符合逻辑，在文中要有事实依据。
2．学会read between the lines和read beyond the lines，透过字里行间，去推断隐含意义。
3．利用归纳法、演绎法、类比法对文中的论据进行分析，从而推出论点和结论。
4．整合信息，由因推果，由果推因；由一般推特殊，由特殊推一般；由具体推抽象，由抽象推具体。
5．抓住文中的褒贬性词汇或语句，尤其是形容词和副词，可推断作者的情感态度；依据文章最后的“结论”可推断作者是赞成还是反对。
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers，small，tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
28．What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A．They developed very fast.
B．They were large in number.
C．They had similar patterns.
D．They were closely connected.
[解题指导] 考查推理判断题之隐含信息、言外之意。根据本段中最后一句“Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.”可知，在狩猎时代，人口少，语言却很丰富，故选 B 项。
[干扰项分析] 有些考生会错选C项，原因是他们看到句中的单词patterns，但显然C项与 their own patterns of speech independent of each other含义是不同的，所以不能受patterns的影响而断章取义。
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
32．What does the author think of new devices?
A．They are environment-friendly.
B．They are no better than the old.
C．They cost more to use at home.
D．They go out of style quickly.
[解题指导] 考查推理判断题之隐含信息、言外之意。根据对第一段的整体理解可知，与新的电子设备相比，旧的电子设备不仅耗能高，而且危害环境，所以可推断出，新的电子设备是环保的。故选 A 项。
Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance.These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries，strawberries are highest in vitamin C，although，because of their seeds，raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质)，iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein)．Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants(抗氧化物质)．The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries(樱桃)，they are so delicious who cares? However，they are rich in vitamin C.
When combined with berries or slices of other fruits，frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick，cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”．For this purpose，select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze.If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.Frozen bananas will last several weeks，depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
If you have a juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
27．From which is the text probably taken?
A．A biology textbook.
B．A health magazine.
C．A research paper.
D．A travel brochure.
[解题指导] 考查推理判断题之文章出处。全文主要介绍了一些七月成熟的果实以及这些果实的营养成分等，这当然与健康饮食有关，这类文章应该是刊载在健康杂志上。故选 B 项。
[干扰项分析] 考生很容易误选C项，这是受到了第二段对营养成分介绍的干扰，因此误以为本文摘自研究性论文。
题型三 主旨大意题
确定文章标题
概括全文主题
概括段落大意
标题是文章的题目，它不是主题，但限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。
主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心意思，有的直接出现在文中，有的需要通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。
段落大意是指段落的中心意思。文章常由多个段落组成，共同支撑全文主题，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通过归纳、演绎等方法概括得出。
解题技巧
1.细读文章或段落的首句、中间句和尾句，主题往往就在这些地方出现。
2．特别关注however，but等表示转折的信息词，主题很可能就在这类词的后面出现。
3．表示结论性的信息词如so，thus，therefore等后面通常会出现主题句。
4．对记叙文要会根据所述事件进行归纳概括，领会其寓意，总结出文章的主题。
5．标题是对主题句的高度概括，用词更少，简明扼要，有时会用形象化的语句。
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，D)
We've all been there: in a lift，in line at the bank or on an airplane，surrounded by people who are，like us，deeply focused on their smartphones or，worse，struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What's the problem? It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence.It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging，or we think it's annoying and unnecessary.But the next time you find yourself among strangers，consider that small talk is worth the trouble.Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy，but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation.Small talk is the grease(润滑剂)for social communication，says Bernardo Carducci，director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk，”he explains.“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others，not just communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study，Elizabeth Dunn，associate professor of psychology at UBC，invited people on their way into a coffee shop.One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动)with its waiter; the other，to speak only when necessary.The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.“It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband，”says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral(边缘的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging，a bond with others.Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners，”he says.
35．What is the best title for the text?
A．Conversation Counts
B．Ways of Making Small Talk
C．Benefits of Small Talk
D．Uncomfortable Silence
[解题指导] 考查主旨大意题之确定标题。文章主要讨论了闲聊在人际交往中的重要作用，故选 C 项。
[干扰项分析] 有些考生会误选B项，但B项是片面的，文章的主旨并不是介绍如何进行闲聊。因此B项犯了以偏概全的错误。
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，B)
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are，like a nearby port or river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City，for example，is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896，Dawson，Canada，was unmapped wilderness(荒野)．But gold was discovered there in 1897，and two years later，it was one of the largest cities in the West，with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming.An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path，killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson，however，the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold,4,000 got rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were，Dawson was never comfortable.Necessities like food and wood were very expensive.But soon，the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down，and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska，they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.Today，people still come and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．The rise and fall of a city.
B．The gold rush in Canada.
C．Journeys into the wilderness.
D．Tourism in Dawson.
[解题指导] 考查主旨大意题之概括全文主题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，从而引出Dawson这一城市的兴起；第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因；第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文是围绕Dawson这个城市的起起伏伏而进行的，故选 A 项。
题型四 词义猜测题
猜测词义
代词指代
猜测句意
根据上下文猜测单词或短语的含义。
根据上下文猜测代词it，they，that，these，those等代指的人或物。
根据上下文猜测某个句子的含义。
解题技巧
1.利用针对性的解释，如定义、同位语、定语从句、重述等。
2．利用标点符号，如破折号、冒号、分号、引号后面的内容或括号中的内容。
3．利用文中列举的例子或给出的同义词、反义词等。
4．根据内文逻辑关系，如并列、对比、因果关系等。
5．根据构词法，如前缀、后缀、复合词等。
Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
29．Which of the following best explains“dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?
A．Complex. B．Advanced.
C．Powerful. D．Modern.
[解题指导] 考查词义猜测题之猜测词义。根据本段的“...all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，所有这些导致了很多语言的消失，英语、西班牙语和汉语逐渐占主导地位，故选 C 项。
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
33．What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
[解题指导] 考查词义猜测题之猜测句意。根据第三段中的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.”可知，正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐，也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选 A 项。
It's Jason Moran's job to help change that . As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
29．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Jazz becoming more accessible.
B. The production of jazz growing faster.
C. Jazz being less popular with the young.
D. The jazz audience becoming larger.
[解题指导] 考查词义猜测题之代词指代。根据语境可知，画线词that指代上段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选 C 项。
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