牛津英语8Bunit1-unit4知识点整理.doc

牛津英语8B unit1-4 知识点&语法汇总
Unit 1知识点

一、重点短语
1. in the past few years 在过去的几年中 2. at present 目前
3. in the future 未来；将来 4. an hour ago 一小时前
5. in the bowl在碗里 6. share sth. with sb.和….分享…
7. be kind to sb. 对…友好 8. wait for the next one 等下一辆车
9. know…very well 非常了解… 10. since I was born自我出生以来
11. move house 搬家 12. get married to sb.= marry sb.= be married to sb. 和某人结婚 13.marry sb. to sb.把某人嫁给某人
14. since then 从那以后 15. move two blocks away 搬到两个街区以外
16. change a lot改变许多 17. over the years 在这些年期间(现在完成时)
18. in the town center= in the center of the town在镇中心 19. a steel factory 一家钢铁厂 20. water pollution水污染 air pollution空气污染 noise pollution噪音污染
21. put the waste into the river把废料扔进河 put away 收好 put on 穿上 put off 推迟/延期
22. realize the problem意识到问题 23. take action to improve the situation采取行动改善情况
24. much cleaner 干净得多 25. have a beautiful modern town拥有一个美丽现代化的城镇
26.most of my old friends我的大多数老朋友 27. move away 搬走
28.play cards and Chinese chess 打牌，下中国象棋
29. the amazing changes 令人惊奇的改变
30.a group of buildings with streets on all sides街道两边全是高楼
31..all one’s life 某人的一生 32. repair over ten bicycles 修十多辆自行车
33.the changes in Beijing北京的变化 34. over the past century上个世纪期间 35.learn more about更多了解关于…… 36. plan to do sth.计划做某事
37. hear about/of 听说 hear from sb. 收到某人来信
38. clean and fresh air干净新鲜空气 39.living condition居住环境
40. railway station火车站 41. travel to and from the town by bus乘公交进出城镇
42. another big change 另一个大变化 43. move into new flats搬进新的公寓 move out of…搬出…
44. return from the USA 从美国回来 return sth. to sb. 把某物归还给某人
45. go abroad 出国，去国外 at home or abroad在国内外
46. at primary school 在小学 47.keep in touch with each other互相保持联络  
municate by email 通过电子邮件交流
49.make communication much easier使沟通更容易 communicate with sb.和某人保持联系
50. be/get used to (doing) sth 习惯于（干）某事 get used to the changes of life 习惯了生活的变化
51. take place发生（有目的有计划的）、举行 happen发生(偶然发生)
52. green hills all around 到处都是绿山
53. a river runs through the centre of town 一条小河穿过镇中心
54. on one’s own = by oneself = alone独自
55、throw rubbish扔垃圾 56、in some large open spaces在一些大的开阔的地方
57、in their free time 在他们业余时间 58、travel around the town在镇里转转
59、have their own cars= have cars of their own有他们自己的汽车
60.narrow and dirty roads 又窄又脏的公路 61.wide and clean streets宽阔而干净的街道
62.green trees on both sides两边绿树 63.enjoy a comfortable life享受舒服的生活
64. from time to time=at times=sometimes有时

二、词汇梳理
1.I've just eaten it.我刚才把它吃了。 (eat-ate-eaten)
just adv. 意为“刚才” 常与完成时连用。 他们刚刚到达。 e.g. They have just arrived.
注意：just now 意为“刚才”，相当于“a moment ago”通常与一般过去时连用。
我刚才去了图书馆。e.g.I went to the library just now.

2.used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”，表示过去的习惯。本身已是过去时态，没有人称和数的变化，暗含现在已不再如此。
1) 他的父母过去住在乡下。 e.g. His parents used to live in the countryside.
2) Tom 过去常常早起，不是吗？ e.g. Tom used to get up early, didn't he?/ usedn't he?
be used to doing sth.习惯于做某事
e.g. My father is used to reading newspapers after dinner.
be used to do 被用来做…… e.g. A pen is used to write with.笔是用来写的。

3.turn…into… 把…变成…
Heat turns water into vapor .热使水变成蒸气。　
turn on打开 turn off关 turn up调高 turn down调低 turn around转身
by turns轮流地 in turn依次 turn in 上交 It’s one’s turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事

4.in some ways 在某种程度上 in this way以这种方式 on the way (to )在……的路上
by the way 顺便说下 no way 没门 in any way 无论如何

5.It has become impossible for us to see each other as often as before.
E.g 1.It is necessary for us to study English hard. 2. It is kind of you to help us.
若形容词是描述行为者的性格、品质的，如kind，good，nice，clever，careless，polite，foolish等，用of sb.。
若形容词仅仅是描述事物, 用for sb.，如difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，（im）possible等。

6. feel a bit lonely from time to time 有时感到有点孤单
feel a bit lonely 感到有点孤单 from time to time=at times=sometimes有时
a bit和a little “稍微”、“有点” ,修饰形容词、副词。在肯定句中可以互换。
a little 直接修饰不可数名词;而a bit修饰名词时,其后须加上of,构成“a bit of+n.”结构。
例如: He knows a bit of French.       
a bit和a little的否定式意义正好相反。not a bit=not at all,意为“毫不”;而not a little=very much,意为“非常”,“很”。例如: He is not a bit tired.他一点不累。 He is not a little tired.他很累。
a few/few用在复数可数名词之前，little/a little用在不可数名词之前。
e.g.He took a few biscuits. (肯定 ) He took few biscuits(否定)
 He took a little butter. ((肯定)     He took little butter. (否定)

7.because of being alone 因为独自一人.
lonely, alone的区别：
lonely作表语，表示心灵内部的孤独寂寞；lonely修饰地点时，意：“荒凉的，偏僻的”。
alone指单独、独自的意思，作表语。如：He is alone, but he never feels lonely.

8.way
in a way 在某种程度上 e.g. In a way, you're right. 从某一点上看你是对的。
in some ways:在某种程度上;在某些方面 e.g. In some ways I agree with you.在某种程度上我同意你的观点
in the way挡道地
on the way…. = on one’s way…在来、去或旅行的过程中 She is on her way out the door. 她往户外走。
on the way home 在回家路上 (home 是副词，所以省to)
on the way to school 在上学路上
e.g.Winter is on the way. 冬天就要来到了
the way to… the key to…..
the way to the post office 去邮局的路
by the way 顺便说一下

9. the changes to Sunshine Town阳光镇的变化→the changes to… …的变化 　
change n.变化，常用复数changes。 e.g. Great changes have taken place since 1995.　　

10. We lived till 1965, when I got married. →get married结婚→get/be married to sb与某人结婚　　
⑴marry sb与某人结婚，e.g. She married a football player. ⑵marry sb to sb把某人嫁给某人，e.g. He married his daughter to an actor. ⑶get/be married to sb和某人结婚，e.g. Yao Ming got married to Ye Li on 6 August, 2007. ⑷表示“已经结婚”用have/has got married，表示“已经结婚多久”用have/has been married for＋时间段或since＋时间点。e.g. ①They have got married. ②They have been married for 5 years.不能说成They have got married for 5 years.　

11.The changes to Moonlight Town have brought advantages, but they have also caused many problems for people. 　
⑴bring advantages to …给…带来好处，advantage优点；有利条件→disadvantage缺点；不利条件 ⑵cause problems for…给…带来麻烦　　

三、 Grammar 现在完成时
（1）构成：现在完成时由助动词have / has + 过去分词构成，第三人称单数用has，其余用have.
现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。
否定式 疑问式
I have not (haven’t) studied…. Have I studied…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
You have not (haven’t) studied…. Have you studied…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
He has not (hasn’t) studied…. Has he studied…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
（2）用法：
1）现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作或状态对现在的结果或影响。而一般过去时也表示动作已经完成，但强调的是过去发生了某一动作这样一个事实。如果没有说明动作发生的具体时间，则一般用现在完成时；如果说明了动作发生的具体时间，带有表示过去的时间状语，则用一般过去时。例如：
My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。
I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。
She has arrived. 她到了。
2）表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如today, these days, recently, now, lately, for…, since…, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just 等。如：
I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。
We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。
They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。
She has been with us since Monday. 她从星期一就一直和我们在一起。

注意：
1）表示短暂意义的动词如open, go, come, die, arrive, leave, lose, fall等，在完成时当中不能和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说：
×He has come here for 2 weeks.
×The old man has died for 4 months.
×They have left only for 5 minutes.
以上三句话可以改为：
It’s two weeks since he came here. He has been here for 2 weeks.
It’s 4 months since the old man died.
They have been away only for 5 minutes

2）have (has) been 和have (has) gone的区别：表示“曾到过某地”要用 “have (has) been”; 表示“已经去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。试比较：
Where has he been? 他刚才到哪里去了？（已经回来了）
Where has he gone? 他上哪儿去了？（人不在）
They have been to Canada. 他们到过加拿大。（现在已经不在加拿大）
They have gone to Canada. 他们到加拿大去了。（可能在路上和已经到加拿大）.

3）现在完成时不能和明确指出时间的状语，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等连用， 但可以和不明确指出时间的状语，如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever, never等连用。例如：
She has already come. 她已经来了。
I haven’t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。
I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。
Ma Hong has always been a good student. 马红一直是个好学生。
I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。
They have never been to Yan’an. 他们从未去过延安。
I haven't seen him lately. 我近来没看到他。

Unit 2知识点
一、重点短语
1. go to sp for a/one’s holiday去某地度假 2. be on holiday在度假
3. have been to sp去过某地（已经回来） 4. have gone to sp去了某地（还没回来）
5.join sb in doing sth加入某人去做某事 6. get ready for sth. 为……做好准备 get ready to do sth. 准备做某事
7. take sth. with sb.随身携带 8. place of interest 名胜
9. see each other 互相见面 10. miss sb. very much 非常想念某人

11. have a fantastic/good/nice/wonderful time=have fun=enjoy oneself玩得愉快
12. get to sp.=reach sp.=arrive at/in sp. 到达某地(没有目的地只用arrive)
13.at the speed of … 以……的速度 14. through the ride在行程中
15.（动词)hurry to sp/ go to sp in a hurry(名词) 16. such as/for example例如
17. later in the afternoon=in the late afternoon下午迟些时候 18. the best part of the day 这天最好部分
19. run after sb.追赶某人 20. can’t stop doing =can’t help doing 禁不住做某事
21. Stop to do something停下来去做另一件事 Stop doing something停止正在做的……
22. be like magic像魔法一样
23. a couple of = a pair of 一双；一对 24. near/at the end of 将近/在…结束的时候
25. in the end=finally 最后
26. by the end of到..为止
27. during your stay there (名词) 在你待在那期间
28.let me have a look at sth.让我看一下某物
29.go to sp to attend a meeting去某地开会 30.在沙滩上玩play on the sand
31. 顺便说一下by the way 32. 邀请某人去野餐invite sb to go for a picnic
33.去野餐go for a picnic /have a picnic 34.中国园林Chinese gardens
35.自然景观places of natural beauty
36.全年去那儿go there all year round(during the whole year)
37.在任何季节in any season 38.在一年的那个时刻at that time of year
39.去某地出差go to sp on business 40.leave for sp 动身去某地，前往某地
42.在一大早in the early morning
43.坐飞机去某地take a plane to sp / take a flight to sp
go to sp by air / plane go to sp on a plane
44.wave to sb.向某人挥手

二、词汇梳理
1.miss sb. very much 非常想念某人
miss v. 1)思念；想念When I studied in USA，I miss my parents very much.
2)错过，没赶上 Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.
n. 小姐，后接 姓氏时，常常大写 This is my English teacher, Miss li.

2.spend the whole day at Disneyland在迪斯尼度过一整天
spend v 1） 度过 I spent my winter holiday in Hainan.
2) 花费 spend + 时间/金钱 on + 东西
spend + 时间/金钱（in) doing something
E.g. I spent an hour on my homework yesterday.
I spent an hour in doing my homework yesterday.

3.On the way 在路上 on the way to + 地点 在去……的路上
on one’s way to + 地点 在某人去……的路上
注意：遇到 home/here/there 等地点副词时省略to

4. see sb. playing on the sand看到某人正在沙滩上玩
see somebody doing sth 看到某人正在做
see somebody do sth 看到某人做某事的过程或经常看到某人做某事
E.g.I saw him working in the garden yesterday. Jim often sees Mary help others.

5.die v 死亡 His grandfather died last week.
death n 死亡 He cried after knowing his grandfather’s death.
dying 动词现在分词；形容词 奄奄一息的，垂死的
His grandfather is dying. 他的爷爷快过世了。
dead 形容词 死的 His grandfather has been dead for three years.

6.1)Except 与 besides
都可表示“除外”，但 besides 表示一种累加关系，意指“除了什么之外，还有……”；而 except 则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了什么之外，不再有……”。如：
Besides his wife，his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。
Nobody went to see him except his wife. 除他妻子外，没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。
2)关于 except 与 except for：
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西，而 except for是"除了因为……;要不是……;除去……一点外"的意思,表示"对一个人或事物,先做一个整体评价,然后再就局部提出一点看法"。即一部分被肯定,另一部分被否定,这就是所谓的"排除否定式"。其判别标志是:除去的与保留的"不是同类项"。
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外，其他的作文都写得很好。
His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错，只是有几处拼写错误。

7.in front of (在某物外部的前面） There are two trees in front of the classroom.
in the front of (在某物内部的前面）There are a teacher’s desk in the front of the classroom.

8.endless:无止尽的，-less后缀表示“没有…的”
例：I have an endless list of homework to do.我有没完没了的家务活去做。

9.have a bird’s-eye view of:鸟瞰、俯视
例：From the hill we can have a bird's-eye view of the city. 从山上我们可以鸟瞰全城。

11.go on a school trip 进行一次学校旅行

12.in all总共, 合计;总之 above all 最重要的是, 首先; 尤其是, 特别是
after all毕竟, 终究, 归根结底 first of all首先

13.The weather in Hong Kong is quite different from that in Beijing.香港的天气与北京不同。　　
在as…as…, not as/so…as…, the same as…, be different from…或形容词、副词的比较等级结构中，当主语为不可数名词时，后者用that代替。当主语是名词复数时，后者用those代替。e.g. 　　
①Usually the pollution in big cities is much more serious than that in the countries. 　　
②There are more books in our library than those in theirs.　　

三、 Grammar
have gone to和have been to的区别和用法
have gone to意为“到某地去”，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一人称、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如：
　　—Where is Jim？———吉姆在哪里？
　　—He has gone to England．———他去英国了。（尚未回来）
　　Mr Wang isn't here．He has gone to Qingdao．王先生不在这里。他去青岛了。

have been to意为“曾经去过某地”，现在已不在那里了，后可接次数，如once，twice，three times等，表示“去过某地几次”，也可和 just，never，ever等连用。如：
　　My father has been to Beijing twice．我父亲去过北京两次。
　　I have never been to the Great Wall．我从未去过长城。

　　have been in表示“在某地呆了多少时间”，常与时间段状语连用。如：
　　I have been in Shanghai for three years．我到上海已有三年了。
　　He has been in London for half a month．他来伦敦已有半个月了。
　现在完成时表示行为或状态从过去一直持续到现在时，要加表示一段时间的时间状语，常用 for＋一段时间, since＋时间点。谓语动词也要用延续性的动词。
现在完成时中非延续性动词与延续性动词的转换
非延续性动词
延续性动词
例句
buy
have(has) had
He has had this motorcycle for over two years.
borrow
have(has) kept
She has kept this book for nearly three weeks.
arrive
have(has) been in/at
Kitty has been in Hong Kong for two days.
leave,
have(has) been away
She has been away from home for a month.
join
have(has) been in/ a member of
He has been a member of the Football Club since last year.
die
have(has) been dead
The lamb has been dead for quite some time.
get married
have(has) been married
They have been married for more than fifteen years.
come/go
have(has) been in/at
My cousin has been in Beijing for a month.
begin/start
have(has) been on
The parade has been on for almost an hour.
stop
have(has) been over
The conference has been over since last Saturday.
lose
have(has) been lost
The key has been lost for about three hours.

Unit 3知识点
一、重点短语
1. look like 看起来像 2. agree with sb. on sth同意某人观点
3. agree to do sth同意做某事 4. can’t wait 迫不及待
5. come on 来吧，赶快 6. cheer for… 为……欢呼
7. enjoy oneself 玩得开心 8. get on 上车
9.鼠标（复数）mouse— mouses 老鼠（复数）mouse— mice
10.chat(动词）with sb. have a chat（名词） with sb. 和某人聊天
11. do word processing做文字处理 12. send and receive emails收发电子邮件
13. be fast and easy快捷 14. almost every day几乎每天
15. I have no idea.＝I’ve no idea.＝I don’t know.我不知道
16. Around the World in Eight Hours 八小时环游世界
17. at the top of the page在本页上方 18. at the bottom of 在……底部
19. further on再往前 20. be famous/ known for
21. be famous as+职业 作…而出名 22. so much for sth.关于......就讲这么多，......到此为止 23. pic