新编英语教程5-unit4-教学.pptx

Unit FourTEXT I The Invisible PoorIII.Library Work1.Broadly speaking,the middle class is the social group between the upper or the wealthy and working classes,including professional and business workers and their families.The middle class is sometimes divided into lower middleIII.Library Work and upper middle classes-a division based on occupational and educational differences.Since World War II,the middle class has been the largest class in the United States,where the middle class participate more in political and voluntary organizations than do theIII.Library Work subordinate classes,that is,the lowest paid wage earners and the jobless poor.The middle class in the U.S.also has a higher rate of religious participation than any other class.2.Dictionary definitions of slum and ghetto:Slum-a thickly populated,squalid part of a city inhabited by the poorest peopleIII.Library Work Ghetto-In former times,in most European countries,a section of a city inhabited by Jews.In the U.S.today,a thickly populated slum area in a city inhabited predominantly by a minority group.In many cities in the U.S.,particularly in the East and the Middle West,slums developed where unemployment led to great suffering and over-crowdedness;moreover,pauperism and crime are widespread.III.Library Work In the U.S.,ghetto is a term used to describe segregated residential areas in the northern U.S.They are typically overcrowded,and have poor housing and high unemployment.They are largely a result of segregation.3.The general purpose of unions has been to protect and advance the well-being of workers.Some participants in and observers of the U.S.labor movement have viewed unions as institutions with the potential to establish industrial democracy and socialism.Until the III.Library Work 1930s,U.S.labor unions suffered severe legal disadvantages.Before 1842 strikes were often prohibited by the courts.In 1932 antistrike injunctions were outlawed.U.S.unions finally gained full legal recognition in 1935.The workers were then given the right to form and join unions and to engage in collective bargaining.IV.Organization of the TextI.Thesis statement:invisibility of American poor(Paragraphs 1 2)II.The normal and obvious causes of the invisibility of the poor(Paragraphs 3 7)1.Poverty is often off the beaten track.(Paragraph 4)2.Beauty and myths are masks of poverty.(Paragraph 5)3.Summary and comment(Paragraphs 6 7)IV.Organization of the TextIII.A new kind of blindness about poverty(Paragraphs 8 14)1.Transformation of the American city isolates the poor from sight of others.(Paragraphs 8 9)2.Well-meaning ignorance keeps concerned and sympathetic Americans from knowing the truth about the poor.(Paragraph 10)3.Mass production enables the best-dressed poverty to exist.(Paragraphs 11 12)IV.Organization of the Text 4.Many of the poor are the wrong age to be seen.(Paragraphs 13 14)IV.Political invisibility-the dispossessed at the bottom of society cannot speak for themselves.(Paragraphs 15 17)V.Conclusion(Paragraph 18)V.Key Points of the TextParagraph 3perennial:lasting through the whole year;lasting forever or for a long time 持久的，持久的，长久的长久的 E.g.:the perennial snow fields 终年积雪的原野终年积雪的原野 the perennial blue jeans 四季都穿的牛仔裤四季都穿的牛仔裤 a perennial invalid 长期病人长期病人 the perennial problems of isolation in old age 始始终未能解决的老年人孤独问题终未能解决的老年人孤独问题Paragraph 4 off the beaten track/path:not well-known;not often visited 去的人不多的，鲜有人涉足的；去的人不多的，鲜有人涉足的；不出名的不出名的;离开常规；不落俗套离开常规；不落俗套beaten:(of a path,track,etc.)that is given shape by the feet of those who pass along it(路路)被踏被踏平的平的,走出来的走出来的,人们常走的人们常走的E.g.:We followed a well-beaten path through the forest.我们沿着人们常走的小路穿过了森林。我们沿着人们常走的小路穿过了森林。Paragraph 4E.g.:a vacation spot that is off the beaten track 僻静的度假处僻静的度假处 go off the beaten track 打破常规打破常规turnpike(AmE):also pike,turnpike road,a special road for the use of fast-traveling vehicles,especially such a road which one has to pay to use 高速公路高速公路Paragraph 4rut:deep narrow marks or tracks left in soft ground by the wheel of a vehicle 车辙车辙rutted roads:roads with deep,narrow marks made by the wheels of vehicles 有有车辙的路；凹凸不平的路车辙的路；凹凸不平的路E.g.:be in a rut 墨守成规，也成不变墨守成规，也成不变Paragraph 4get/fall into a rut 陷入老一套，开始墨守陷入老一套，开始墨守成规成规 fall into a conversational rut 开始了老开始了老调重弹的谈话调重弹的谈话 get out of ones rut 摆脱陈规旧习摆脱陈规旧习a runaway sweatshop:a out-and-out sweatshop 彻头彻尾的血汗工厂彻头彻尾的血汗工厂Paragraph 4runaway:out of control 摆脱控制的；控摆脱控制的；控制不住的制不住的E.g.:a runaway oil well 喷流不止的油井喷流不止的油井 runaway inflation（脱缰野马似的）恶（脱缰野马似的）恶性通货膨胀性通货膨胀 the runaway cost of grain 飞涨的谷物价飞涨的谷物价格格Paragraph 5run-down:old and broken;in bad condition 失失修的，破败的；衰败的修的，破败的；衰败的E.g.:a run-down old house 破败的旧屋破败的旧屋 This neighborhood is getting run-down.附近附近这一带正在日渐衰落。这一带正在日渐衰落。be exempt from:be freed from a duty,service,payment,etc.被豁免；被免除被豁免；被免除E.g.:Charitable organizations are exempt from taxation.Paragraph 5John is exempt from physical education because of poor health.strain:a state in which one is greatly troubled by anxiety and difficulty 极度紧张；重负；过极度紧张；重负；过劳劳E.g.:Young people are under great strain during the examination period.Examinations of all kinds put a great strain on young people.Paragraph 5tension:(a feeling of)nervousness,anxiety,worry,or pressure（精神上的）（精神上的）紧张紧张E.g.:Before the interview,Janet suffered from a lot of nervous tension.He felt helpless under the tension of waiting for the news.Paragraph 5underprivileged:(of people)not having the advantages of ordinary persons life;lacking in good chances for education,social life,etc.贫困贫困的；社会经济地位低下的；生活水平低下的的；社会经济地位低下的；生活水平低下的E.g.:children from underprivileged homes 贫困贫困家庭的孩子家庭的孩子 an underprivileged nation 生活水平低下的国生活水平低下的国家家 underprivileged areas of a city 城市的贫民区城市的贫民区Paragraph 6they will be functioning a generation hence:the normal and obvious causes of the invisibility of American poor will still hold true in a generation from nowfunction:operate,workE.g.:Is the machine/computer/telephone functioning?hence:from nowE.g.:three days/a week/two months henceParagraph 6slip:move secretly or unnoticedE.g.:The wet soap slipped out of my hand.Her secret slipped out without her knowing.Days slipped by and he accomplished very little.Dont let good opportunities slip through your fingers.Paragraph 7foray:literally means“a sudden attack into an enemy area by a small number of soldiers to damage or seize arms,foot,etc.”突袭；闪电式侵扰突袭；闪电式侵扰E.g.:The soldiers went on a foray at the command of the officer.make a foray on a town 对一城镇进行对一城镇进行突袭突袭Paragraph 7Forays extended meaning is“a short attempt to become active in an activity that is quite different from ones usual activity.”What the author means here is that visits to the slums made by the middle class at usual times are rare,but at Christmas time,there would be some visits.冒险；涉足冒险；涉足 a short unexpected visit 短暂的访问短暂的访问Paragraph 7E.g.:the presidents three-day foray into the South 总统对南方总统对南方3天短暂的访问天短暂的访问 From time to time he made forays to the pavement booksellers.他常常涉足街头书摊他常常涉足街头书摊ghetto:a section of a city or town where live minority people who are not accepted as social equals by the majority of its citizens 少数民族少数民族聚居区聚居区Paragraph 7Compare synonyms of ghetto:slum:a district in a city or town where living conditions are dirty and unhealthy,and where poor people live 贫民窟贫民窟shantytown:a part of a city or town made up of poorly-built huts,cabins,or houses 棚户区棚户区Paragraph 8the failures:people who fail in doing what they expect to do;unsuccessful people Paragraph 9assume:take something as a fact or as true without proof;supposeE.g.:He was absent at the picnic.I assume that hed forgotten all about it.Assuming that it rains tomorrow,shall we change our plan?Paragraph 10compound:make worse by adding(something)to (often used in the passive)增加；加重增加；加重E.g.:compound a problem 使问题复杂化使问题复杂化 compound difficulties(losses)加重困难加重困难（损失）（损失）His difficulty was compounded by a sense of insecurity/uncertainty.Paragraph 10hovel:a small dirty place to live in 简陋简陋小屋；茅舍；肮脏杂乱的住所小屋；茅舍；肮脏杂乱的住所Paragraph 11The irony in this:the reverse(state of affairs)/the incongruity of this Irony refers to“the sort of event or result which is just the opposite of what one would hope for or meant to happen”具有具有讽刺意义的事讽刺意义的事Paragraph 12discern:to see,notice,or understand,especially with difficulty;perceive 看出，看出，识别，觉察识别，觉察This process has been magnified with the poor throughout the country:This process of having the poor disappear from sight has been developing rapidly allover the country.Paragraph 14lurid:sensational,shocking 可怕的；惊可怕的；惊人的人的;骇人听闻的；过分渲染得骇人听闻的；过分渲染得E.g.:lurid accounts of the carnage 骇人听骇人听闻的大屠杀报道闻的大屠杀报道 He painted a lurid picture of prison life.他把监狱生活描写得十分可怕。他把监狱生活描写得十分可怕。lurid crimes(stories)耸人听闻的罪行耸人听闻的罪行（故事）（故事）Paragraph 15the dispossessed:people who have lost all their possessions.Here,the dispossessed are people who do not possess anything.fraternal:of,belonging to,or like brothers 兄弟（般）的，友爱的兄弟（般）的，友爱的E.g.:fraternal affection 兄弟情谊兄弟情谊 a fraternal atmosphere 友好气氛友好气氛 Paragraph 16there is not even a cynical political motive for caring abut the poor,as in the old days:In the old days,there might be some concern for the poor shown by some people to achieve their own purposes.Their motive of doing so would be cynical,or doubtful.But today,there is not even that kind of concern.Paragraph 17reservoir:a large supply,especially one that has not yet been used 贮藏，蓄积，大量供应贮藏，蓄积，大量供应E.g.:an oil reservoir 油槽油槽 History is a reservoir of human experience.历史是人类经历的总汇。历史是人类经历的总汇。have a great reservoir of knowledge 有广博有广博的知识的知识menace:something which suggests a threat or brings danger 威胁威胁Paragraph 17articulate the needs of the poor:express clearly and effectively the needs of the poorarticulate:express thoughts and feelings clearlyE.g.:He was so despondent（沮丧的，泄气的）（沮丧的，泄气的）that he could hardly articulate his distress.Articulate is often used in language learning,meaning“pronounce distinctly,clearly,and carefully.”E.g.:Josephine articulates every word carefully.She has good articulation.Paragraph 18in the old rhetoric of reform:reform in the old days that was stated in a language that was fine to hear or read but that really did not mean much 以往粉饰太平的改革以往粉饰太平的改革Rhetoric in its general sense means“the art of speaking or writing in a way that is likely to persuade or influence people.”But in this context,rhetoric is used in its derogatory sense,meaning“speech or writing that sounds fine and important,but is really insincere or without meaning.”VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookPara.5:The word“too”indicates furtherance.In this case,it tells the reader what the paragraph deals with is similar to what has been dealt with.The fact is,in this paragraph,we find another perennial reason why poverty is invisible in America.Para.6:The pronoun“these”can point both backward and forward.In this case it points backward,i.e.“these”refer to the perennial reasons that have been explained in the previous two paragraphs.VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookPara.8:“Now”indicates a change of direction.The writer is going to turn from the“perennial”to the“present”.Para.9:“In short”is used to summarize.What follows is a brief summary of what has just been said,i.e.the effect urban development has on the invisibility of the poor.VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookPara.10:“This new segregation”refers to the segregation of the poor from the affluent mentioned in the previous two paragraphs.The segregation is“new”because there has been the“old”notorious segregation of the colored people from the whiteVI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookPara.11:The word“this”in“The irony in this”refers to the last sentence of the last paragraph.i.e.“There is a warm feeling of satisfaction,of pride in the way things are working out:the poor,it is obvious,are being taken care of”.Can they be taken care of when they are even invisible?VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookPara.12:“This”in“This is an extremely important factor”refers to the last sentence of the last paragraph,i.e.“Even people with terribly depressed incomes can look prosperous.”Para.13:The word“then”here has nothing to do with its basic meaning,i.e.a specific point of time either in the past or in the future.Here it is used in the sense of“besides”,showing that there is another reason why the poor are invisible.VI.SA to Organization and Development,P.50,Students BookPara.15:“And finally”here is,as usual,used to show that we have come to the last point in our exposition.Here the writer is going to tell us that the poor are not only materially and emotionally invisible,but they are also politically invisible,i.e.their voice is not heard.VII.SA to Ex.I,P.36,Workbook1.To enforce his assertion that the other America did exist though most Americans might not believe it just because they had never been there personally.What Harrington is trying to say is“I myself was once ignorant of its existence,but now I can prove to you that it does exist.”VII.SA to Ex.I,P.36,Workbook2.Refer to Paragraphs 4 and 5.Rural poverty is hidden away from tourists who normally travel on highways without penetrating into the country,and sometimes is masked by its natural beauty.3.Refer to Paragraphs 8 10.Urban transformation leads to the distributional segregation of poverty,and urban renewal creates the false impression about the existence of the poor.VII.SA to Ex.I,P.36,Workbook4.Refer to Paragraphs 11 14.Mass production of garments enables even the poor to be decently dressed.Most poor people are aged;they are less mobile and thus less visible.5.Politically,the poor are not adequately represented;and their voice is not heard and attended to in the political life of the nation.6.(Omitted)VIII.SA to Ex.II,P.37,Workbook1.Beauty refers to the beautiful environment.Specifically it refers to the hills,the streams,the foliage in the lovely season in the area of the Appalachians Mountains.Myths refer to Rousseaus concept of the“primitive man,”a person who was admired for his supposedly simple and pure life,and who was exempt from the strains and tension of the middle class.Specially they refer to the run-down mountain houses,supposedly the abode（住所）（住所）of the fortunate people.VIII.SA to Ex.II,P.37,Workbook When the traveler comes to the Appalachians,he will see the beauty of nature,and the run-down houses remind him of the“primitive man.”He does not know that the people living in the area are actually undereducated,underprivileged;in other words,they are poor.So outward beauty of nature and false beliefs in the“primitive man”are misleading-they simply cover up the truth-the existence of poverty.VIII.SA to Ex.II,P.37,Workbook2.The segregation of the poor from the affluent is new because the poor still live in the miserable housing in the central area of a city while the affluent middle class have moved out to the suburbs,so there is little chance for the affluent to see the poor.Well-meaning ignorance refers to the lack of awareness of t