经济学物流英语ChapterVI.pptx

Outline-1Part I Part I Material Handling SystemMaterial Handling System Overview of materials handling system Classify of materials handling systems Mechanized materials handling systems Semi-automated materials handling systems Automated materials handling systems Information-directed materials handling systems Outline-2Part II Mechanized Material Handling EquipmentOverview of materials handling equipment Types of materials handling equipmentlifttruckstowlinestwotractorwithtrailersconveyorscarouselsPart III Supplementary ReadingTotal U.S.Consumption of Material Handling Industry Part I Material Handling SystemIntroduction of material handling systemMaterialshandlingequipmentandsystemsoftenrepresentamajorcapitalinvestmentforanorganization.Likethedecisionsrelatedtothenumber,size,andlocationofwarehouses,materialshandlingcanaffectmanyaspectsofthefirmsoperation.TheMaterialsHandlingInstitute,anindustrytradeassociationformanufacturersofmaterialshandlingequipmentandsystems,hasestimatedthat:Thehardwareandsoftwareusedtomove,store,control,contain,andunitizematerialsinfactoriesandwarehousesexceed$50billionannually.Types of Material Handling SystemMaterialhandlingsystemcanbeclassifiedasmechanized,semi-automated,automated,andinformation-directed.Acombinationoflaborandhandlingequipmentisutilizedinmechanizedsystemstofacilitatereceiving,processing,and/orshipping.Generally,labor constitutes a high percentage ofoverallcostinmechanizedhandling.Muchofthegrowthinsizeandvarietyofthemarketisfueledbymajorchangesintherequirementsofwarehouseanddistributionoperations(e.g.,reducedordercycletimes,reducedinventorylevels,reducedordersizes,SKUproliferation).Automatedsystems,incontrast,attempttominimizelaborasmuchaspossiblebysubstitutingequipmentcapitalinvestment.Whenacombinationofmechanicalandautomatedsystemsisused to handle material，the system is referred to as semi-automated.An information-directed system applies computerization tosequence mechanized handling equipment and direct workeffort.Mechanizedhandlingsystemsaremostcommon,buttheuseofsemi-automatedandautomatedsystemsisincreasing.The main drawback to automated handling is lack offlexibility.Onefactorcontributingtolowlogisticalproductivityisthatinformation-directedhandlinghasyettoachieveitsfullpotential.Thissituationispredictedtobedramaticallychangedduringthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury.Mechanized materials handling systemsMechanized materials handling equipment has been themainstayofthetraditionalwarehousingandwilllikelycontinueto be important even with the move toward automatedwarehousing.Mechanizedmaterialshandlingsystemsemployawide range of handling equipment.Such equipment can becategorized according to the functions performed;that is,storage and order picking,transportation and sorting,andshipping.Semi-automated materials handling System Mechanizedhandlingisoftensupplementedbysemiautomaticequipment.Typicalequipmentsutilizedinsemi-automatedhandlingsystemsincludesautomatedguidedvehiclesystems(AGVS),computerizedsortation,roboticsandvariousformsofliveracks.Automated materials handling SystemFor several decades the concept of automated handling hasoffered great potential.Initial automated handling effortsfocused on master carton order selection systems.Recently,emphasis has shifted to automated high-rise storage andretrievalsystems.Theappealofautomationisthatitsubstitutescapitalequipmentforlabor.Inadditiontorequiringlessdirectlabor,anautomatedsystemoperatesfasterandmoreaccuratelythanitsmechanizedcounterpart.Table6-1showsthebenefitsofautomatedmaterialshandlingsystems.Table 6-1 benefits of automated materials handling systemsBenefitProportionofrespondentsthat“agree”or“stronglyagree”Laborcostreduction98.8%Abilitytoincreaseoutputrate95.2%Improvementinconsistencyofservice92.1%Reductioninmaterialshandling92.1%Increasedaccuracylevel89.5%Serviceavailability87.0%Improvementinspeedofservice81.0%Source:KoftQ.Dadzie,andWesleyJ.Johnston,“InnovativeAutomationTechnologyinCorporateWarehousingLogistics,”Journal of Business Logistics,2,no.1(1991),p.76.Information-Directed materials handling Systems.Theconceptofinformation-directedisappealingbecauseitcombinesthecontroltypicalofautomatedhandlingwiththeflexibilityofmechanizedsystems.Information-directedsystemsusemechanizedhandlingcontrolledbyinformationtechnology.Twocommonexamplesofinformation-directedmaterialshandlingsystemsareRF-controlledequipmentandlight-directedoperations.However,automatedsystemsarenotwithoutdisadvantages.Itsshortcomingsarethehighcapitalinvestment,maintenancecosts,inflexibilityandusertraining.New Words and ExpressionsassociationE7sEusi5eiFEnn.协会proliferationprEu7lifE5reiFEnn.增殖，扩散automate5C:tEmeitv.使自动化,自动操作combination7kCmbi5neiFEnn.组合,合并sequence5si:kwEnsn.次序，顺序flexibility7fleksE5bilitin.灵活性vehicle5vi:ikl n.交通工具,车辆sortationsR:teIFEnn.分类roboticsrEJ5bRtIksn.机器人学，机器人技术initiali5niFEladj.最初的,初始的 Part II Mechanized Materials Handling EquipmentIntroductionTheprimarymissionofmaterialshandlingequipmentistofacilitatemerchandiseflowinanorderlyandefficientmannerfrommanufacturertopointofsale.Inthissectionthefocusofdiscussion is put on the mechanized materials handlingequipment.The following equipment is commonplace in manualwarehousing.Lift Trucks Lifttrucksalsocalledforkliftscanmoveloadsofmastercartonsbothhorizontallyandverticallybutarenotlimitedtounitloadhandling.Boxesmayalsobetransporteddependinguponthenatureoftheproduct.Manytypesoflifttrucksareavailable.High-stackingtrucksarecapableofupto40feetofverticalmovement.Palletlessside-clampversionsareavailableforhandlingbulkyproductwithoutpallets.Otherlifttruckvariationsareavailablefornarrowaisleandside-loadingoperations.Particularattentiontonarrow-aislelifttruckshasincreasedinrecentyears,aswarehousesseektoincreaserackdensityandoverallstoragecapacity.Thelifttruckisnoteconomicalforlong-distancehorizontalmovementbecauseofthehighratiooflaborperunitoftransfer;itismosteffectivelyutilizedinshippingandreceivingandplacingmerchandiseinhighcubestorage.Walkie-rider pallet trucksWalkie-riderpallettrucksprovidealow-cost,effectivemethodofgeneral materials handling utility.Typical applications includeloading and unloading of transportation equipment,orderselection and accumulation,and shuttling loads over longertransportationdistancesthroughoutthewarehouse.Walkie-riderpallettrucksarewidelyusedingrocerywarehouse.Towlines Towlinesconsistofeitherin-floororoverhead-mountedcableordragdevices.Theyareutilizedtoprovidecontinuouspowertofour-wheeltrailers.Themainadvantageofatowlineiscontinuousmovement.However,suchhandlingdeviceshavefarlessflexibilitythanlifttrucks.Themostcommonapplicationoftowlinesisfororderselection.Orderselectorsplacemerchandiseonfour-wheel trailersthatarethentowedtotheshippingdock.Anumberofautomateddecouplingdevicesareavailabletoroutetrailersfromthemaintowlinetotheshippingdocks.Tow Tractor with TrailersAtowtractorwithtrailerconsistsofadriver-guidedpowerunittowinganumberofindividualfour-wheeltrailersthatholdseveralunitizedloads.Thetypicalsizeofthetrailersis4*8feet.Thetowtractorwithtrailer,likethetowline,isusedtofacilitateorderselection.Themainadvantageofatowtractorwithtrailersisflexibility.Itisnotaseconomicalasthetowlinebecauseitrequiresmorelabor.ConveyorsConveyors are used widely in shipping and receivingoperationsandformthebasichandlingdeviceforanumberof order selection systems.Conveyors are classifiedaccordingtopower,gravity,androllerorbeltmovement.Inpower systems,the conveyor is powered by a drive chainfromeitheraboveorbelow.Considerableconveyorflexibilityisofferedinsuchpowerconfigurationinstallations.Gravityandrollerorbeltsystemspermitthebasicinstallationtoberearranged with minimum difficulty.Portable gravity-styleroller conveyors are often used for loading and unloadingand,insomecases,aretransportedonover-theroadtrailerstoassistinunloadingvehicles.Conveyorsareeffectiveinthatonly the product is moved,eliminating the need for amovementunittoreturn.Carousels Acarouseloperatesonadifferentconceptthanmostothermechanizedhandlingequipment.Ratherthanrequiringtheorderselectortogototheinventorystoragelocation,thecarouselmovesinventorytotheorderselector.Acarouselconsistsofaseriesofbinsmountedonanovaltrackorrack.Theremaybemultipletracklevels,allowingforveryhigh-densitycarouselstorage.Theentirecarouselrotates,movingtheselectionbintoastationaryoperator.Thetypicalcarouselapplicationistheselectionofpackagesinpack,repack,andserviceparts.Therationalebehindcarouselsystemsistoshrinkorderselectionlaborrequirementsbyreducingwalkinglengthandtime.Carousels,particularlymodernstackablesystems,alsosignificantlyreducestoragespacerequirements.Somecarouselsystemsalsoutilizecomputer-generatedpicklistsandcomputer-directedcarouselrotationtofurtherincreaseselectionproductivity.Thesesystemsarereferredtoaspaperlesspickingbecausenopaperworkexiststoslowdownemployeeefforts.Avariationofthecarouselsystemismovableracks.Suchracksmovehorizontallytoeliminatethepermanentaislebetweentheracks.Thissystem,oftenusedinlibraries,providesmorestoragedensitybutreducespickingefficiencysincetheracksmustbemovedtoaccessspecificproducts.Themechanizedmaterialshandlingequipmentdiscussedisrepresentativeofawiderangeofalternatives.Mostsystemscombinedifferenthandlingdevices.Forexample,lifttrucksmaybeusedforverticalmovementswhiletowtractorwithtrailers and walkie-rider pallet trucks are the primarymethodsofhorizontaltransfer.New Words and Expressionsfacilitate fE5siliteitv.lifttruckunitloadaisle ail n.walkie-riderpallettruckapplication7Apli5keiFEnn.accumulationEkju:mjJ5leIF(E)nn.towlinetEJlaInn.decoupling di5kQpliN n.towtractorwithtrailers推动，使便利叉车，铲车单元负载走廊,过道步行码垛车应用堆积，累积拖缆退耦，解耦带挂车的牵引车conveyorkQn5veIE(r)n.shippingandreceivingoperationconfiguration kEn7fiju5reiFEn n.carousel 7kArE5zeln.binbinn.oval5EuvEladj.multiple 5mQltipladj.rotaterEu5teitv.stationary 5steiF(E)nEri adj.rationale7rAFE5nB:lin.stackable stAkEbladj.输送设备，输送带发运和接收操作 构造,结构,配置,外形旋转式传送带储料箱卵形的,椭圆的多样的,多重的v.成倍增加(使)旋转不动的，固定的基本原理可叠起堆放的 Part III TotalU.S.ConsumptionofMaterialHandlingIndustryOverview of the equipment consumption in U.STheannual consumptionofmaterialhandlingequipmentsystemsintheUnitedStateshasgrownto$64billionperyear,asof2000.Thisconsumptiontakesplaceinvirtuallyalldiscreteprocessandserviceindustrysectorswiththevastmajoritybeingfoundthroughoutconstruction,manufacturingandservice.Geographic Consumption PatternsMaterial Handling Industry has created an analysis programknown as MHITAP(Material Handling Industry TerritoryAnalysisProgram).Includedintheprogramareaseriesofuniquemodels that predict the consumption(diffusion)of materialhandlingequipmentandsystems.TwoMHITAPmodelswereappliedtotheconsumptionmodelabove to construct the two diffusion maps below,one forequipmentandasecondforintegratedsystems.Bothmapsshowpercentageoftotalconsumptionbygeographicregion.Material Handling Logistics Business Cycle Theoverallmaterialhandlingindustrybusinesscyclebehavessomewhatpredictablywhenlookedatonarate-of-changebasis.Whileamplitude(growthordecline)willchange,theperiodbetweenhighsandlowshasprovenrepeatable.Occasionally,aswasthecaseinthe96-98period,thedeclinephaseofthecyclewasactuallyseenasonlyamoderationofgrowththatis,theindustrysawpositivegrowththroughoutthecycle.Indicationsbasedonhistorypointtorealgrowthatagreaterthaninflationrateintothebeginningofthenewcentury.Itshouldbenotedthatdifferentsegmentsorequipmentgroupswithintheindustrywillleadorlagthisoverallindustrychartgenerallyasafunctionofdifferingordertoinstallationleadtimes.Theyear2001sawmaterialhandlingequipmentnewordersdeclineapproximately10%,whileshipmentsdeclined5.3%andoverallconsumptiondeclined6.1%.Trends of material handling equipment and the systemLooking beyond 2002,there is the expectation that thematerial handling industry will undergo a positiveturnaround in earnest during 2003 and should sustainpositivegrowththroughouttheyear.Amorecomprehensiveforecastofthematerialhandlingindustryisavailable.Inthemeantimeavarietyofchangesarecontinuing,thatimpacttheapplicationofmaterialhandlingequipmentandsystems:Continued shift toward equipment versus new plantcapitalspending.Anincreaseinnewconstructionactivitytoaddcapacitytodealwithanincreasingeconomy.Materialhandlinglogisticsbeingseenasastrategicversustacticalactivity.GlobalizationofAmericancompanies.Concurrencewithwhichgoodsandinformationaremovedalongthesupplychannels.Masscustomizationandelectroniccommerce.Marketforces,startingwiththeconsumer,aredrivinglogisticalevolutionthroughoutthesupplychainastheconsumerdemandsvariety,availability,convenience,qualityandaffordability.Asaresult,efficientphysicalmovementofmerchandisefromproducer to consumer has become a priority and tradingpartnerships are developing to facilitate the fastest physicalmovement of materialsand delivery of services at the lowestcost.Materialhandlinglogisticsassumesaverystrategicroleintheimprovementofordertodeliverycycles,inventoryreductionandsatisfyingchangingbuyingcultureandbehavior.Asaresult,weexpectexceptionalopportunitiesfortheindustrybothdomesticallyandinternationally.Materialhandlinglogistics,whenthoughtofasaprocess,remainsatthecoreofmanufacturing,distribution,consumptionanddisposalactivitiesindeed,attheheartofproductivity.Continuedrestructuringandrealigningofindustrywillprovidesubstantialrealgrowthpotentialformaterialhandlingequipmentandsystemsprovidersintheyearsahead,helpingtokeeptheindustryoneofAmericaslargestandfastestgrowing.New Words and Expressionsdiscrete dis5kri:tadj.geographic7dViE5rAfikadj.territory 5teritErin.unique ju:5ni:kadj.diffusion di5fju:VEnn.amplitude 5Amplitju:dn.moderation 7mCdE5reiFEnn.inflation in5fleiFEnn.undergo 7QndE5Euv.sustainsEs5teinvt.不连续的,离散的地理学的,地理的领土,版图,地域唯一的,独特的扩散,漫射振幅适度胀大,通货膨胀经历支撑,撑住,维持,持续positive5pCzEprehensive7kCmpri5hensivadj.tactical5tAktikEladj.segment 5semEntn.turnaround t:nE9raJndn.versus 5vE:sEsprep.customizationn.priorityprai5Critin.realign 7riE5lainv.正的，积极的全面的战术的段,节,片断（经济、营业、政策等的）回转与.相对用户化,专用化，定制化优先,优先权重新排列,再结盟