英语句法结构.pptx

英语句法概论英语句子概论 基本成分 附属成分 独立成分 省略成分 连接成分 简单句简单句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句 主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （S+Vi）主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语(S+Vt+O)主语主语 系动词系动词 表表(S+LV+predicative)主语双宾动词主语双宾动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语 (S+Vt.+O+O.complement)There+be/stand/lie/live.简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分，至多4个基本成分。nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/lie become/get/grow/turn go/come/remain/keeptaste/smell etc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词She came/My head aches.主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语She likes English.主语主语 系动词系动词 主语补语主语补语She is happy主语主语 双宾动词双宾动词 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.There+beThere lies a book on the desk.Practice简单句基本句型实例简单句基本句型实例主语：是句子要说明的人或物主语：是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成可以作主语的成分有名词，代词分有名词，代词,动词不定式动词不定式,动名词动名词,从句等从句等,主主语一般在句首。语一般在句首。1)Mr.Chen is a well-known scientist.2)He reads newspapers everyday.3)Two and six is eight.4)Smoking is harmful to the health.5)To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.6)What we shall do next is not yet decided.谓语谓语:说明主语的动作，状态或说明主语的动作，状态或特征。特征。1)The new term begins on the 1st of September.2)Her father is an engineer.3)She seemed tired.4)Li Hua showed me his album.宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物.1)Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus.2)The medicine is good for a cough.3)How many notebooks do you want?4)My little sister always likes to ask questions.5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow?6)He asked me what I was going to do in summer.宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明 宾语 的动作,状态,特征.1)The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.2)I dont believe the story true.3)You should put your things in order.4)The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.5)We saw the pupils playing basketball.附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是：定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语的单词、短语或从句或从句。（。（状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。）度、目的等。）同位语：名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以同位语：名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，可以是名词，代词或从句，近乎于说明的成分，可以是名词，代词或从句，近乎于后置后置定语定语。定定 语语Tom is a handsome boy.Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyHis boy needs Toms pen.The boy in the classroom needs a penShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news,he jumped with joy.As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语同位语同位语 We students should study hard.We all are students.The news that he is leaving spreads around.(students是是we的同位语，都是指同一批的同位语，都是指同一批学生学生）(all 是是we的同位语的同位语）（that 从句是从句是news的同位语）的同位语）Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼语）（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分独立成分（You）Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as,if (he does)not(run)faster,than you.(I)Hope you like it.John should clean the room today and Peter(should clean it)tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词从属连词。从。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到个到4个基本成个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。的句子成分。连接成分连接成分用符号标出下列句子的成分：1)I saw your uncle in the shop yesterday.2)Her father became a Party member in 1950.3)To sleep on a spring bed is very comfortable.4)Mr.Hopkins teaches Mary English.5)She finds it hard to learn maths.=()简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作用中的一种。作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog./The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books./The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语）方式方式 地点地点 时间时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.简单句的扩展成份简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.两个简单句的主语可以连词两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris.His secretary is flying to Paris.The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome.His secretary is not flying to Rome.The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin.His secretary may be flying to Berlin.Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York.His secretary isnt flying to York.Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主主语语、谓谓语语、宾宾语语的的合合并并两个简单句的宾语可由两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成等连词连接组成一个简单句。一个简单句。I met Jane.I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold.It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane.I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband.I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night.We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主主语语、谓谓语语、宾宾语语的的合合并并并并列列句句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fished all day;we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day;however,we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等等）We fished all day,but(we)didnt catch a thing.并并列列句句常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions平行并列连词平行并列连词:转折并列连词：转折并列连词：因果并列连词因果并列连词:选择并列连词选择并列连词:and,bothand,not onlybut also,neithernor,and thenbut,however,while,yetfor,soor,eitheror,neither nor并并列列句句并列句的词序：并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。的词序。主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 连词连词 主语主语 动词动词 表语表语Jimmy fell off his bike but (he)wasnt hurt.五种简单句型可用五种简单句型可用并列连词并列连词连接起来组成并列句。连接起来组成并列句。主主 谓谓 状（方式）状（方式）连连 主主 谓谓 表表Frank worked hard and (he)became an architect.主主 谓谓 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 地点地点I ve got a cold,so I m going to bed.主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补 连连 主主 谓谓 宾宾They made him chairman,but(they)didnt increase his salary.Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。He was tired,so he went to bed.1.He was tired.He went to bed.2.The child hid behind his mothers skirt.He was afraid of the dog.3.He made a promise.He didnt keep it.He made a promise,but He didnt keep it.The child hid behind his mothers skirt,for he was afraid of the dog.由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词从属连词引引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句复合句=主句主句+从句从句复复合合句句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：句：1.主语从句主语从句 2.宾语从句宾语从句3.表语从句表语从句 4.定语从句定语从句5.状语从句状语从句 6.同位语从句同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句英文写作中最常使用的从句1.宾语从句宾语从句2.状语从句状语从句 3.定语从句定语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay.when he was leaving for Paris.that his fathered was working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句I dont know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answerin the room.定语定语who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句That is the fact.表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+从属连词从属连词+简单句简单句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.指出下列各从句的类型指出下列各从句的类型vI believe that everything is going on well.vShe was reading a novel when I came in.vShe is the girl who sings best in my class.宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状语从句定语从定语从句句Practice用所给连词连接句子。用所给连词连接句子。He has found out.She was late.(why)He has found out why she was late.I still remember the day.I first went to York on that day.(when)I still remember the day when I first went to York.将各组句子连接为一个含有将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句状语从句的复合句。的复合句。PracticeHe didnt come yesterday.He was ill.(原因原因)He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.Ill give the letter to him.I see him.（时间时间）It is such a big box.Nobody can move it.（结果结果）Well go to the great wall.Its fine tomorrow.(条件条件)We should not go there all the time.The place is quite pleasant.(让步）让步）It is such a big box that nobody can move it.Well go to the great wall if its fine tomorrow.Although the place is quite pleasant,we should not go there all the time.Ill give the letter to him when I see him.Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him.Ill give the letter to him the moment I see him.结构1.简单句2.并列句3.复合句4.并列复合句1）主语+谓语1）并列关系 2）转折关系3）选择关系 4）因果关系简单句+并列连词+简单句1）名词性(主、表、宾语)从句2）定语从句、同位语从句3）状语从句(方式、地点、时间、原因、1)简单句 +并连 +复合句2)复合句+并连 +简单句3)复合句+并连 +复合句结果、目的、条件、让步、比较状语)主句 +从句3）并列主语+谓语2）主语+并列谓语4）并列主语+并列谓语英语英语句子的十二种变化方式句子的十二种变化方式(一)加定语或状语使句子扩大(二)谓语动词的时态的变化(三)谓语动词的语态的变化(四)陈述句,疑问句,祈使句和感叹句间的转换(五)句子语序的倒装(六)句子成分的省略(七)句子成分的强调(八)谓语动词的语气的变化(九)独立成分的附加(十)并列成分，并列句，复合句的组合(十一)词，句子成分，从句间的转换(十二)上述几种方式的综合T H E E N D