英语句子结构解析与定语从句详解.pptx

Revision on Basic Grammar英语基础语法复习词类：词类：1.teacher,book2.we,me,he3.two,fifth4.work,study,live5.good,big6.fast,quickly7.a,an,the8.in,on,by,with9.and,but10.oh，ah1.名词名词 n.2.代词代词 pron.3.数词数词 num.4.动词动词 v.5.形容词形容词 adj.6.副词副词 adv.7.冠词冠词 art.8.介词介词 prep.9.连词连词 conj.10.感叹词感叹词 int.句子成分句子成分v主语主语v谓语谓语 v宾语宾语v定语定语v状语状语v补语补语v表语表语v同位语同位语主语主语(Subject)主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物。主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物。1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.9.It is necessary that we should master a foreign language.谓语谓语(predicate or predicate verb)说明主语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,“做什么做什么”、“是什么是什么”或或“怎么样怎么样”,由由动词动词来担任来担任.1.He practices running every morning.1.You may keep the book for two weeks.2.He has caught a bad cold.1.We are students.宾语宾语(object)：表示动作的对象或承受者，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。一般位于及物动词和介词后面。vThey went to see an exhibition yesterday.vThe heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.vHow many dictionaries do you have?I have five.vThey helped the old with their housework yesterday.vHe pretended not to see me.vI enjoy listening to popular music.vI think（that）he is fit for his office.宾语种类：vLend me your dictionary,please.双宾语（间接宾语双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语）vThey elected him their monitor.复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾补）宾补）定语（定语（attribute）：修饰名词或代词：修饰名词或代词 vGuilin is a beautiful city.vChina is a developing country;America is a developed country.vThere are thirty women teachers in our school.vHis rapid progress in English made us surprised.vOur monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.vThe teaching plan for next term has been worked out.vHe is reading an article about how to learn English.vChildren who live by the sea usually begin to swim at an early age.状语状语(adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征句子，说明动作或状态特征vLight travels most quickly.vHe has lived in the city for ten years.vHe is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.vHe is in the room making a model plane.状语种类vHow about meeting again at six?vLast night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.vI shall go there if it doesnt rain.vMr Smith lives on the third floor.vShe put the eggs into the basket with great care.vShe came in with a dictionary in her hand.vIn order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.vHe was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.vShe works very hard though she is old.vI am taller than he is.状语种类vHow about meeting again at six?（时间状语）（时间状语）vLast night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）（原因状语）vI shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）（条件状语）vMr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）（地点状语）vShe put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式）（方式）vShe came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）（伴随状语）vIn order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）（目的状语）vHe was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果）（结果）vShe works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）（让步状语）vI am taller than he is.（比较状语）（比较状语）补语补语complement：补充主语和宾语的意义，说：补充主语和宾语的意义，说明主语或宾语的特征。明主语或宾语的特征。vHill was declared the winner of the fight.vHis father named him Tom.vThey painted their boat white.vLet the fresh air in.vYou mustnt force him to lend his money to you.vWe saw her entering the room.vWe found everything in the lab in good order.vWe will soon make our city what your city is now.表语表语predicative：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。等）之后。vOur teacher of English is an American.vIs it yours?vThe weather has turned cold.vThe speech is exciting.vThree times seven is twenty one?vHis job is to teach English.vHis hobby is playing football.vThe machine must be out of order.vTime is up.The class is over.vThe truth is that he has never been abroad.同位语同位语(appositive)同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明。同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明。它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后。它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后。vWe Chinese are hard-working.vYou two are very lazy.vThe truth that he has never been abroad makes me surprised.英语五种基本句型英语五种基本句型 1.+（主谓）（主谓）The rain stops.2.2.+（主谓宾）（主谓宾）Jane speaks French.3.3.+L+L+（主系表）（主系表）Toms father is a professor.4.4.+O+O1 1+O+O2 2 （主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）He told us the whole story.5.5.+（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）He found George smart.v分析下列句子。分析下列句子。v1.Our school is not far from my home.v主语主语 系动词系动词 表语表语 v2.It is a great pleasure to talk with you.v主语主语 系动词系动词 表语表语v3.All of us considered him honest.v主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语v4.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.v主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语v5.He broke a piece of glass.v主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 v6.He made it clear that he would leave the cityv主语主语 动词动词 形式宾语形式宾语 it 宾语补足语宾语补足语+宾语宾语v7.I love you more than her,child v主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 v8.Trees turn green when spring comes.v主语主语 系动词系动词 表语表语+状语（时间状从）状语（时间状从）v9.They pushed the door open.v主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语v10.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.v主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语+时间状时间状v11.He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.v主语双宾动词主语双宾动词 直接宾语间接宾语直接宾语间接宾语v12.All the students think highly of his teaching.v主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语v13.We need a place twice larger than this one.v主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 +状语状语v14.He asked us to sing an English song.v主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语 v15.Dont get nervous.v主语主语 系动词系动词 表语表语v16.We will make our school more beautiful.v主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语v17.He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know v主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词 主语主语 系动词系动词 表语表语v18.She showed us many of her pictures.v主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语v19.The old man lives a lonely life.v主语主语 及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语 v20.Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.v主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 v21.The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germanyv主语主语 系动词系动词 表语表语v22.There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find himv主句：主句：There be v23.No matter how difficult the task may be,we must fulfill it this month.v主句：主句：主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 v24.Go back where you came from.v主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词v25.We must do whatever the people want us to do.v主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语v26.At last he got home,tired and hungry.v主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词v27.Would you please pass me the cup?v主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语v28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher.v主语双宾动词直接宾语间接宾语主语双宾动词直接宾语间接宾语v29.Do you know the latest news about him?v主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语v30.Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.v主语主语 动词动词 宾语宾语 宾语补足语宾语补足语一、按句子的用途可分四种：一、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old.She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,cant she?3）祈使句：）祈使句：Be careful,boys;Dont talk in class.4）感叹句）感叹句：How clever the boy is!句子分类句子分类二、按句子的结构可分三种：二、按句子的结构可分三种：简单句、简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句。1）简单句简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。一个谓语（或并列谓语）。He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2)并列句并列句：由并列连词（由并列连词（and,but,or等）等）或分号（或分号（;）把把两个或两个两个或两个以上的以上的简单句简单句连在一起构成。连在一起构成。You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.3）复合句复合句：含有：含有一个或一个以上从句一个或一个以上从句的的句子。复合句包含：句子。复合句包含：名词性从句名词性从句（主（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、语从句）、形容词性从句形容词性从句（定语从句）（定语从句）和副词性从句和副词性从句（状语从句）等。（状语从句）等。vShe is fond of collecting stamps.vWe all study hard.vI love sports very much.vMum made a beautiful skirt for me.vWe elected him our class president.vThere are more than 3000 students in our school.vThe food was good,but he had little appetite.vLets hurry,or we will be late.vHe felt no fear,for he was very brave.vHe was sick,so they were quiet.vThe film had begun when we got to the cinema.vDo you know the man who is in the car?vWhat he said is not true.vI know its difficult to master a foreign language.vThe question is whether he will join us next time.vThe idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation.vIf you want to get into university,you have to pass a number of exams.v判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.8.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.定语从句的分类定语从句的分类定定语语从从句句The Restrictive Attributive Clause限制性定语从句限制性定语从句The Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Restrictive Attributive Clauses在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词先行词。引导定语从句的。引导定语从句的关系代词关系代词有：有：which,that,who,whom,whose和和as。引导定语从句的引导定语从句的关系副词关系副词有：有：where,when,why。1.An astronaut is a person who works and travels in space.2.A spacecraft is a vehicle that/which can travel in space.antecedent 先行词先行词relative pronoun 关系代词关系代词限制性定语从句的构成限制性定语从句的构成The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.You must do everything that I do.I have found the book which I lost.I visited the school where I studied.关系代词关系代词 关系副词关系副词注意事项注意事项:1.1.从句的位置从句的位置:2.2.翻译方法翻译方法:3.3.构成：构成：先行词之后先行词之后“的的”关系词关系词关系代词的用法关系代词的用法关系代词关系代词 指代指代所做成分所做成分是否可省略是否可省略thatwhichwhowhomwhose人；物人；物 主语，宾语主语，宾语 作宾语可省作宾语可省物物主语；宾语主语；宾语 作宾语可省作宾语可省人人主语；宾语主语；宾语作宾语可省作宾语可省人人宾语宾语可省可省人；物人；物定语定语不可省不可省关系代词的用法：关系代词的用法：1.作主语用作主语用who,which或或that,如：如：He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2.作宾语用作宾语用whom,who,which,that 如：如：The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week?3.作定语用作定语用whose 如：如：(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注注：“whose+名名词词中中心心词词”这这一一结结构构在在定定语语从从句句中中既既能能作作主主语语（如如上上a句句），又又能能作作宾宾语语（如如上上b句句）。whose 的的先先行行词词常常用用来来指指人人，但但有有时时也也可可以以用用来来指指具具体体事事物物或或抽抽象象概念概念,这时可以与这时可以与of which互换。互换。词序是：词序是：the+名词名词+of which，如：，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(=the back wall of which)Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten.(=whose name)4.4.作作表表语语只只用用that,它它既既可可以以指指人人，也也可可以指物以指物,例如：例如：He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place that it used to be.难点：难点：whosewhoseJoin the following pair of sentences.关系词关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格实际上是先行词的所有格The house is mine.The window of the house is broken.The house whose window is broken is mine.whose window=the houses windowThe house is mine.the window of which is brokenof which the window is broken当先行词受当先行词受such,the same修饰，常用修饰，常用asI have never heard such a story as he tells.He is not such a fool as he looks.This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：注意：当先行词由当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从引导定语从句，但是和由句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同。所引导的定语从句意思不同。She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿着她在她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。1）先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词：all，few，little，much，something，nothing，anything等。例如：等。例如：All that we have to do is to practice every day.2）先行词被先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰等修饰。例如：。例如：I have read all the books(that)you gave me.3）先行词被被形容词最高级修饰先行词被被形容词最高级修饰This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.4）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰，例如：，例如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.The train is the last that will go to Suzhou.只能用只能用that 做关系代词的情况做关系代词的情况5）先行词被先行词被the only，the very，the last修饰时修饰时。He is the only person that I want to talk to.他是惟一的我想跟说话的人。他是惟一的我想跟说话的人。The only possessions that I could see were a few tin plates and cups and a couple of pots.我能看到的他们仅有的财产就是几个锡盘子、杯子我能看到的他们仅有的财产就是几个锡盘子、杯子和三两个罐子。和三两个罐子。6）先行词既有人又有物时先行词既有人又有物时。例如：。例如：They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.他们谈论着他们能记起的那些在学校的人和事。他们谈论着他们能记起的那些在学校的人和事。7）who,which 等疑问代词引导的句子等疑问代词引导的句子。Who is the boy that won the gold medal?8）当先行词在主句中作表语当先行词在主句中作表语Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.关系代词的用法练习关系代词的用法练习1.The eggs were not fresh.I bought them yesterday.2.The friend was not hungry.He came to supper last night.The eggs(that/which)I bought them were not fresh.The friend who/that he came to supper last night was not hungry.1.Tom is one of the boys who from theUSA.2.Tom is the only one of the the boys who from the USA.A is B are答案答案B,A B,A 注意注意one of+n.one of+n.在定丛中的主在定丛中的主谓一致问题谓一致问题1.Is this factory _ we visitedlast week?2.Is this the factory _ we visitedlast week?A.which B.where C.what D.the one 第一题缺少表语，只有填第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作作visited 的宾语，故应选的宾语，故应选A项。项。关系副词的用法关系副词的用法指代指代所做成分所做成分是否可是否可省略省略when时间时间状语状语否否where地点地点状语状语否否why原因原因状语状语否否关系副词关系副词1.when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语指时间，在从句中作时间状语如：如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?关系副词的用法关系副词的用法2.where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。指地点，在从句中作地点状语。如：如：This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived3.why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.使用关系副词应注意下列几点：使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一 定的定的介词介词+which结构：结构：when=on(in,at,during)+which;where=in(at,on)+which;why=for which.I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which)he arrived.The office where(=in which)he works is on the third floor.2.当当先先行行词词是是表表时时间间的的time,day等等和和表表地地点点的的place,house等等时时，一一定定要要注注意意分分析析从从句句的的结结构构，如如果果缺缺少少主主语语或或宾宾语语时时，关关系系词词应应该该用用which或或that,缺缺少少时时间间状状语语或或地地点点状状语语时时，才才能能用用when或或where，试比较：，试比较：Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.温馨提示：温馨提示：when和和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只只能引导限制性定语从句。能引导限制性定语从句。1.根据先行词来确定根据先行词来确定 This is the pot in which I boiled the milk.This is the pot(which/that)I boiled the milk in.介词的确定方法：介词的确定方法：介词介词 +which/whom+which/whom1979 was the year in which my son was born.(=when)This is the place in which I grew up.(=where)The person to whom I complained is the manager.The person(who/whom/that)I complained to is the manager.2.根据从句中的谓语动词或形容词来确定根据从句中的谓语动词或形容词来确定3.当介词和从句中的动词构成固定词组当介词和从句中的动词构成固定词组 时时,介词不能前置介词不能前置The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.as与与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别引导非限制性定语从句的区别 1.which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。2.非限制性定丛为否定句时，常用非限制性定丛为否定句时，常用whichHe married her,which was unexpected.他和她他和她结婚了，这是出乎意料的。结婚了，这是出乎意料的。(不可用不可用as)3.as有有“正如正如”之意，而之意，而which则意为则意为“这这(件事，件事，一点一点)”，可用，可用and this/that/it来代替。来代替。Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me very happy.as与与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别引导非限制性定语从句的区别 5.as多用于固定搭配中：多用于固定搭配中：as we all know,as is known to all，as we can see,a