副词和副词的基本用法省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

副词与副词基本使用方法第1页副词用来表示动作行为方式、时间和处所，对形容词和副词在程度上加以描绘，真实生动地反应动作行为及所陈说事情性质特征。1 副词作用 1A 副词普通用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词、介词短语和句子，在句中作状语，表示时间、地点、方式；也能够修饰整个句子，表示说话人对话语态度和看法，就是用副词词组做评注性状语；做连接性状语，这种副词词组中心词叫做连接副词conjunctive adverb.eg.“Dont do that again.”he said quietly and firmly.（修饰动词）“以后别再那样做了。”他说，口气温和但很坚定。This is a fairly easy book.（修饰形容词）这是一本比较浅易书。Its heart beats very slowly.（修饰副词）（它）心脏跳得很慢。Lincoln was active in politics and was strongly against slavery.（修饰介词短语）林肯主动参加政治活动，强烈反对奴隶制度。Actually he is a person of honesty.（修饰句子）实际上，他是个老实人。第2页6.1B 副词也可用以修饰名词和代词，在句中作定eg.All the people here are learning English.（修饰名词）全部这儿人都在学英语。The policemen didnt search anything upstairs.（修饰代词）警察没有搜查楼上6.1C 副词在句中也可作表语和宾语补足语eg.Is anybody in?里面有些人吗？You may make it home here.你不妨把这儿看成家一样。第3页6.2 副词分类副词，按照词组成，分为简单副词simple adverb和派生副词derivative adverb;绝大多数副词都是派生词，adj.+ly组成，carefully;angrily;politely;少数由单词素组成，与形容词同形，early,late,fast,hard;副词能够依据它们意思和用途分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、频度副词、疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词6.2A 时间副词(The Adverb of Time)时间副词表示行为动作发生时间，常可回答when 引导问句，时间副词有表示确切时间和含糊时间两种。（1）表示确切时间：now,then,today,tonight,yesterday,tomorrow,before,this week,last month,next year,the other day,just now,two days ago等（2）表示含糊时间：already,yet,late,early,soon,finally,recently,presently,immediately等。第4页6.2B 地点副词(The Adverb of Place)地点副词表示行为动作发生地点，常可回答where 引导问句。地点副词有表示确切地点和表示位置关系两种。（1）表示确切地点：here,there,home,downstairs,abroad,everywhere,nowhere,indoors等。（2）表示位置关系：up,down,in,by,across,below.over,out,around,away,off,inside,past,through,behind等。注（1）：表示位置关系副词也通常具备介词功效。在句中作副词还是介词用，主要区分于：第5页a,假如这类词后面跟有宾语，就是介词；eg.They dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders.他们肩背绳索拖拽巨石。You will not see all the animals all through the winter.整个冬天你不会看到全部这些动物。For some days,he stayed in his cave behind his wall.他在墙后面洞里呆了好几天。The child was running after his father.这小孩跟在他你亲后面跑。第6页b,假如这类词与不及物动词组成一个动词词组，后面不跟有宾语，就是副词；c,假如这类词与及物动词组成一个带有新意动词词组，就是副词。eg.The lesson is over.下课了。Ive read the book through.我已看完这本书。He hurried home,looking behind from time to time as he went.他赶快回家，一边走一边不时向后看。They arrived soon after.不一会儿，他们就赶到了。第7页6.2C 方式副词（The Adverb of Manner)大多数方式副词由形容词和分词加后缀组成，也有些方式副词与形容词在词形和词义上完全相同，但句法作用不一样，常可回答how引导问句。1）形容词加ly后缀组成：badly,slowly,proudly,carefully,rapidly,attentively,calmly,warmly,sadly,angrily,happily,suddenly等。2）分词加后缀ly组成：surprisingly,admiringly,hurriedly,unexpectedly等。3）与形容词同形近义：fast,hard,well,early,slow,quick,high,straight,alone,wide,direct,far等。注：与形容词同形近义副词在句中普通作状语，表示行为动作方式，对动词加以描绘和说明，而形容词则在句中作定语、表语和宾语补足语，反应所限定名词性质特征。第8页1)作形容词eg.The work is hard.这工作很艰辛。The long straight stems of bamboo are not like tree wood.竹子又长又直躯干不象树木。The spaceship leaves the earth at very high speed.宇宙飞船高速离开地球。She spoke in a low voice.她低声说话。2)作副词eg.You should study hard and be good students.你们应该刻苦学习，做好学生。He went straight to school.他径直去学校。The plane flew high.这飞机飞得很高。She read too low to be heard.她读书声音太低，他人听不见。第9页6.2D 程度副词（The Adverb of Degree)程度副词大多用来修饰形容词和副词，就其反应事情在程度上加以描绘，通常也可回答how引导问句。常见程度副词有：very,much,quite,little,so,too,enough,half,rather,fairly,pretty,entirely,totally,greatly,deeply,hardly,wholly,slightly,scarcely,almost等。注：在上面几类副词中，有些副词有两种词形：一个与对应形容词同形，另一个由对应形容词（或副词）加后缀组成。这两种词形副词，有些在含义上基本相近，另一些在含义上则截然不一样。第10页1）在含义上相近副词：highhighly,lowlowly,firmfirmly,deepdeeply,nearnearly,shortshortly,fairfairly,directdirectly,quickquickly,loudloudly,slowslowly,straightstraightly等。普通来说，与形容词同形副词表示比较详细概念，而加后缀ly组成副词则含有抽象或引申意义。试比较以下句子：Theboyclimbedveryhigh.那男孩爬得很高。Thegovernmentthinkshighlyofyouinvention.政府对你创造评价很高。Youveshottoolow.Tryasecondtime.你射得太低，再试一下。Whyoneartharewelowlypaid?终究为何给我们低酬劳？Shecameneartome.她向我靠近。Thejobisnearlyfinished.这工作快干完了。ThetraingoesdirecttoShanghai.这趟列车直开上海。Answermedirectly.直接回答我问题。Theyworkeddeepintothenight.他们工作到深夜。Weweredeeplymovedbyhisheroicdeeds.我们被他英勇事迹深深打动了。第11页2）在含义上不一样副词：hardhardly,justjustly,latelately,mostmostly,prettyprettily等。试比较以下句子：Theypretendedtoworkhard.他们佯装卖力地干活。Icanhardlyunderstandwhattheyaretalkingabout.我几乎不懂他们在谈论些什么。Hesjustarrived.他刚到。Hewasjustlypunished.他受到了应有处罚。Themoneywillbegiventothosewhoneeditmost.这钱将给那些最需要人。ThepeoplewholiveinAntarcticaaremostlyvisitingscientists.在南极生活人大多数是在进行考查科学家。Heseldomcomeslate.他难得迟到。Ihaventheardfrommyparentslately.最近我没有收到父母来信。第12页6.2E 频度副词(The Adverb of Frequency)频度副词表示行为动作发生频度，常可回答howoften引导问句。常见频度副词有：often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom,never,rarely,frequently,occasionally,onceaweek,twiceaday,everyothermonth等。第13页6.2F疑问副词(TheInterrogativeAdverb)疑问副词用来引导一个特殊疑问句，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。疑问副词有：when,where,how和why.When are the men coming from London?从伦敦来人什么时候到？Where have you been all these years?这些年你到哪儿去啦？How are you getting along with you English?你英语学习怎么样？注：疑问副词how也能够与一些形容词、副词合在一起引导一个特殊疑问句。如：How often do you go to see your uncle?你多久去探望一次你叔叔？How long will he live in Nanjing?他将在南京住多久？How soon will your father come back home?你父亲还要多久才会到家？第14页6.2G连接副词(TheConjunctiveAdverb)连接副词用来引导一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句，表示从句中行为动作发生时间、地点、方式、原因等。常见连接副词有：when,where,whenever,wherever,how和why等。Why he insisted on going there alone wasnt quite clear.（引导主语从句）他为何要坚持孤身一人到那里去不太明白。Can you tell us when and where he received theMasters Degree?（引导宾主从句）你能够告诉我们他是在何时何地取得硕士学位吗？This is how she did it.（引导表语从句）这就是她怎样做这事。Come to us whenever you are in trouble.（引导状语从句）不论你什么时候碰到麻烦，尽可来找我们。第15页6.2H关系副词(TheRelativeAdverb)关系副词用来引导一个定语从句，对所修饰先行词在时间、地点和原因上加以限制和说明。关系副词有：when,where和why.Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I come to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得十年前一个下午我到你家借钻石项链事吗？The factory where my father works is in the west of the city.我父亲工作那家工厂座落在城西。Nobody knew the reason why he was absent from the party.没有些人知道他为何没来参加聚会。第16页除了上述八类副词，还能见到如surely,certainly,probably等确定性副词和therefore等结果副词。第17页6.3副词位置英语词序是相对固定，不过，副词在句中位置却比较自由和灵活。普通来说，英语副词有三种位置，即前位、中位和后位。6.3A 前位：副词前位是指把副词放在句首位置。副词前位情况有1）在故事开端Once upon a time there were six blind men who lived in a village in India.从前，有六个瞎子住在印度一个村子里。Many many years ago there lived a king.很久很久以前，有一个国王。第18页2）为了强调或进行对比Quickly he ran towards school and again he was late.他快速向学校跑去，但又迟到了。3）为了平衡句子Under the tree over there sat a group of foreigners.在那边树下坐着一群外国人。Usually at the beginning of school,the noise of desks being opened and closed,and lesson repeated at the top of the childrens voices could be heard out in the street.日常，在开始上课时，在街上就能够听见书桌开关声音和孩子们高声念书声音。第19页4）在倒装句中Away flew the bird.鸟飞走了。Seldom did he go to the cinema years ago.几年前，他极少去看电影。Only in this way can we work out the problem.只有用这种方法，我们才能算出这道题。（5）在感叹句和特殊疑问句中How quickly time has gone by!时间过得多快啊！How well do you understand this lesson?对这篇课文你能了解多少？第20页6.3B 中位：副词中位是指把副词放在谓语动词前后位置。副词中位情况有1）位于行为动词前Hibernating animals hardly make any movement.冬眠动物几乎没有运动。Do you always go to work without breakfast?你经常不吃早饭就去上班吗？2）位于连系动词和第一助词后The guest is still in your office,waiting for you.客人还在你办公室里等你呢。He has often been told to do such a thing.他经常被派遣干这种事。第21页3）位于非谓语形式前（通常有否定副词not和never）The pupil promised never to play truant again.那个小学生确保再也不逃学了。I regret not being able to help you.我遗憾没能帮助你。4）在答句中，助动词单独用来替换完全谓语时，位于助动词前”Do you believe in him？-I never have and I never will.“你信任他吗？”“我从未信任过他，我永远也不会信任他。”第22页6.3C 后位：副词后位是指把副词放在句尾位置。副词后位情况有1）位于不及物动词后The girl reads clearly and correctly.这个女孩子念得又清楚又正确。2）位于及物动词宾语后Ill look the word up in the dictionary.我将在词典里查这个词。Can you finish the work today?你们今天能完成这项工作吗？注：（1）有时一个句子中会出现多个副词或副词词组，它们词序应该是：方式副词地点副词时间副词。如：They played the game wonderfully here last night.昨晚他们在这儿打得非常精彩。假如谓语动词是表示方位性，它们词序则是：地点副词方式副词时间副词。如：He left home hurriedly on a rainy night.在一个雨夜里，他急忙地离开了家。第23页（2）有时副词位置变了，句子意思也会起改变。这要依听说话人意图，正确地把握副词位置试比试：We carefully observed the teacher doing the experiment.我们仔细观察了老师做试验。We observed the teacher carefully doing the experiment.我们观察了老师细心地做试验。Ill talk to him gladly.我将与他高兴地谈一谈。Gladly Ill talk to his.很高兴，我将与他谈一谈。第24页6.3D各类副词在句中位置除了一些特殊原因外，普通来说，副词位置也是相对固定，各类副词也有自己对应固定位置。1）时间副词：时间副词通常置于后位，但为了表示强调、对比、连接等，多数时间副词也能够置于前位。I will learn my lesson tomorrow.我明天将学功课。Today you saw the greatest man in the world.今天你见到了世界上最伟大人。Finally he took up the grammar book and read us the lesson.最终，他拿起语法书，给我们上语法课。第25页2）地点副词：地点副词通常置于后位，如碰到时间副词，则置于时间副词之前，但为了强调或语法上需要，能够置于前位。Dontplayinthegarden.别在花园里玩耍。Hewentnowherethismorning.他早晨什么地方也没去。AtthebusstopImetMrYangwhotaughtmeEnglishinseniorschool.在汽车站，我遇见了高中时教我英语杨老师。表示位置关系副词经常与及物动词组成动词词组，假如动词宾语是名词，宾语能够放在副词之前，也能够放在副词之后；假如动词宾语是代词，宾语只能放在副词之前ShallIbringtheguestsin?or:ShallIbringintheguests?要带客人进来吗？Hepulledhiscapoff.or:Hepulledoffhiscap.他脱下帽子。试比较：ShallIbringthemin?(Right)ShallIbringinthem?(Wrong)Hethrewitaway.(Right)Hethrewawayit.(wrong第26页3）方式副词：方式副词通常置于中位，放在它所修饰动词之后，假如谓语是及物动词，则放在宾语之后。He spoke slowly to his parents.他慢吞吞地对父母说话。The children read their lesson loudly.孩子们高声朗诵课文。在“动词+介词+宾语”结构中，方式副词能够放在介词之前，也能够放在宾语之后。They looked sadly at the master.他们都愁容满面地望着老师。Mr.Crossett looked at us curiously.克罗塞特先生用好奇目光端详着我们。第27页4）程度副词：程度副词通常置于中位，放在它所修饰形容词、副词、动词或介词短语之前。She was seriously ill.她病得很重。He played the violin fairly well.他小提琴拉得相当好。Well wholly support you.我们将全力支持你。Lincoln was strongly against slavery.林肯强烈反对奴隶制度。副词enough要放在它所修饰形容词、副词之后。The room is large enough for us three to live in.这个房间供我们三人住是足够大了。He didnt work hard enough.他工作不够勤奋。第28页5）频度副词：频度副词通常置于中位，放在它所修饰动词之前，假如谓语部分有情态动词或助动词，则放在情态动词或第一助动词之后。He rarely writes to me.他极少给我写信。You must always keep it in mind.这一点你要常记在心。Be careful!You have almost been knocked down.当心！你差点被撞倒。当句中谓语是连系动词be，频度副词应放在be之后He is scarcely in time for meals.他难得按时用餐。有些频度副词位置很灵活，能够置于前位，中位或后位。如sometimes,only,regularly,occasionally,repeatedly,once,frequently等。试比较:Sometimes we speak English at school.We sometimes speak English at school.We speak English at school sometimes.有时候我们在学校讲英语。有几个副词如perhaps,only等，有时所放位置不一样，意思也有区分。试比较：Only Mr Li met the mayor.只有李先生遇见市长。Mr Li only met the mayor.李先生只遇见市长。第29页6.4 副词比较级和最高级副词和形容词一样，也有原级，比较级和最高级三种形式。6.4A 副词比较级和最高级组成形式副词比较级和最高级组成形式也分为规则和不规则两种1）规则副词组成形式普通情况组成法 原级 比较级 最高级单音节副词 加-er,-est slow slower slowest hard harder hardest双音节或多章节副词 加more,most quickly more quickly most quickly wonderfully more wonderfully most wonderfully第30页注：（1）双音节副词early是原形词，它比较级和最高级形式应为earlier,earliest.而形容词加后缀ly或去e加-y组成副词则应加more或most组成比较级和最高级（2）副词often比较级和最高级能够加-er,-est组成，也能够加more,most 组成。2）不规则副词组成形式 原级 比较级 最高级 well better best badly worse worst little less least much more most far farther/further farthest/furthest第31页6.4B 副词比较级和最高级和形容词一样，在利用副词比较级和最高级时，要突出比较对象，省略雷同成份。副词比较级和最高级在句中常见结构有1）“比较级+than+比较对象“He did the exam more carefully than I.他考试比我细心。It is raining harder than ever.雨下得更大了。有时，than引导从句能够省略，只表示对主语本身情况比较或比较对象非常明确。I think these photos are better taken.我认为这些照片拍得更加好。第32页2）“the+比较级.the+比较级“The earlier you start your work,the sooner youll get it finished.你们越早开始工作，就完成得越早。3）“as so/as+副词原级+as+比较对象”用于必定形式。“not so/as+副词原级+as+比较对象”用于否定形式，as 常可省略。His stepmother loved him as dearly as his own mother.他继母爱他像他生母一样深切。They are not able to read so freely as their teacher.他们读起来没有老师流利。第33页4）“（the）+最高级+介词短语（或从句）”副词最高级前通常能够不用定冠词the。Of all the subjects I like English best.在全部学科中，我最喜欢英语。Can you recommend me a young worker who works fastest and best in your factory?你能给我们推荐一位你们厂里干活最快最好青年工人吗？副词比较级和最高级前也能够有一个对应副词、副词词组或数词，表示比较程度。He is now working much harder than before.他现在工作比以前更勤奋了。Equipped with this new engine,the car runs three times as fast as a normal one.装上了这种新发动机，这辆轿车速度比普通轿车快两倍。第34页Lilei is _ than any other _ in his class.A.tall,studentsB.taller,studentsC.taller,student.比较级比较级+any other+any other+单数名词单数名词.“比其它任何比其它任何都都”.”.(暗指暗指:最高级最高级)第35页1、the+最高级+of+比较范围2、One of the+最高级比较级：最高级：第36页1.She is the _in the class.(young)2.Jason is the _of the three.(tall)3.Whose handwriting is the _of all?(good)youngesttallestbest 最高级使用方法最高级使用方法表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）比较用最高级，表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）比较用最高级，最高级前面普通要加定冠词最高级前面普通要加定冠词thethe，后面可带，后面可带ofof（in,amongin,among）短语来说明比较范围）短语来说明比较范围.第37页1.她女儿是她们学校最好学生之一她女儿是她们学校最好学生之一.2.中国长城是世界上最伟大建筑之一中国长城是世界上最伟大建筑之一.“最最之一之一”:用用one of the+one of the+形容词最高级形容词最高级+名词复数名词复数 +of/+of/inin介词短语介词短语.如如:Her daughter is _ in her school.The Great Wall of China is _ _ in the world.one of the best studentsone of the greatest buildings第38页The Yellow River is _ river in China.A.the second longest B.the second longer C.second longest the+the+序数词最高级序数词最高级表示第几表示第几第39页一者比较用原级，比较级限二者比，一者比较用原级，比较级限二者比，三者三者往上比，最高级使用方法起；三者三者往上比，最高级使用方法起；若甲乙程度相同，若甲乙程度相同，asas asas 结构体；结构体；若甲某方面不及乙，若甲某方面不及乙，not so/asasnot so/asas来担起；来担起；中间形、副连接要切记！中间形、副连接要切记！Remember 第40页兼有两种形式副词区分1)关于clean/cleanly副词clean作“径直地，完全地”解：Thebulletwentcleanthrough(整个地穿过)hisarm.Icleanforgot(完全忘记)aboutit.副词cleanly常作“洁净利落地”解：Thisknifedoesntcutcleanly(切起来不利落).2）close/closely副词close作“近”解：Helivesclosetotheschool.Hewasfollowingclosebehind.作其它解释时用closely：WatchwhatIdoclosely(细心地).Theprisonerswereclosely(严密地)guarded.第41页3）关于clear/clearly副词clear作“完全地、径直地”解：Youcanseeclear(一直望到)tothemountainstoday.Theprisonergotclearaway.(逃得无影无踪)clear还能作“隔开、不接触”解：Standclearofthegates(离开门)!Youshouldkeepclearofthefellow(不要与那家伙来往).作其它解释时用clearly，不用clear。Canyouseeclearly(清楚地)fromhere?Heisclearlywrong(显然).但下面结构中用clear和clearly都能够：Themoonshoneclear(ly).(明亮地)Hespokeloud(ly)andclear(ly).(清楚地)第42页4）关于dead/deadly副词dead作“突然地、完全地”解：Shestoppeddead.在非正式语体中作“完全地、直接地”解：Hewasdeadtired(极为疲惫).Thewindwasdeadagainstus(正对着我们).deadly作“死普通地”或“非常”解，如：deadlypale(死人似苍白),deadlyserious(极端严重),deadlydull(极为枯燥)等。5）关于direct/directly副词direct作“直线地，不绕圈子地”解：Thetraingoestheredirect.作“直接地”（即“间接地”反义词）解时用directly：Hewaslookingatmedirectly.Sheansweredmeverydirectlyandopenly.directly也可作“马上”或“马上”解第43页6）关于easy/easilyeasy只在一些固定搭配中作副词：Takeiteasy.(慢慢来，别急。)Goeasy.(别急)Easycome,easygo.(来得轻易花得快)Easiersaidthandone.(说来轻易做时难)Standeasy!(稍息！)除此以外用easily。Icaneasilyfinishittoday.Heisnoteasily(轻易)satisfied.Thatmayeasilybethecase.(情况很可能就是那样)Itiseasily(无疑)thebesthotel.第44页7）关于fair/fairly fair在下列搭配中作副词：You must play fair(光明磊落).I hit him fair on the nose(不偏不歪/正打在鼻子上).Hes dealt fair and square(公平地)with me.在其它搭配中用fairly：He told the facts fairly(清楚地).He doesnt play the game fairly(公平，光明正大).He was fairly(完全)beside himself with joy(欣喜若狂).8）关于firm/firmly firm在以下搭配中用作副词：Stand firm(站稳).Always hold firm(坚信)to your beliefs.其它场适用firmly，如：I firmly believe(坚信)that.第45页9）关于high/highlyhigh用作副词见于以下搭配：aimhigh(力争上游).playhigh(大赌),holdonesheadhigh(抬头)searchhighandlow(处处搜寻),flyhigh(有雄心),runhigh(浪大，激动)等。highly通常指抽象“高”。比如：Hespokehighly(赞扬)ofher.10）关于loud/loudly副词loud和loudly都是“大声地”意思，用哪一个形式与音韵相关，并无绝正确要求：Donttalksoloud/loudly.Shecomplainedloudlyofhavingbeenkeptwaiting.不过比较级形式通惯用louder与loudest。第46页11）关于pretty/prettilypretty作“相当地，适当，非常”解。Sheisprettygood.Shedancesprettywell.prettily作“有一个漂亮或悦人态度”解：Marydressedprettily.Shespeaksprettily.(P.279)12）关于right/rightly副词right能作各种解释，修饰副词、介词或在句中作状语Hesrighthere(就在这里).Gorighthome(直接回家)atonce.Theyhaventreadthebookrightthrough(完全地).rightly通常置于动词之前。eg.Herightlydeservesrespectforhisscholarship.他学识渊博,理应受到尊敬。Itishispunishmentandrightlyso.这是他应得处罚,就该如此。第47页13）关于sharp/sharply副词sharp惯用于钟点后表示“按时”：Wearrivedattenoclocksharp.也用于turnsharpright/left(向右/左急转),looksharp(赶快，留神，注意)等结构。sharp和sharply均能作：“急剧地，突然地”解：Atthecrossroads(十字路口),weturnedsharplytotheleft.Theroadturnsverysharply.14）关于slow/slowlyslow作副词仅用于goslow(=workslow)这么搭配：Theworkersdecidedtogoslow(怠工).其它场所惯用slowly：Speakslowly,please.Howslowly/slowthetimepasses.第48页15）关于sure/surelysure作副词多见于非正式语体，尤其是美国英语。Hesaidhewouldcome,andsureenough(果然)hecame.Hesurei