应用型大学英语综合教程四unit5市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

L/O/G/O上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 应应用用型型大大学学英英语语系系列列教教材材Book 4Application-oriented College English Course第1页上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Language in Use Enhancement of Language Abilities Unit FiveTable of Contents Language SkillsDevelopmentBackNext2第2页上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1 contentStarterText:Big Bang Working with words and phrasesDiscussionPractice:interpretingPractice:translationPractice:writingSurfing the InternetHighlightsTable of ContentsPart 1 Language Skills DevelopmentBackNext3第3页上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1highlightsHighlightsS:TheoriesabouttheoriginoftheuniverseL:Buylandonthemoon R:BigBangW:Patternsoforganization(3):causeandeffect:blockorganizationInternet work:Searching for information aboutworldmysteries Part 1 Language Skills DevelopmentBackNext4第4页上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext1.Starterfocus1starterA.Which of the following theories about the origin of the universe do you agree with?1.Godcreatedtheuniverse.2.Theuniversecameintobeingofitself.3.Theuniversehasalwaysbeenthere.Ofthethreetheories,Iagreewiththethirdone,becausenoonecanprovethebeginningoftheuniverse,norcananyonelivelongenoughtoreachtheendoftheuniverse.5第5页B.Listen to a short passage entitled Buy Land on the Moon and answer the following questions.focus1starter上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 1.StarterBackNextMind Maplunar/()/a.月亮parcel/n.（土地）一块deed/n.证书，契约treaty/n.条约，协定astronaut/n.宇航员attorney/n.（尤指代表当事人出庭）律师trespasser/()/n.非法侵入者 6第6页focus1starter上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 1.StarterBackNext1.Howmuchdoeseachparceloflunarpropertycost?2.Whatdoyougetifyoubuyadeed,accordingtoanAmericanastronaut?3.Howmuchmoneyistheownerofthisbusinessmakingaday?$16 a parcel.Only a piece of paper.$3,000 to$4,000 a day.7第7页focus1starter上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 1.StarterBackNext8第8页focus1text上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextText Organization9第9页focus1text上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Text OrganizationBackNext10第10页focus1text上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextText Organization11第11页focus1text2.Text:Big BangIn the Beginning1TheBigBangmodeloftheuniverses birth is the mostwidelyacceptedmodelthathasever been conceived for thescientific origin of everything.Noothermodelcanpredictasmuchwithashighadegreeofaccuracy as the Big Bangmodelcan.Translation宇宙大爆炸宇宙之初 1 宇宙起源于大爆炸是迄今为止对万物起源最广为认可一个科学解释。其它理论都不如大爆炸理论对宇宙起源推测得那么详细和准确。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextQuestion about Para.1Meaning:The Big Bang theory is able to tell more and with greater precision about the universes birth than other theories.12第12页focus1text1.Why is the Big Bang model the most widely accepted model explaining the universes birth?Because no other model can predict as much with as high a degree of accuracy as the Big Bang model.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext2.Text:Big Bang13第13页focus1text2 A common question thatpeople ask is“What happenedbefore the Big Bang?”Thephrase“inthebeginning”isusedheretorefertothebirthofouruniverse with the Big Bang.Inthe creation of the universe,everythingwascompressedintoan infinitesimally small point inwhich all physical laws that weknow of do not apply.(To becontinued)Translation2 人们经常问一个问题是：大爆炸以前发生过什么？“宇宙之物”这个词在这里指是宇宙伴随大爆炸而生成。宇宙在形成过程中，万物被压缩成无穷小一个奇点，在这个奇点中，我们所知全部物理定律一概无效。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextcompress:vt./vi.压缩；压紧e.g.Poor posture can compress the bodys organs.Her lips compressed into a thin line.Note the word“law”here refers to the fact that something always happens in the same way in nature or society.e.g.the law of supply and demand 供求法则the laws of nature 自然法则 the law of gravity 万有引力定 2.Text:Big Bang14第14页focus1textNoinformationfromany“previous”stuffcouldhaveremained intact.Therefore,forallintentsandpurposes,theBig Bang is considered thebeginningof everything,for wecan never know if there wasanythingbeforeit.Translation宇宙大爆炸前全部信息都无法原封不动地保留下来。因为我们永远无法知道大爆炸前是否存在着什么，所以，几乎完全能够认为大爆炸是万物起源。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextMeaning:It is difficult to find out the truth about what existed before the Big Bang because nothing of it would have not been damaged.intact:a.没有损坏，完整 e.g.Only the medieval tower remained intact.His reputation survived intact.2.Text:Big Bang15第15页focus1textHistory of the Big Bang Model3TheBigBangmodelhaditsbeginningswithEdwinHubblesdiscoveryin1929that,onlargescales,everythingintheuniverse is moving away fromeverythingelse.Theonlyexplanationforthiswasthattheuniversewasexpandingineverydirection,and it was takinggalaxies along with it.This isknownasHubblesLaw.Translation大爆炸理论历史 3 3 大爆炸理论萌芽于1929年埃德温哈勃一个发觉，他发觉在宏观宇宙中，万物都在相互偏离，距离越来越远。对此唯一解释就是宇宙正在向四面八方不停地膨胀，星系也随之扩张。这被称为“哈勃定律”。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextQuestion about Para.3Meaning:and galaxies were also expanding with the universe.This is what we call Hubbles Law.Note that in the sentence beginning is in its plural form,denoting the first or early ideas,signs,or stages of something.e.g.Did democracy have its beginnings in ancient Greece?He built up his multi-million-pound business from small beginnings.2.Text:Big Bang16第16页focus1text2.Why is everything in the universe moving away from everything else?Because the universe is expanding in every direction,and it is taking galaxies along with it.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext2.Text:Big Bang17第17页focus1text4 The next step towards theBigBangmodelwastotakethisprocessinreversethatis,togobackintime.Iftheuniverseisblowinguplikeaballoonastimeprogresses,then what wouldhappen if you were to run thetimeline backwards?What wastheuniverselikeinthepast?Translation4 关于大爆炸理论下一步就是将这一过程逆转，即让时光倒退。假如说伴随时间向前推进，宇宙像气球一样在“胀大”，那么让时间倒退会发生什么呢？宇宙过去是什么样呢？上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextin reverse:相反，反向 e.g.US video recorders,due to different systems,cannot play European tapes,and the same applies in reverse.blow up:膨胀；暴发；爆炸e.g.My stomach had started to blow up.A storm suddenly blew up.The ship blew up.这个短语还能够加宾语。e.g.The architect had blown up his bridge before the German troops crossed it.2.Text:Big Bang18第18页focus1text5 If the universe is currentlygrowing,then the universe wassmaller in the past.There musthave been some point in timewhen the universe was half itscurrent size.Then there musthave been a time when it washalfthatsize.Ifyoucontinuetorun time backwards,there musthave been a time when theuniverse was an infinitesimallysmallpoint.Translation5 假如说宇宙现在正在膨胀，那么它以前就比现在小。在某个时间点上，宇宙必定只有现在二分之一大。也一定有个时间点，宇宙只有那时二分之一大。假如继续将时间向后推移，那么一定有个时间点，当初宇宙是无穷小。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext2.Text:Big Bang19第19页focus1text6 This is the basic ideabehind the Big Bang.All matterandenergyexistedinaninfinitelysmall point of infinite density along time ago,and has sincebeenexpandingasouruniverse.One important note here is thatthe Big Bang was not anexplosion in the universe,butrather it is an explosion of theuniverse.Therefore,there is no“center”of the universe fromwheretheBigBangstarted.Translation6 这就是大爆炸理论基本观点。很久以前，全部物质和能量都以无穷大密度以一个无穷小奇点形式存在，之后这个奇点作为我们宇宙就不停地膨胀。这里要重点说明是大爆炸并不是指宇宙中一次爆炸，而是指整个宇宙爆炸。所以，宇宙中并没有一个大爆炸开始“中心”。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextQuestions about Paras.5-62.Text:Big Bang20第20页focus1text3.If we imagine reversing the timeline,what must the universe have been like in the past?There must have been a time when the universe was an infinitesimally small point.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext4.Is there a“center”of the universe from where the Big Bang started?Why or why not?No,because the Big Bang was not an explosion in the universe,but rather it was an explosion of the universe.2.Text:Big Bang21第21页focus1textMain Evidence7TheBigBangistheleadingtheorythatalmostallastrophysicists believe explainstheoriginoftheuniverse.Thisisbecause all observations so farmade support the Big Bangtheory;therearefourmainlinesof evidence that are most oftenused.Translation主要证据主要证据7 大爆炸是一条主要理论，几乎全部天体物理学家都认为它解释了宇宙起源。这是因为当前全部观察统计都支持这一理论，经惯用到有四条证据。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext Note that“that almost all astrophysicists believe”in this sentence is a parenthesis(插入语).e.g.This man,as you know,is good for nothing.He was to me at least,if not to you a figure that is worth having pity on.2.Text:Big Bang22第22页focus1text8Thefirstwasdiscussedabove:theexpansionoftheuniverse.Theuniverseisexpandingnow,sointhepast it must have been smaller.If itwere smaller in the past,then thereprobably was a time when it wasinfinitesimally small.One could askwhy we dont think that it might beexpandingnowbutitcouldhavebeenshrinking before and we just dontknowaboutit.Theansweristhatthereis simply no known mechanism thatcould accomplish this transition on auniversalscale.Translation8 8 第一条前面已经讨论过：宇宙膨胀。宇宙在不停地膨胀，所以过去一定比现在小。假如过去比较小，很可能在某一时间它是无穷小。可能有些人会问：为何我们不能够了解成宇宙现在正在膨胀，但过去可能一直在收缩，只不过是我们不知道罢了？对这一问题回答是，没有任何已知方法能够完成这种宇宙规模转化。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext2.Text:Big Bang23第23页focus1text9ThesecondlineofevidenceistheCosmicMicrowaveBackground radiation(CMB),which was discovered in 1965by Arno Penzias and RobertWilson from Bell Labs.Theywereworkingwithamicrowavereceiver used to communicatewith the Telstar satellite,butwere getting noise from everydirectiontheypointedthereceiver.(Tobecontinued)Translation9 9 证据之二是宇宙微波背景辐射，由贝尔试验室阿尔诺彭齐亚斯和罗伯特威尔逊于1965年发觉。有一次，他们正在操作一个用于与“通讯星”联络微波接收器，不过却发觉，不论将接收器指往哪个方向，都会接收到噪音。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextMeaning:No matter which direction they pointed the receiver to,they always received noise.In this sentence,the preposition“to”is omitted.The complete sentence should be“but were getting noise from every direction that they pointed the receiver to.”2.Text:Big Bang24第24页focus1textItwascomingfromalloverthesky at what seemed to beexactly the same frequency.This was the first evidence fortheCMB,andtheylatersharedaNobelPrizeforthisdiscovery.Translation而噪音来自整个天空，似乎他们频率都相同，这是关于宇宙微波背景辐射存在最初证据。以后二人因为这一发觉而取得了诺贝尔奖。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextQuestion about Para.95.For what discovery did Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson win the Nobel Prize?The Cosmic Microwave Background radiation(CMB).2.Text:Big Bang25第25页focus1text10TheCMBisan“echo”leftoverfromwhentheuniversewasapproximately300,000yearsold,as predicted by the Big Bangmodel.Assomethingbecomescompressed,asmatterwaswhentheuniversewasyoung,itbecomes hot.The actual heatcomesfromparticlesmovementsthefastertheymove,themoreenergetic they are,and so themore heat we see.(To becontinued)Translation10 10 大爆炸理论断定，宇宙微波背景辐射是宇宙在大约30万岁时留下“遗址”。物体受压缩会变热，而这正是宇宙年轻时物质所处情况。实际上，热量来自于粒子运动粒子运动得越快，产生能量就越大我们感知热量就越多。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextMeaning:According to the Big Bang theory,the CMB reflects what the universe was like when it was about 300,000 years old.The literal meaning of echo is“repetition of a sound by reflection of sound waves from a surface”.But in this context,it denotes a repetition or an imitation(of the universe at the age of 300,000 years).Hence the word has been extended to mean“a remnant or vestige(残留物，遗留痕迹)”.e.g.The archeologists found echoes of past civilizations while examining artifacts in the Middle East.Note that in this sentence,the first as introduces an adverbial clause of time modifying the main clause“it becomes hot”.Also note that the second as is a conjunction,denoting comparison.2.Text:Big Bang26第26页focus1textTheuniversewassohotbeforeitwas 300,000 years old thatatomscouldnotform.Becauseofthis,photonsparticlesoflight could not move around,fortheykeptreactingwithelectrons the negatively charged partsofatoms.Translation宇宙30万岁前非常热，所以不能形成原子。因为这个原因，光子即光粒子连续不停地和电子即原子负电荷发生反应，造成无法四处移动。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext2.Text:Big Bang27第27页focus1text11Therefore,duringthisperiod,theuniversewaseffectivelyopaque.Once the universe hadreached300,000yearsold,atomscouldform,andelectronswere now bound to a nucleus.Once this happened,photonscould move about freely.This“first light”is the CMB,and itsexistenceisaverystrongindication that the Big Bangoccurred.Translation11 所以，这一时期宇宙实际上是不透明。一旦宇宙到达了30万岁，原子就能形成了，而电子和原子核就束缚在一起。这时光子就能够自由移动了。这个“原初之光”就是宇宙微波背景辐射，它存在强有力地支持了宇宙大爆炸发生。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextQuestion about Para.11be bound to:受束缚，约束 e.g.It is not bound to the ground,and is not directly affected by physical objects.注意不要与固定搭配 be bound to（注定要，必定会）混同。e.g.When one is young,he believes he is bound to change the world;when he grows to be an adult,he sees the world has changed.2.Text:Big Bang28第28页focus1text6.When could photons move about freely?When the universe had reached 300,000 years old.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext2.Text:Big Bang29第29页focus1text12ThethirdmajorpillaroftheBigBangtheoryliesintheabundanceofthedifferentelementsoftheuniverse.The theory predicts that certainamounts of hydrogen,helium,andother elements should be made.Observations have shown almostexactlytheamountsthatarepredicted.13ThefourthpieceisthattheBigBang theory is the only one thatcomprehensivelylaysdownaframeworkfortheeventualevolutionof the universe as we observe ittoday.Translation12 宇宙大爆炸理论第三个主要支撑点是宇宙间存在大量不一样元素。大爆炸理论推测大爆炸时产生了一定量氢、氦和其它元素，而观察到元素数量和推测数量几乎完全一致。13 证据之四，正如我们今天观察所得，只有大爆炸理论为宇宙最终演变设置了一个完整框架。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextpillar:n.1)C 关键，基础，支柱e.g.the central pillar of this theory 2)C 栋梁；主要支持者e.g.The young people will be the pillars of society.lay down:要求，制订；放弃e.g.The prices have been laid down by the manufacturers.The enemy troops were ordered to lay down their arms.2.Text:Big Bang30第30页()1.expandintoa.rules()pressb.agoal()3.blowupc.oneslips()4.conceived.thenextroom()5.accomplishe.adangerousbridge()6.laydownf.anideaFocus1words&phrases4.Working with words and phrases A.Find appropriate words or phrases(16)in the text which fit the items(af).上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextdcefba31第31页1.Having collected the data and analyzed it thoroughly,wehaveconfidenceinthea ofthestatistics.2.Allofasudden,thedriverputthelorryinr tobackitintothegarage.3.Thereareb tobechangeswhenthenewsystemisintroduced.Focus1words&phrases4.Working with words and phrases B.Complete the following sentences with appropriate words in the text.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextccuracyeverseound32第32页4.Theinterviewertendstopreferthosecandidateswhoareyoung,bright,e ,andwithstrongambition.5.Asformusicsemotionalinfluence,therearesomei that music can affect the levels of varioushormones.6.Darwinspentmorethantwentyyearsworkingonhistheoryofe ,anditstirredupheateddebateintheWesternworld.Focus1words&phrases4.Working with words and phrases 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextndicationsnergeticvolution33第33页1.Haveyouevertriedtofigureouttheoriginoftheuniversebeforestudyingthistext?Whatwereyourideas?Focus1discussion 5.Discussion Discuss the following questions with a partner or in a small group of 4 to 6 students.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextYes,I have.I am very curious about the origin of the universe and have read quite a lot about this issue.For example,I came across a theory in my reading which holds that the universe was created by God and that only through Gods eternal power could all the substances be created and come into being.Of course,I also learned about the Big Bang theory.Before that,I never thought the universe could have evolved out of a big explosion.34第34页Focus1discussion 5.Discussion 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextI dont believe the Big Bang model will prove to be the ultimate theory about the evolution of the universe,because a single theory cannot possibly answer all the questions concerning the origin and evolution of the universe.Besides,any scientific theory is always open to new information that leads to its revision or even reje