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怎样进行英语作文准备怎样进行英语作文准备 首先要了解写作考试纲领内容，评分标准、标准，历年真题范围，从而掌握出题标准及规律。打好基本功。熟悉各种文体结构特点，写作技巧及惯用句型、套话等。如论说文惯用开头法有谚语法、定义法、引使用方法、提问法、直接法、间接法、故事法、概括法及综正当；中间段扩展法有时间、空间、定义、分类、过程、例证、比较与对比及因果法；结尾段惯用方法有重述法、总结法、提问法、预测法、提议法及名言法等。背诵一些惯用于论说文中起、承、转、合结构词（组），句型.勤学多练，熟能生巧。在阅读范文前可依据所给作文题目及要求按自己思绪试写一下，然后与范文对照找出差距，并有意识地背诵一些包括科技、社会、文化等各个侧面代表性文章，储存各种信息，以防写作时无话可说。平时在阅读英语文章、报纸以及做模拟题时，要注意积累惯用词汇、表示法及句型，分析文章构思、组织方法，方便在写作考试时能做到有条不紊，顺理成章。熟悉各种应试技巧：怎样识别提要中关键词；怎样将提要转化为各段主题句；怎样描述图表内容，提出相关问题并加以分析、说明；怎样开头；怎样结尾等。第1页三、英语写作类型1.体裁:说明文和议论文说明文如：How to Succeed in a Job Interview,How I Finance My College Education,Practice Makes Perfect，Haste Makes Waste议论文如：Dont Hesitate to Say“NO”,Can Money Buy Happiness,Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?Reading Selectively or Extensively?Do“Lucky Numbers”Really Bring Good Luck?2段落类型：比较/对比，列举，程序等 说明和议论文章所采取文章扩展模式普通以比较/对照，举例、列举、因果、程序等者居多。如：Dont Hesitate to Say NO,Reading Selectively or Extensively等很多写作中都包括到两种观点对比，整体段落类型为对照型。Practice Makes Perfect,Harmfulness of Fake Commodities等可采取因果行段落结构模式，也能够采取举例说明结构模式。Advantages of a Job Interview则应采取列举段落扩展模式。第2页3 出题方式：提要式写作，汉字提要，普通为三句或两句。如：Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:Dont Hesitate to Say“NO”.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below.1.他人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“不”。2.为何有些人在该说“不”时候不说“不”。3.该说“不”时不说“不”坏处。再如：Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:Harmfulness of Fake Commodities.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below.1.当前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为何会有这种情况2.举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等危害。第3页四、临场注意事项四、临场注意事项 放松情绪，消除恐惧感，必要时可借助深呼吸来缓解担心心情。如试卷一、二（作文在试卷2上）同时发下来，应在做完听力部分后，快速地看一下作文题，让其在大脑中留有一席之地，这么便于在做词汇、阅读时随时发觉写作可借用词汇、例子、句型等相关内容，而不致于在原来较短写作时间内，大脑一片空白，无从下手。认真审题，搞清文章及各段主题，实现由提要到主题句转换。打初稿：摆事实，理清思绪，从易于表示，且论证丰富观点入手，不局限于一个看法，一个表示法或一个句式。详细写作时最好分段来写，各段之间空二至三行，以利于随时增减或删改。而且字迹要工整，卷面要保持清洁，给判卷人一个好印象。写完后仔细检验作文中用词、句法方面有没有不准确地方；句式有没有改变；句与句之间，段与段之间有没有适当连接及过渡等。第4页 英语作文文章开头英语作文文章开头文章开头普通来说应尽可能做到开门见山，用简单明白叙述引出文章话题，使读者了解文章要谈论什么，一下于引发读者兴趣。作文常见开头形式大致有以下几个：1开门见山，揭示主题文章一开头，就交待清楚文章主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)开头是：I Spent my last vacation happily下面是题为“Honesty”(谈老实)一文中开头：Honesty is one of the best virtuesAn honest man is always trusted and respectedOn the contrary,one who tells lies is regarded as a liar，and is looked upon by honest people第5页2交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头在文章开头，先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。比如“A Trip to Jinshan”(去金山旅游)开头：The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan.The bus ride there took three hours.The long trip made us very tired,but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.3.回想性开头用回想方法来开头。比如“A Trip to the Taishan Mountain”(泰山游)开头是：I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.4概括性开头即对要在文章中叙述人或事先作一个概括性介绍。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书高兴)开头：People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else,because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.第6页5介绍环境式开头即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)开头是:It was a rainy and windy morning.The sky was gloomy,the temperature was low,and the street was nearly empty.I was on my way back to school.Suddenly,a speeding car came round the corner.6交待写作目标开头。在文章一开头就交待写作目标，如经过文章要表彰谁，批评谁，或说明一个什么问题等。如“Pollution Control”(控制污染)开头：In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.第7页 英语中有哪些基本句式英语中有哪些基本句式?S十V主谓结构S十V十F主系表结构S十V十O主谓宾结构S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 说明：S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语 五个基本句式详细解释以下：1S十十V句式句式在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi)。比如：He runs quickly他跑得快。They listened carefully他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country中国属于第三世界国家。The gas has given out煤气用完了。My ink has run out我钢笔水用完了。第8页2S十十V十十P句式句式在此句式中，V是系动词(link v)，常见系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。比如：He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。He seen interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nicc花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before你长得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。He stood quite still他静静地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up他长大后当了教师。He could never turn traitor to his country他永远不会背叛他祖国。注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可组成SVO句式，比如：He looked me up and down他上下端详我。He reached his hand to feel the elephant他伸出手来摸象。They are tasting the fish他们在品尝鱼。They grow rice in their home town他们在故乡种水稻。Hes got a chair to sit on他有椅子坐。Please turn the sentence into English请把这个句于泽成英语。第9页3S十十V十十O句式句式在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt)，所以有宾语。比如：I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部电影。Have you read the story?你读过这个故事吗?They found their home easily他们很轻易找到他们家。They built a house last year他们去年建了一所房子。Theyve put up a factory in the village他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好。You should look after your children well你应该好好照看你孩子。4S十十V十十O1十十O2句式句式在此句式中，V是带有双宾语及物动词。常见须带双宾语动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。比如：He gave me a book/a book to me他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me他把座位让给我。第10页注意下边动词改写后介词改变：注意下边动词改写后介词改变：Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me他问我个问题。注意，下边动词只有一个说法：注意，下边动词只有一个说法：They robbed the old man of his money他们抢了老人钱。Hes warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease医生治好了他病。We must rid the house of the rats我们必须赶走屋里老鼠。They deprived him of his right to speak他们剥夺了他说话权利。第11页5S十十V十十O十十C句式句式在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语及物动词。常带宾语补足语词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。常见可接宾语补足语动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几个形式作宾补，须依据动词惯使用方法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面例子。They made the girl angry他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day他们发觉那天她很高兴。I found him out我发觉他出去了。I saw him in我见他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand他们发觉沙地上有脚印。They named the boy Charlie他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I saw him come in and go out我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast他们感到汽车行驶得很快。I heard the glass broken just now我刚才听到玻璃碎了。He found the doctor of study closed to him他发觉研究所大门对他关闭了。第12页 怎样写好英语句子（一）怎样写好英语句子（一）学生作文主要有以下几个方面问题：第一、英语底子太薄。第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。第三、表示思想不清楚。下面我们以考生实际作文来进行一下分析。1）Some one consider that fresh water will not touch its end.(2分)2）One mans life lack of money,he will impossible to live on.（5分）3）As is know,that there are much fake commodities in todays society.(6分)这里引述例句与考生通篇作文写作水平是一致，其中5、6分例句含有经典性，代表了近乎中等水平考生写作水平。从这些例句中不难看出，中等水平考生，实际上也包含中上等水平考生，在写作上存在主要问题是表示思想不清楚。第13页表示思想不清楚主要原因是考生作文中严重汉化英语，即中式英语，比如：man can live happiness，Man is iron,and food is steel.,Women are half side sky.“。另外，语言错误普遍性和严重性十分惊人，比如，主谓不一致，名词单复数不分，动词时态语态滥用，惯用词拼写错误比比皆是。这些严重地影响了思想表示。考试实践表明，多数考生在写作上主要欠缺不是系统写作理论和方法，而是最基本单句写作能力。文章不论长短，都是由句子组成，句子是表示思想最基本单位。所以，句子是否能写得正确、达意和清楚，将直接影响整篇文章写作质量。大学英语四、六级考试和硕士入学英语考试实践都表明，考生写作成绩长久得不到显著提升主要原因是欠缺写好单句能力。第14页否定结构否定结构除了在助动词、情态动词，be和have后面加not之外，还有许多不含not否定结构。若能正确使用他们，文章会显得生动活泼，增加写作闪光点。下面我们就来看看:1 含有否定意义词汇和短语以以下举词和词组本身就含有否定含义，所以无需用否定词。介词against,beyond,but,except,without,.形容词和动词absent,deny,differ,different,fail,free,ignore,miss,refuse,the last,used to,reluctant,lack,want,.短语keep.from,protect.from,prevent.from,let alone,at a loss,in vain,instead of,out of the question,rather than,too.to,by no means,anything but,.我们看以下例句：1）Women fail to get the equal rights in some countries.在一些国家里妇女没有得到平等权利。2）This is by no means the best way to solve the problem of energy crisis.这不是处理能源危机最好方法。3）We should protect trees from being destroyed.我们应保护树木，不让它们受破坏。4）In old China we could not make a nail,let alone(make)machines.在旧中国，我们连一个钉子都造不了，更不用说制造机器了。第15页2 含有半否定意义词语barely,hardly,few,little,rarely,scarcely,seldom,not all,not everyone,not everything,.含有半否定意义。例句：1）We could hardly see any fresh vegetables in winter on market several years ago.几年前在冬天市场上极难见到新鲜蔬菜。2）These young people know little about how to choose good books to read.这些年轻人几乎不知道怎样挑选优异书籍来读。3 不含否定意义否定结构 有些词和词组形式上是否定结构，但其含义是必定，比如：cannot but,cant help,no sooner.than,not.until,in no time,none other than,nothing but,等等。例句：1）We cant but face the reality.我们只有面对现实。2）These old buildings will be replaced by modern apartment buildings in no time.这些旧建筑将很快为当代化公寓所代替。4 否定结构倒装语序我们有时为了强调而把否定词和词组放在句首，这时句子结构应倒装。比如：1）On no account should we follow blindly.我们决不应该盲从。2）No where has the world ever seen such great enthusiasm for learning as in ourcountry.没有任何其它地方有我国这么高学习热情。第16页五、含有it结构考生病句：1.As is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.2.It is known to us,practice makes perfect.正确表示：1.It is known to all of us that science and technology play an important role in the development of society.(或:As is known to all of us,science.)2.It is known to us that practice makes perfect.(或:As is known to us,practice.)评议与分析：很显然，两个考生混同了it和as使用方法。假如用it作形式主语，后面主语从句必须由that引发；假如用as，则后面不能用that，因为as是关系代词，代表practice makes perfect。第17页It 在英语中是个相当活跃代词，在写作中我们常要使用它。以下几个使用方法应熟练掌握，并能灵活利用。1作形式主语It is necessary for us to master a foreign language skillfully.It makes difference whether we could purify the air or not.2.作形式宾语We find it rather difficult to prevent people from doing that.Modern science has made it possible for babies to grow healthily and for people to live longer.3.引导强调句It is only by this way that we can achieve success.It was then that people began to realize the importance of controlling population.从语法结构来看，上述句子都不难，或者能够说是考生相当熟悉。然而在写作考试中，多数考生缺乏利用自己已掌握句式意识，而以自己头脑中拼凑中式英语取而代之。其实，只要能恰当地利用上述任何一个句式，考生作文就会出现闪光点，就会取得比很好成绩。第18页 怎样写好英语句子（二）怎样写好英语句子（二）二、比较结构考生病句：1.Comparing with the bike,the car runs much faster.2.The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.正确表示：1.Compared with the bike,the car runs much faster.2.The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.在例1中，对两个事物进行比较句式为Compared with A,B.,只能用compare过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将“天气”与“城市”进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为“其它城市天气”才符合逻辑，很显然，考生错误是受了汉语表示习惯影响。第19页比较结构是惯用结构，正确地使用这一结构能够使文章句式增加改变，有利于提升写作成绩。普通说来，考生若能恰当、正确地利用这一结构，其写作成绩应在5分以上。下面是比较结构一些惯用表示方法。1 同级比较1）In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.2）We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.2 比较级1）Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.2）We can live longer without food than we can(live)without water.3 最高级1）This is the most interesting book Ive ever read.2）Of all his novels I like this one best.4 the morethe more结构1)The harder you work,the greater progress you will make.2)The more a man knows,the more he discovers his ignorance.第20页5 选择比较1)I prefer staying at home to going out.2)They prefer to work rather than(to)sit idly.3)He prefers to work alone.注意：这里1）句用是Prefer A to B结构，to为介词，后接名词或动名词；2）句是以不定式作prefer宾语；3）句使用方法同2），只是不把rather than部分表示出来。6 对比1)Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.2)He is tired out,whereas she is full of vigour.注意：while 和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立分句，相当于汉语“而”字。许多考生能很好地利用这一句式，尤其在图表作文中。第21页三、表示原因结构考生病句：1.The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.2.The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.正确表示：1.The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.2.The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.评议与分析：第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯错误，就是用because引发表语从句，because这个词不能引发表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。第22页掌握好表示原因结构是十分主要，几乎全部写作试题都要求写原因或能够写原因。在大学英语考试中，写作文体基本上是议论文，而议论文基本模式是摆事实、讲道理，讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试文体决定了表示原因结构主要性。英语中用来表示原因这一概念结构有各种。我们可用as,because,since,seeing that,considering that,now that,not that.等词组引出表示原因从句。比如：1.Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes,we feel more proud than ever of our country.2.Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.3.Since we live near the sea,we enjoy a healthy climate.4.Pollution is still a serious problem,not that we dont have the ability to solve it,but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.第23页我们还能够借助一些词语用简单句表示原因结构。比如：1.The reason for this change is quite obvious.2.Diligence is the key factor of success.3.Idleness is the root of all evils.4.He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the mistake.=He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)除了上述例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难表示原因结构。我们在进行写作训练时候，不能满足于一知半解，要考究书面语言正确性和准确性。比如，because是最惯用引导原因从句连词，语气最强，表示直接原因，若because置于句首，后面主句不能再用so。用as引导原因从句语气较弱，所说明原因是附带，而since表示原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来原因。第24页四、否定结构考生病句1.Some people think we neednt to worry about fresh water.2.Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies,too.正确表示：1.Some people think we neednt worry(或dont need to worry)about fresh water.2.Nowadays many people dont like to go to the movies,either.评议与分析：例句1 错误在于该考生混同了need作为情态动词和作为普通动词使用方法。need作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句，后面动词不带to,neednt worry，作we谓语。need作为实意动词时，可用于必定句、否定句和疑问句，dont need to worry 中to worry作dont need宾语。例句2错误在于该考生混同了too和either区分，这两个词都表示也意思，不过在英语中too,also只能用于必定句，而either只能用于否定句。第25页怎样使句子多样化？句子可长可短，同一件事，能够用不一样句式表示。假如句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。假如全篇充满了冗长复杂句，读起来也很费劲。最好方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些从属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。比如以下五个句子基本概念一样，不过句式不一样，内容重点也有些差异：(1)Thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarmandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(并列分句(1)+2)(2)Grazingpeacefully,thegoatsinthefarmwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(现在分语短语+简单句)(3)Inthefarm,thegoatsgrazedpeacefullyandwereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2)(4)Thereweregoatsgrazingpeacefullyinthefarm,unawareoftheapproachinghunter.(简单句+形容语短语)(5)Asthegoatsgrazedpeacefullyinthefarm,theywereunawareoftheapproachinghunter.(原因副词从句+主句)(1)和(5)句式最常见；假如加上其他三种相互交替，句子不是更多样化吗？第26页最终，看看这两个句子要怎样多样化呢？(6)The young pilot was on his first overseas training.(7)He felt very uneasy.(a)The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy.(b)The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training.(c)The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy.(d)Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training.(e)The young pilot was on his first overseas training,feeling very uneasy.(f)It being his first overseas training,the young pilot felt very uneasy.(g)Being on his first overseas training,the young pilot felt very uneasy.(h)The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very uneasy.(i)The young pilot,who was on his first overseas training,felt very uneasy.(j)When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training,he felt very uneasy.(k)As the young pilot was on his first overseas training,he felt very uneasy.(l)The young pilot was on his first overseas training,so that he felt very uneasy.在上述12个句子中，(a)-(g)是简单句；(h)是并列句；(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外，其它五样，用人并不多。人们最喜欢采取复杂句，尤其是(j)和(k)这两句；接着便是并列句(h)。假如大多数人句子只限于(b),(g),(h),(j)和(k)这五种，而其它则弃如敝屣，不是很可惜吗？第27页英文句子上下连贯，段落过渡衔接，主要靠“结构词”来表示。(1)如分段叙述某一个问题或表示次序时，可用First，Second，Third或Inthefirstplace,Inthesecondplace,Lastbutnottheleastimportant来表示衔接。(2)举例说明时可用for example，for instance，to illustrate 来表示。(3)深入阐述时可用furthermore，in addition，s
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