1、美国文学复习整理一、 殖民主义时期的文学(colonial settlements)&理性和革命时期文学(revolutionary period)(文艺复兴时期)1. 清教主义的shaping influence2. 代表人物1 Anne Bradstreet 安妮布莱德斯特“The Tenth Muse”早期殖民文学第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普佛瑞诺 有宗教隐喻,关注本土地貌、人文。写印第安人故事。美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作野金银花The Wild Honey Suckle3. Thomas Jefferson 托马斯
2、杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 1776 4. Thomas Paine 托马斯佩因拥护独立宣言代表作:常识mon Sense 理性时代The Age of Reason5. Jonathan Edwards乔纳森埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林代表作:自传The Autobiography 穷理查德历书Poor Richards Almanac 美国梦的代表二 浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism) 早期浪漫主义(Early
3、 Romantic Period)1. 背景:1 时间:18世纪末到内战爆发前夕(1861) 2 条件:国家的快速发展,大量移民和工业化发展 小说的发展,期刊杂志(periodical)出现 受英国文学的影响2. 浪漫主义的基本特征1 Stressing emotion rather than reason2 Stressing freedom and individuality3 Idealism rather than materialism4 Writing about nature, medieval legends(中世纪传说)and with supernatural elemen
4、ts. 3. 美国浪漫主义文学的特征Imitative, Independent, newness, to moralize and to edify(教化)4. 文学常用主题:Home, family, nature, children, idealize love, major problems of American life5. 代表人物1. Washington Irving(华盛顿欧文)1 短篇小说的代表,美国文学之父(因为是第一位被欧洲接受的美国作家)2 写作特点:Amuse and entertain He is good at enveloping his stories i
5、n an atmosphere Humor Avoid preach3 代表作:见闻札记The Sketch Book 地位:the first modern short stories 瑞普凡温克尔 Rip Van Winkle 睡谷传说The Legend of Sleepy Hollow4 见闻札记标志着美国浪漫主义文学的开始美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家the first great prose stylist 2. James Fenimore Copper Cooper 詹姆斯芬尼莫库珀1 代表作:皮袜子故事集Leatherstocking Tales杀鹿者The Deerslay
6、er 最后的莫希干人The Last of the Mohicans 探路者The Pathfinder开拓者The Pioneers草原The Prairie2 主人公Natty Bumppo 是一个追求自由的人物,诚实,朴素,慷慨。 浪漫主义文学巅峰(summit)1. 新英格兰超验主义(New England Transcendentalism)1 主要特征:Place emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul(超灵) Stressing the importance of the individual Nature is symbol of spirit2
7、 Nature论自然 was written by Emerson, which is regarded as the bible of new England transcendentalism.3 日晷杂志出版 Dial 2. 代表人物:1. Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生1 超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱,被看作是超验主义运动的领袖,爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强,他崇尚英勇,并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想2 代表作: 论自然Nature 宣言书;论美国学者The American Scholar2. Henry David Thoreau 亨利戴维梭
8、罗(爱默生的徒弟)1 代表作:瓦尔登湖Walden 论公民之不服从Civil Disobedience2 当时未被认可,影响了托尔斯泰,马丁路德金等人。3. Hawthorne 霍桑1 代表作:红字The Scarlet Letter赏析:The Scarlet Letter主题:Darkness in human natureAt first, it is a token of shame, “adultery” but the genuine sympathy and help Hester offers to her fellow villagers change it to “able
9、”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “angel”. There is reason to agree with article observation the A may represent Adamic. “A” stood for adultery on her breast finally became the symbol of angel(A).写作特点: American Romanticism adapted itself to American Puritan moralism.
10、清教思想融入美国浪漫主义 Structurally pact in a tiny frame and contains deep meaning.结构紧凑,蕴含深意 He used supernatural 超自然手法 Hesters 形象分析:She was a real individual and dare to challenge the gender concept in people s mind with her own action. a strong-willed, impetuous(冲动的,鲁莽的), passionate passionate(富于同情心的), mate
11、rnal(母亲般的), intelligent, capable Herman Melville 赫尔曼麦尔维尔代表作:大白鲸Moby Dick 象征对大自然和真理的探究。 浪漫主义文学诗歌(the 19th century American Poetry)1. 代表人物1. Walt Whiteman沃尔特惠特曼1 写作手法:free verse 自由体诗2 主题内容:democracy, individual 代表作:草叶集Leaves of Grass 哦,船长!我的船长O Captain!My Captain!赏析:Ones Self I Sing 我歌唱自我The poem main
12、ly expresses that people should be filled with enthusiasm, impulsion and power. Besides, people should be optimistic. Under the divine laws, people should enjoy the rights freely.2. Emily Dickinson艾米丽狄金森1 代表作:最美妙的胜利感觉Success is Counted Sweetest 主题:爱情&死亡 很少涉及政治&战争等男性题材赏析:The theme is that only those
13、who never been successful would think that success is so important. The loser is the one who craves success as the winner fades into a neutral state of emotion她的诗歌富有激情,诗歌都很短,很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上,成功对于失败者来说是最甜蜜的,就像人们在受尽煎熬时喝到的花蜜,只有战败之人(defeated, dying)可以体会。比喻得当。Purple host:胜利之师armyHe:垂死战败者3. Allan Poe 爱伦
14、坡1 写作特点:twisted,Gothic Style2 地位:Father of modern short story Father of detective story Father of psychoanalytic criticism3 代表作: 诗:安娜贝尔李Annabel Lee小说:瓦舍古屋的倒塌The Fall of the House of Usher 一桶酒的故事The Cask of Amontillade 乌鸦 The Raven 椭圆形画像The oval Portrait三现实主义文学(The Literature Of Realism)1. 背景:1 发现问题,
15、想要解决;报业发展2 自然主义是现实主义的分支,环境在其中起了很重要的作用,自然主义是在科学,心理学,人类行为以及社会思潮理论影响下派生的现实主义,尽管经常揭露残酷的现实,但是旨在通过社会改革来完善社会制度。德莱塞的嘉莉妹妹是代表。2. 代表人物:1. 上流社会:亨利詹姆斯(Henry James)代表作:早期:贵妇的画像The Portrait of a Lady 鸽翼The Wings of the Dove2. 中产阶级:威廉迪恩豪威尔斯(Howells) 现实主义作家代表作:塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹The Rise of Silas Lapham3. 穷人阶层:马克吐温(Mark Twain
16、) 1 地方特色主义(乡土文学)(local colorism)19世纪晚期在美国南方作家中流行的写作风格,它使用大量方言,俚语。马克吐温是代表人物。描绘密西西比河沿岸的风土人情,废奴思想,尊重人性。2代表作:跳蛙Jumping Frog艰苦岁月Roughing It镀金时代“The Gilded Age汤姆索亚历险记The Adventures of Tom Sawyer密西西比河上的生活“Life on the Mississippi哈克贝里费恩历险记Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 赏析:Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 两种因素主
17、导:人的性格特征&环境(heredity&environment)Theme:Racism and slavery, in Huckleberry Finn, Twain, by exposing the hypocrisy of slavery demonstrates how racism distorts the oppressors as much as it does those who are. Intellectual and moral education, By focusing on Hucks education. He is especially free from s
18、ocietys rule, able to make his own decisions without restriction. By the novels end, Huck has learned to “read” the world around him. The hypocrisy of “civilized” society, again and again, Huck encounters individuals who seem good -Sally Phelps, for example-but who Twain takes care to show are preju
19、diced slave-owners.4. 美国自然主义:1 西奥多德莱塞(Theodore Dreiser)书写小人物的命运代表作:嘉莉妹妹Sister Carrie 赏析:Sister Carrie 被环境左右,被迫选择 It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living persons.Carrie was influenced by
20、 environment factors and her own desires, which gave her four typically characteristics: unsatiable desires, violation of traditional morality, changing from dependence to independence, and disillusionment of her American Dream.2 斯蒂芬克莱恩(Stephen Crane)代表作:红色英勇勋章The Red Badge of Courage四现代主义时期(Modern
21、Period) 20世纪20年代的美国文学背景:一战发生,打击民众的乐观态度,但在20年代,高度繁荣。这个崭新而多变的时代同样需要创新而丰富的文学表达,文艺界的思想家们逐渐意识到旧的形式已不足以表达新的现实生活。1. 意象派(Imagism):1 特点:direct precise free verse2 代表人物:庞德(pound)在庞德眼里,到处一片喧嚣,凄凉,无序和野蛮,写作以简洁和扼要为特点,深受李白影响意象并置(juxtaposition of images )代表作:在地铁站In a Station of the Metro(意象派的经典之作,诗歌的客体是出现在潮湿、阴暗环境下的面
22、庞,黝黑树枝上的花瓣是独立的起主导作用的意象,对“人群中的脸庞”生动形象的比喻)威廉卡洛斯威廉斯(William Carlos Williams)自由体诗歌之父写作特点:清晰的意象,押韵。给事物带来全新的含义。诗人不应该泛泛而谈,应该详细、具体的写作。平凡之中见伟大代表作:红色手推车The Red Wheelbarrow赏析The Red Wheelbarrow平淡景象写出意想不到的效果。色彩鲜明,动静结合。本诗体现了诗人敏锐的洞察力,节奏感,艺术构思和冷静分析的现实态度。It write about nature and New England landscape, he use symbo
23、lism to show deep meaning, he was likely to choose traditional forms but modern themesThis an imagery poetry, which forms a picture with ordinary things and provides a new perspective for observing ordinary things. The whole poem is vivid and dynamic. T.S.艾略特(T.S. Eliot)代表作:荒原The Waste Land(是现代文学中的主
24、要经典作品之一,讲述的主题就是第一次世界大战给人们的启示,荒原意味着西方文明的衰落,现代人在精神上和文化上的颓废,采用讽刺性对比)华莱士史蒂文斯(Wallace Stevens)An American Modernist poet who won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for his Collected Poems in 1955代表作:风琴Harmonium; 罗伯特弗罗斯特(Robert Frost)代表作冰与火Fire and Ice 雪夜林边驻脚Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 未选择的路The Road N
25、ot Taken 2. 迷惘的一代(Lost Generation)1 定义:特指一群从一战结束到大萧条开始前那段时间一直在巴黎的一群美国文学知识分子。2 海明威(Hemingway)推动报告文学的发展,强调moment of truth understated style He was generally regarded as spokesman for the Lost Generation.代表作永别了,武器A Farewell to Arms 太阳照常升起The Sun Also Rises丧钟为谁而呜For Whom the Bell Tolls老人与海The Old Man an
26、d the Sea Iceberg Theory冰山理论爵士乐时代(Jazz Age)1 定义:20世纪20/30年代一、二战之间的时代,主要指北美地区,强调颓废和享乐主义的倾向,以及个人主义的膨胀。2 司格特菲茨杰拉德(F. Scott Fitzgerald)*生平:中产家庭,参军前完成人间天堂This Side of Paradise,婚后第一本时髦女和哲学家Flappers and Philosophers,第二本美丽的和可诅咒的,菲茨杰拉德一直被人们误解的是他对富人的态度。代表作:了不起的盖茨比The Great Gatsby赏析:The Great Gatsby菲茨杰拉德的文章行文流
27、畅,感情细腻,并且在措辞修辞方面很有创意。他的散文朴实优美,总体上和细节上把握的恰到好处。内容丰富多彩。表现了美国人对爱情、豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求。(他的伟大之处在于通过个人经历,找到了一个民族精神的体现。)盖茨比的生活模式非常清晰,起初是满怀梦想,渐渐开始失望,最后演变成失败和绝望。他的了不起,在于他对理想的执着。绿光指的是梦想,也象征美国梦;象征daisy纯洁,天真,善良的形象;象征盖茨比破碎的梦想,以及失去意义的美国梦。绿色象征青春和生命,黛西就是心中向往的光明。His prose is smooth, sensitive, and pletely original in tis
28、 diction and metaphors. He portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires.Gatsbys life follows a clear pattern, at first, a dream, then disappointment, finally a sense of failure and despair. ,20世纪30年代的美国文学 经济大萧条时期1
29、. 约翰斯坦贝克(John Steinbeck)代表作:人鼠之间Of Mice and Men 愤怒的葡萄The Grapes of Wrath 明确的表达对剥削者和不幸者的同情,写实经济大萧条,对人性的信念 南方文艺复兴1. 概念:试图寻找自我价值,审视过去和现在。南方作家涌出,扎根于南方的生活环境2. 主题:反思南方的过去;怀旧3. 代表人物威廉福克纳(William Faulkner)不断创新写作手法,第一人称,善用意识流。 虚构了杰弗逊镇和约克纳帕塔法县(Yoknapatawpha)代表作:喧嚣与骚动The Sound and the Fury 表达了作者对过去幸福美好生活的追忆,一个
30、家族的兴衰成败。去吧,摩西Go Down, Moses 押沙龙,押沙龙!Absalom, Absalom! 人性的丧失所带来的不可避免的灭亡在我弥留之际As I Lay Dying五美国戏剧1. 背景:在欧洲自然主义,象征主义,批判主义戏剧的刺激以及美国诗歌、小说的强势发展势头下,美国戏剧开始发展。2. 代表人物:1. 尤金奥尼尔(Eugene O Neill)写作特点:1 个人家庭情感影响 2 技巧不断创新代表作:第一时期:独幕剧one-act东航卡迪夫Bound East for Cardiff第二时期:榆树下的欲望Desire Under the Elms第三时期:自传体进入黑夜的漫长旅
31、途Long Day s Journey into Night 赏析:Desire Under the Elms 宗教隐喻,扭曲的爱情,人类的本性。榆树象征清教思想笼罩所有人In order to demonstrate universal significance, this play uses the biblical metaphor and the material of ancient Greek tragedies and mythology to reflect a universal value.Through an uncontrolled desire , it calls
32、for a modern rationality, morality, and order. It shows he humans inner needs for lifes truth and the desire for good feelings. Reflects ONeills critic of his society and reflects his sense of tragedy on life.The old farmers third wife Abby in order to get a farm , she mitted to adultery with his se
33、cond son .Aben thought that possessing Abbys mother would allow his mother to rest .The starting point of all tragedies stems from the farms inheritance rights. Using the eucalyptus as a topic symbolizes under the lush foliage of the banyan tree, as if all ugly desires and evils are concealed, and o
34、f course, the pure humanity is concealed.2. 田纳西威廉斯(Tennessee Williams)写作特点:1 南方佳丽主题 2 手法创新代表作:玻璃动物园The Glass Menagerie 欲望号街车A Streetcar Named Desire3. 亚瑟米勒(Arthur Miller)写作特点:美国梦主题代表作:推销员之死Death of a Salesman六现当代美国文学(Modern and Contemporary American Literature) 1. 战后诗歌(the Post-war poems) 1垮掉的一代(the
35、 beat generation)20世纪50年代,拒绝传统,追求直接。(Allen Ginsburg) 2黑山派the black mountain poets(Charles Olson)3冥想诗the confessional school (Robert Lowell)4纽约派New York School (Frank O Hara) 5代表人物:伊丽莎白毕肖普(Elizabeth Bishop) 2. 战后小说(post-war novel)荒诞小说(absurd novel)(黑色幽默)代表人物:1. 约瑟夫海勒Joseph Heller讽刺小说家 第二十二条军规Catch-22
36、 2. 肯克西Ken Kesey 飞越疯人院One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest 3黑人文学(African-American) 三次大的发展:第一次:19世界末-20世纪初 Harlem Renaissance negritude黑性 代表:兰斯顿休斯Langston Hughes 一个被延迟的梦A Dream Deferred 第二次:民权运动代表:理查德赖特Richard Wright 土生子Native Son 拉尔夫艾里森Ralph Ellison 看不见的人Invisible Man詹姆斯鲍德温 James Baldwin向苍天呼吁Go Tell It on the Mountain 第三次:表现手法出新,突破传统的“抗议小说”女性作家突出关注历史,题材改变 代表:艾丽斯沃克Alice Walker 紫色The Color Purple 托妮莫里森Toni Morrison最蓝的眼睛The Bluest Eye, Beloved所罗门之歌Song of Solomon4. 犹太人小说(Jewish Novels) 代表人物:1. 索尔贝娄Saul Bellow 奥吉马奇历险记Augie March 2. J. D. 塞林格J. D. Salinger 麦田守望者The Catcher in the Rye