新剑桥商务英语(高级)单词总结.doc

1。 autonomous： independent， able to take decisions without consulting a higher authority 2。 decentralization： dividing an organization into decision-making units that are not centrally controlled. 3。 function: a specific activity in a company, e。g。 production， marketing， finance 4。 hierarchy： system of authority with different levels, one above the other。 5。 line authority： the power to give instructions to people at the level below in the chain of command6. report to: to be responsible to someone and to take instructions from him or her 7. subordinates： people working under someone else in a hierarch8。 industrial belt: an area with lots of industrial companies, around the edge of a city9. wealth： the products of economic activity10. productivity: the amount of output produced (in a certain period， using a certain number of inputs11. corporate ethos： a companys ways of working and thinking12。 collaboration： working together and sharing ideas13. insulated or isolated： alone， placed in a position away from others14。 fragmentation： breaking something up into pieces15. motivate ：To inspire， to induce, to give a reason or incentive to someone to do something。16. employee： A person employed by someone else, working for money.17. labor relations： Relations between employers and employees, managers and workers, management and unions.18。 responsibility： Having control of something as part of your job19. wages： Money paid （per hour or day or week) to manual workers20。 salary： A fixed regular payment made by employers， usually, for professional or office work。21。 benefits or perks: Advantages that come with a job, apart from wages or salary。22。 promotion： To be raised to a higher rank or better job。23。job security： Knowing that there is little risk of losing ones job。24。 skilled： Having particular abilities, acquired by training。25。 subcontractor ： Any company that provides goods or services for another one26。 component ： Any of the pieces or parts that make up a product, machine， etc。27。outsourcing or contracting out : Buying products or processed materials from other companies rather than manufacturing them28。 capacity ： The (maximum） rate of output that can be achieved from a production process29。 plant ： The buildings， machines, equipment and other facilities used in the production process30. location ： The geographical situation of a factory or other facility： 31。 inventory ： The stock of any item or resource used in an organization （including raw materials， parts， supplies， work in process and finished products) 32. lead time ： The time needed to perform an activity （i.e. to manufacture or deliver something）33.distribution channel： all the companies or individuals involved in moving a particular kind of goods or service from the producer to the consumer。34。to launch a product： to introduce a new product onto the market。35。market opportunities： possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services36。market research： collecting， analyzing and reporting data relevant to a specific marketing situation (such as a proposed new product）37.market segmentation： dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits38。packaging： wrappers and containers in which products are sold39.points of sale： places where goods are sold to the public shops， stores, kiosks， market stalls， etc。40。product concept： an idea for a new product， which is tested with target consumers before the actual product is developed41。product features： attributes or characteristics of a product： quality， price， reliability, etc.42.sales representative： someone who contacts existing and potential customers, and tries to persuade them to buy goods or services43。Wordofmouth advertising: free advertising， when satisfied customers recommend products to their friends。44。Institutional or prestige advertising： advertising that mentions a companys name but not specific products.45。Advertising agencies： companies that handle advertising for clients.46。An account： a contract with a company to produce its advertising。47.An advertising budget: the amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space。48。A brief： the statement of objectives of an advertising campaign that a client works out with an advertising agency.49。Advertising campaign: the advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time。50.Target customers or target market： a defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy.51。Media planners: the people who choose where to advertise, in order to reach the right customers。52。The threshold effect： the fact that a certain amount of advertising is necessary to attract a prospective customers attention.53。The comparativeparity method： choosing to spend the same amount on advertising as ones competitors.54。Counter-cyclical advertising: advertising during periods or seasons when sales are normally relatively poor.55。Bookkeeping： writing down the details of transactions (debits and credits）56.Accounting: keeping financial records, recording income and expenditure， valuing assets and liabilities， and so on57.Managerial accounting： preparing budgets and other financial reports necessary for management58。Cost accounting： working out the unit costs of products， including materials, labor and all other expenses59。Tax accounting： calculating an individuals or a companys liability for tax60。Auditing: inspection and evaluation of accounts by a second set of accountants61。Creative accounting： using all available accounting procedures and tricks to disguise the true financial position of a company62。 shareholders or stockholders ： A companys owners63。 earnings or income : The revenues received by a company during a given period， minus the cost of sales， operating expenses, and taxes64. liabilities : All the money that a company will have to pay to someone else in the future， including taxes， debts， and interest and mortgage payments65。 turnover ： The amount of business done by a company over a year66. assets ： Anything owned by a business （cash investments， buildings， machines， and so on) that can be used to produce goods or pay liabilities67。 depreciation or amortization ： The reduction in value of a fixed asset during the years it is in use (charged against profits）68。 debtors or accounts receivable ： Sums of money owed by customers for goods or services purchased on credit69。 creditors or accounts payable ：Sums of money owed to suppliers for purchases made on credit70。 stock or inventory ： (The value of ） raw materials, work in progress, and finished products stored ready for sale71.overheads or overhead ： The various expenses of operating a business that cannot be charged to any one product， process or department72。Overdraft： an arrangement by which a customer can withdraw more from a bank account than has been deposited in it， up to an agreed limit； interest on the debt is calculated daily。73。Credit card: a card which guarantees payment for goods and services purchased by the cardholder, who pays back the bank or finance company at a later date. 74。Cash dispenser or ATM: a computerized machine that allows bank customers to withdraw money, check their balance, and so on75。Loan： a fixed sum of money on which interest is paid, lent for a fixed period， and usually for a specific purpose76.Standing order or direct debit： an instruction to a bank to pay fixed sums of money to certain people or organizations at stated times.77。Mortgage: a loan， usually to buy property, which serves as a security for the loan78。Cash card： a plastic card issued to bank customers for use in cash dispensers79。Home banking: doing banking transactions by telephone or from ones own personal computer80。Current or checking account： one that generally pays little or no interest， but allows the holder to withdraw his or her cash without any restrictions81。Deposit or time or notice account： one that pays interest， but usually cannot be used for paying cheques （GB) or checks (US）, and on which notice is often required to withdraw money82。Deposit： to place money in a bank； or money placed in a bank83.Foreign currencies: the money used in countries other than ones own84。Yield： how much money a loan pays, expressed as a percentage85。Liquidity： available cash, and how easily other assets can be turned into cash86。Maturity： the date when a loan becomes repayable87。Underwrite： to guarantee to buy all the new shares that a company issues， if they cannot be sold to the public88.Takeover: when a company buys or acquires another89.Merger： when a company combines with another one90。Stockbroking： buying and selling stocks or shares for clients91。Portfolio management: taking care of all a clients investments92.Deregulation: the ending or relaxing of legal restrictions93。Conglomerate: a group of companies, operating in different fields， that have joined together 94.Blue chip： a company considered to be without risk 95。Solvency: ability to pay liabilities when they become due96.Collateral： anything that acts as a security or a guarantee for a loan97。liability： having a responsibility or an obligation to do something， e。g. to pay a debt98.creditor: a person or organization to whom money is owed （for goods or services rendered， or as repayment of a loan）99.bankrupt: to be insolvent: unable to pay debts。100。assets: everything of value owned by a business that an be used to produce goods， pay liabilities， and so on101。to liquidate： to sell all the possessions of a bankrupt business.102.liabilities: money that a company will have to pay to someone else (bills， taxes， debts， interest ad mortgage payments, etc。）103。to put up capital: to provide money for a company or other project104.venture capital： money invested in a possibly risky new business105。founders: the people who begin a new company106.premises： the place in which a company does business: an office， shop， workshop, factory， warehouse， and so on107。underwrite： to guarantee to buy an entire new share issue, if no one else wants it 108。dividend： a proportion of the annual profits of a limited company， paid to sharehodelrs109。mutual fund： a company that spreads investors capital over a variety of securities110.portfolio： an investors selection of securities111.stockbroker： a person who can advise investors and buy and sell shares for them112。blue chip： a stock in a large company or corporation that is considered to be a secure investment。113.defensive stock： a stock in an industry not much affected by cyclical trends that offers a good return but only a limited chance of a rise or decline in price114。growth stock: a stock which usually has a high purchasing price and a low current rate of return that is expected to appreciate in capital value115。marketmaker： a wholesaler in stocks and shares who deals with brokers.116。institutional investors： financial organizations such as pension funds and insurance companies which own most of the shares of all leading companies (over 60， and rising）117.insider share dealing： the use of information not know to the public to make a profit out of buying or selling shares.118.investors： providers of funds119.issuing bonds： borrowing money120。principal: the amount of a loan121.maturity： date at which the money will be returned122。pension funds: retirement money123。buyand-hold investors： keep their bonds till maturity124.nonpayment： default125。price appreciation： fall in interest rates126.price depreciation： rise in interest rates127。capital gains: profits on the sale of assets128。futures： contract to buy or sell fixed quantities of a commodity， currency， or financial asset at a future date， at a price fixed at the time of making the contract129.options： contracts giving the right， but not the obligation, to buy or sell a security a currency, or a commodity at fixed price during a certain period of time130。commodities： raw materials or primary products （metals， cereals， coffee， etc。） that are trade on special markets131.derivatives: 132。hedging: making contracts to buy or sell a commodity or financial asset at a prearranged price in the future as a protection or insurance against price changes.133。speculation： buying securities or other assets in the hope of making a capital gain by selling them at a higher price （or selling them in the hope of buying them back at a lower price)134。market share: a companys sales expressed as a percentage of the total market135。promotion: shortterm tactics designed to stimulate stronger sales of a product136。monopoly： the situation in which there is only one seller of a product137。competitors： companies offering similar goods or services to the same set of customers138。slogan: a short and easily memorized phrase used in advertising139。market segmentation： the division of a market into submarkets according to the needs or buying habits o different groups of potential customers140。niche： a small and specific market segment141.differential advantage: a factor which makes you superior to competitors in a certain respect 142.turnover: a businesss total sales revenuerecession: a period during which an economy is working below its potential143。 to innovate (innovation) ： designing new products and bringing them to the market144。to diversify (diversification)： to expand into new fields145。to merge （a merger)： to unite， combine, amalgamate， intergrate or join together146。a raid： buying another companys shares on the stock exchange, hoping to persuade147.a takeover bid: a public offer to a companys shareholders to buy their shares， at a particular price during a particular period， so as to acquire a company148.horizontal integration： to merge with or take over other firms producing the same type of goods or services149.vertical integration： joining with firms in other stages of the production or sale of a product150。backward integration： a merger with or the acquisition of ones suppliers 151。forward integration： a merger with or the acquisition of ones marketing outlets152.synergy： combined production that is greater than the sum of the separate parts153。job insecurity： the fear that you might lose your job154。tenure： the period of holding a job155。employability： the extent to which a person has skills that employers want 156.downsizing: decreasing the number of permanent employees157.agency employment： temporary jobs in companies, arranged by employment agencies158。core： the central part of something （e。g. a companys workforce）159.rhetoric： language used to p