新剑桥商务英语(高级)单词总结.doc

1。 autonomous： independent， able to take decisions without consulting a higher authority
2。 decentralization： dividing an organization into decision-making units that are not centrally controlled.
3。 function: a specific activity in a company, e。g。 production， marketing， finance
4。 hierarchy： system of authority with different levels, one above the other。
5。 line authority： the power to give instructions to people at the level below in the chain of command
6. report to: to be responsible to someone and to take instructions from him or her
7. subordinates： people working under someone else in a hierarch
8。 industrial belt: an area with lots of industrial companies, around the edge of a city
9. wealth： the products of economic activity
10. productivity: the amount of output produced (in a certain period， using a certain number of inputs
11. corporate ethos： a company’s ways of working and thinking
12。 collaboration： working together and sharing ideas
13. insulated or isolated： alone， placed in a position away from others
14。 fragmentation： breaking something up into pieces
15. motivate ：To inspire， to induce, to give a reason or incentive to someone to do something。
16. employee： A person employed by someone else, working for money.
17. labor relations： Relations between employers and employees, managers and workers, management and unions.
18。 responsibility： Having control of something as part of your job
19. wages： Money paid （per hour or day or week) to manual workers
20。 salary： A fixed regular payment made by employers， usually, for professional or office work。
21。 benefits or perks: Advantages that come with a job, apart from wages or salary。
22。 promotion： To be raised to a higher rank or better job。
23。job security： Knowing that there is little risk of losing one’s job。
24。 skilled： Having particular abilities, acquired by training。
25。 subcontractor ： Any company that provides goods or services for another one
26。 component ： Any of the pieces or parts that make up a product, machine， etc。
27。outsourcing or contracting out : Buying products or processed materials from other companies rather than manufacturing them
28。 capacity ： The (maximum） rate of output that can be achieved from a production process
29。 plant ： The buildings， machines, equipment and other facilities used in the production process
30. location ： The geographical situation of a factory or other facility：
31。 inventory ： The stock of any item or resource used in an organization （including raw materials， parts， supplies， work in process and finished products)
32. lead time ： The time needed to perform an activity （i.e. to manufacture or deliver something）
33.distribution channel： all the companies or individuals involved in moving a particular kind of goods or service from the producer to the consumer。
34。to launch a product： to introduce a new product onto the market。
35。market opportunities： possibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services
36。market research： collecting， analyzing and reporting data relevant to a specific marketing situation (such as a proposed new product）
37.market segmentation： dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits
38。packaging： wrappers and containers in which products are sold
39.points of sale： places where goods are sold to the public – shops， stores, kiosks， market stalls， etc。
40。product concept： an idea for a new product， which is tested with target consumers before the actual product is developed
41。product features： attributes or characteristics of a product： quality， price， reliability, etc.
42.sales representative： someone who contacts existing and potential customers, and tries to persuade them to buy goods or services
43。Word—of—mouth advertising: free advertising， when satisfied customers recommend products to their friends。
44。Institutional or prestige advertising： advertising that mentions a company’s name but not specific products.
45。Advertising agencies： companies that handle advertising for clients.
46。An account： a contract with a company to produce its advertising。
47.An advertising budget: the amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space。
48。A brief： the statement of objectives of an advertising campaign that a client works out with an advertising agency.
49。Advertising campaign: the advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time。
50.Target customers or target market： a defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy.
51。Media planners: the people who choose where to advertise, in order to reach the right customers。
52。The threshold effect： the fact that a certain amount of advertising is necessary to attract a prospective customer’s attention.
53。The comparative—parity method： choosing to spend the same amount on advertising as one’s competitors.
54。Counter-cyclical advertising: advertising during periods or seasons when sales are normally relatively poor.
55。Bookkeeping： writing down the details of transactions (debits and credits）
56.Accounting: keeping financial records, recording income and expenditure， valuing assets and liabilities， and so on
57.Managerial accounting： preparing budgets and other financial reports necessary for management
58。Cost accounting： working out the unit costs of products， including materials, labor and all other expenses
59。Tax accounting： calculating an individual’s or a company’s liability for tax
60。Auditing: inspection and evaluation of accounts by a second set of accountants
61。‘Creative accounting’： using all available accounting procedures and tricks to disguise the true financial position of a company
62。 shareholders or stockholders ： A company’s owners
63。 earnings or income : The revenues received by a company during a given period， minus the cost of sales， operating expenses, and taxes
64. liabilities : All the money that a company will have to pay to someone else in the future， including taxes， debts， and interest and mortgage payments
65。 turnover ： The amount of business done by a company over a year
66 assets ： Anything owned by a business （cash investments， buildings， machines， and so on) that can be used to produce goods or pay liabilities
67。 depreciation or amortization ： The reduction in value of a fixed asset during the years it is in use (charged against profits）
68。 debtors or accounts receivable ： Sums of money owed by customers for goods or services purchased on credit
69。 creditors or accounts payable ：Sums of money owed to suppliers for purchases made on credit
70。 stock or inventory ： (The value of ） raw materials, work in progress, and finished products stored ready for sale
71.overheads or overhead ： The various expenses of operating a business that cannot be charged to any one product， process or department
72。Overdraft： an arrangement by which a customer can withdraw more from a bank account than has been deposited in it， up to an agreed limit； interest on the debt is calculated daily。
73。Credit card: a card which guarantees payment for goods and services purchased by the cardholder, who pays back the bank or finance company at a later date.
74。Cash dispenser or ATM: a computerized machine that allows bank customers to withdraw money, check their balance, and so on
75。Loan： a fixed sum of money on which interest is paid, lent for a fixed period， and usually for a specific purpose
76.Standing order or direct debit： an instruction to a bank to pay fixed sums of money to certain people or organizations at stated times.
77。Mortgage: a loan， usually to buy property, which serves as a security for the loan
78。Cash card： a plastic card issued to bank customers for use in cash dispensers
79。Home banking: doing banking transactions by telephone or from one’s own personal computer
80。Current or checking account： one that generally pays little or no interest， but allows the holder to withdraw his or her cash without any restrictions
81。Deposit or time or notice account： one that pays interest， but usually cannot be used for paying cheques （GB) or checks (US）, and on which notice is often required to withdraw money
82。Deposit： to place money in a bank； or money placed in a bank
83.Foreign currencies: the money used in countries other than one’s own
84。Yield： how much money a loan pays, expressed as a percentage
85。Liquidity： available cash, and how easily other assets can be turned into cash
86。Maturity： the date when a loan becomes repayable
87。Underwrite： to guarantee to buy all the new shares that a company issues， if they cannot be sold to the public
88.Takeover: when a company buys or acquires another
89.Merger： when a company combines with another one
90。Stockbroking： buying and selling stocks or shares for clients
91。Portfolio management: taking care of all a client's investments
92.Deregulation: the ending or relaxing of legal restrictions
93。Conglomerate: a group of companies, operating in different fields， that have joined together
94.Blue chip： a company considered to be without risk
95。Solvency ability to pay liabilities when they become due
96.Collateral： anything that acts as a security or a guarantee for a loan
97。liability： having a responsibility or an obligation to do something， e。g. to pay a debt
98.creditor: a person or organization to whom money is owed （for goods or services rendered， or as repayment of a loan）
99.bankrupt: to be insolvent: unable to pay debts。
100。assets: everything of value owned by a business that an be used to produce goods， pay liabilities， and so on
101。to liquidate： to sell all the possessions of a bankrupt business.
102.liabilities: money that a company will have to pay to someone else (bills， taxes， debts， interest ad mortgage payments, etc。）
103。to put up capital: to provide money for a company or other project
104.venture capital： money invested in a possibly risky new business
105。founders: the people who begin a new company
106.premises： the place in which a company does business: an office， shop， workshop, factory， warehouse， and so on
107。underwrite： to guarantee to buy an entire new share issue, if no one else wants it
108。dividend： a proportion of the annual profits of a limited company， paid to sharehodelrs
109mutual fund： a company that spreads investors’ capital over a variety of securities
110.portfolio： an investor’s selection of securities
111.stockbroker： a person who can advise investors and buy and sell shares for them
112。blue chip： a stock in a large company or corporation that is considered to be a secure investment。
113.defensive stock： a stock – in an industry not much affected by cyclical trends – that offers a good return but only a limited chance of a rise or decline in price
114。growth stock: a stock – which usually has a high purchasing price and a low current rate of return – that is expected to appreciate in capital value
115。market—maker： a wholesaler in stocks and shares who deals with brokers.
116。institutional investors： financial organizations such as pension funds and insurance companies which own most of the shares of all leading companies (over 60％， and rising）
117.insider share dealing： the use of information not know to the public to make a profit out of buying or selling shares.
118.investors： providers of funds
119.issuing bonds： borrowing money
120。principal: the amount of a loan
121.maturity： date at which the money will be returned
122。pension funds: retirement money
123。buy—and-hold investors： keep their bonds till maturity
124.non—payment： default
125。price appreciation： fall in interest rates
126.price depreciation： rise in interest rates
127。capital gains: profits on the sale of assets
128。futures： contract to buy or sell fixed quantities of a commodity， currency， or financial asset at a future date， at a price fixed at the time of making the contract
129.options： contracts giving the right， but not the obligation, to buy or sell a security a currency, or a commodity at fixed price during a certain period of time
130。commodities： raw materials or primary products （metals， cereals， coffee， etc。） that are trade on special markets
131.derivatives:
132。hedging: making contracts to buy or sell a commodity or financial asset at a pre—arranged price in the future as a protection or ‘insurance’ against price changes.
133。speculation： buying securities or other assets in the hope of making a capital gain by selling them at a higher price （or selling them in the hope of buying them back at a lower price)
134。market share: a company's sales expressed as a percentage of the total market
135。promotion: short—term tactics designed to stimulate stronger sales of a product
136。monopoly： the situation in which there is only one seller of a product
137。competitors： companies offering similar goods or services to the same set of customers
138。slogan: a short and easily memorized phrase used in advertising
139。market segmentation： the division of a market into submarkets according to the needs or buying habits o different groups of potential customers
140。niche： a small and specific market segment
141.differential advantage: a factor which makes you superior to competitors in a certain respect
142.turnover: a business’s total sales revenue
recession: a period during which an economy is working below its potential
143。 to innovate (innovation) ： designing new products and bringing them to the market
144。to diversify (diversification)： to expand into new fields
145。to merge （a merger)： to unite， combine, amalgamate， intergrate or join together
146。a raid： buying another company's shares on the stock exchange, hoping to persuade
147.a takeover bid: a public offer to a company’s shareholders to buy their shares， at a particular price during a particular period， so as to acquire a company
148.horizontal integration： to merge with or take over other firms producing the same type of goods or services
149.vertical integration： joining with firms in other stages of the production or sale of a product
150。backward integration： a merger with or the acquisition of one’s suppliers
151。forward integration： a merger with or the acquisition of one's marketing outlets
152.synergy： combined production that is greater than the sum of the separate parts
153。job insecurity： the fear that you might lose your job
154。tenure： the period of holding a job
155。employability： the extent to which a person has skills that employers want
156.downsizing: decreasing the number of permanent employees
157.agency employment： temporary jobs in companies, arranged by employment agencies
158。core： the central part of something （e。g. a company’s workforce）
159.rhetoric： language used to p