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《必修》4 Unit 2, Working the land
【重点词汇】
1.struggle:vi. n拼搏； 努力; 斗争; 挣扎
I struggled, but he was a tall man, well built.我挣扎了，但他是一个高个子男人，很强壮
The company is struggling to find buyers for its new product.这个公司正竭力为它的新产品查找买主。
They had to st uggle against all kinds of adversity.他们不得不同各种逆境斗争。
Life became a struggle for survival.生活变成了一场争取生存的斗争。
...a young boy's struggle to support his poverty-stricken family.…一个年轻男孩为支撑自己贫困的家庭所做的努力。
2.expand: vt.使变大；伸展
China will further expand the scope of its opened-up areas. 中国要进一步扩大开放范围。
We must build on our reputation to expand the business. 我们必需以信誉为基础扩大业务
We have to expand the size of the image.我们不得不扩大图像的尺寸
The popular ceramics industry expanded toward the middle of the 19th century.大众陶瓷业在19世纪中叶得到了进展。
3.equip vt．装备；配备
(朗文P682)The school will be equipped with 70 brand new computers.这个学校将配备70台崭新的计算机。
We want our son to have a good education that will equip him for later life我们想让儿子接受良好的训练以便能为其今后生活打下基础。
Please equip yourself with a sharp pencil and a rubber for the exam.请预备一支削尖的铅笔和一块橡皮参与考试。
Our laboratory is well equipped.我们的试验室装备良好。
The sailors were told to equip themselves with everything (装备好一切东西)they would need for the voyage.
4.confuse vt. 使迷惑；使犯难；使混乱；混淆
(2008年高考辽宁卷)Foreign tourists are often confused in Japan because most streets there don’t have names.外国游客来日本经常会被弄糊涂，由于那里的大多数街道没出名字。
I hope my explanation didn’t confuse everybody.我期望我的解释没有把大家都弄糊涂。
I confused her with her sister because they were so alike.我把她和她妹妹弄混了，由于她们长得太像了。
confused adj.困惑的，苦恼的(2)confusing adj.令人费解的；使人困惑的
(朗文P418)If you are confused about anything，phone my office.假如你有任何疑问，给我办公室打电话。
⑤I was getting confused by such a confusing problem.我被这么困惑的问题搞得不知所措。
5.regret vt． 惋惜，懊悔，圆满 n． 圆满，愧疚
It’s no use regretting what you have done.懊悔做过的事情没有用。
(牛津P1673)If you don’t do it now，you’ll only regret it.你假如现在不做，以后确定会懊悔的。
I have always regretted not having studied harder at school.我始终懊悔在校期间没能努力学习。
(牛津P1673)We regret to inform you that your application has not been succ我们很圆满地通知您，您的申请未通过。
We think，much to our regret，that we will not be able to visit you next ye让我们深感圆满的是，我们认为明年不能去访问你了。
6.export: n. 输出，出口；出口商品 vt. 输出，出口
The nation also exports beef.该国也出口牛肉。
They expect the antibiotic products to be exported to Southeast Asia and Africa.他们期望抗生素产品出口到东南亚和非洲。
The company now exports to Japan.该公司现在对日本出口。
our land is used to grow crops for export.我们很多的土地用来种植出口作物。
Ghana's main export is cocoa.加纳的主要出口产品是可可。
7.reduce: vt. 削减；降低；使处于；把…分解
It reduces the risks of heart disease.它减小了犯心脏病的危急。
They were reduced to extreme poverty.他们沦落到极度贫困的地步。
He was reduced to begging for a living.他不得不以乞讨为生。
We battled to reduce our taxes. 我们努力降低我们的税务。
She tried to reduce her weight. 她设法降低她的体重。
【重点短语】
1.thanks to 由于；幸亏；由于
(回归课本P10)Thanks to his research，the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.由于他的争辩，联合国在消退世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的方法。
Everybody knows about it now，thanks to you.多亏了你，现在大家都知道了。
Thanks to your timely help，I managed to finish the work on time.多亏了你准时的挂念，我才按时完成了工作。
It was thanks to his advice that I succeeded in solving the problem. 多亏了他的忠告我才得以成功地解决这个问题。
2. rid…of使……摆脱或除去
Thanks to his research，the UN has more tools in the battle to rid the world of hunger.由于他的争辩，联合国在消退世界饥饿的战斗中有了更多的方法。
3.be satisfied with 对……表示满足或满足
(回归课本P10)Dr.Yuan is quite satisfied with his life.袁博士很满足自己的生活。
You’ve done well at school. I’m very satisfied with you.你在学校干得不错，我对你很满足。
Nothing satisfies him－he’s always complaining.什么都难如他的意——他老在埋怨。
(牛津P1769)The education system must satisfy the needs of all children.训练系统必需满足全部儿童的需要。
There was a satisfied look on his face.他脸上露出了满足的微笑。
Much to my satisfaction，my boss agreed to my suggestion.使我格外满足的是，老板同意了我的建议。
4.focus on/upon 集中留意力于……
(回归课本P14)They focus on keeping their soil rich and free of disease. 他们主要是想保持土壤肥沃且免受病害。
Please focus your attention on the following problem.请集中精力考虑以下这个问题。
You must try to focus your mind on work and study.你应当努力把思想集中在工作和学习上。
She was the focus of everyone’s attention at the party.她是那次聚会时人人留意的焦点。
5.build up: 建立，开发;渐渐增加
They actually remove toxins from our body that build up courtesy of stress.眼泪事实上排解我们体内由于压力积聚而成的毒素。
Every morning he spends 45 minutes doing physical exercises to build up his health.每天早他花45分钟熬炼身体,以增加体质。
You need more protein to build you up.你得多次蛋白质以增加体质。
These finds help us build up a picture of life in the Middle Ages.这些发觉有助于构建中世纪的生活画面。
6. lead to:导致；造成（后果）
Such a mistake would perhaps lead to disastrous consequences. 这样一种错误可能导致灾难性的后果。
Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness. 过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。
The Government's present course will only lead to disaster. 政府的现行方针后患无穷.
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马。
7 .keep ...free from/of 无……的；免于……；摆脱……（常用作表语、后置定语或补语）
Keep the table free from dirty by putting a cover over it. 用这个东西把桌子罩住，免得有灰尘落在上面。
This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals. 这还可以让空气、土壤、水以及农作物不受化学物质的污染。
【重点句型】
1. Dr.Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.(P10)
袁隆平博士种植的是被称为“超级杂交水稻”的稻种。
【考点】 what is/was called或what people call/called是习惯用法，意为“所谓的；人们常说的”，相当于socalled。其中引导词what在此句中相当于“the＋n.＋that”结构。本句可改为Dr.Yuan Longping grows the rice that is called super hybrid rice.。
①At last，they reached what is called the New America.最终，他们到达现在被称为新美洲大陆的地方。
②He graduated from what was called a key high school.他毕业于一所所谓的重点高中。
③We now live in what is called the Information Age.我们现在生活在所谓的信息时代。
2. He would much rather keep time for his hobbies.(P10)他更愿把时间花在自己的业余爱好上。
【考点】 would rather宁愿、宁可，没有人称和数的变化，全部的人称一律用would rather。
（1）would rather have done 原来想……而未实现
（2）I would rather you didn’t…… 常用来表示委婉拒绝别人的恳求。
（3）prefer to do sth.rather than do sth. 宁愿……也不……
①He would rather die than give in to the enemy.他宁死也不向敌人屈服。
②—Do you mind if I smoke？你介意我抽烟吗？
—Well，I’d rather (that) you didn’t.嗯，最好别抽。
③I would rather I had met him yesterday.要是昨天我见到他就好了。
【温馨提示】 would rather＋从句，意为“宁愿”，此时从句中要用虚拟语气。表示与现在或将来事实相反，从句用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时。
3. In 1973, he became the first agricultural pioneer in the world to grow rice that has a high output. 1973年，他成为世界上第一位种植高产水稻的农业先锋。
【考点】不定式放在表示次序的词the first, the last, the best以及the only, the very, the right等词后面, 且这些词与动词不定式有规律上的主谓关系，结构为：the first/last/best/only/very/right ...+n. + to do sth.表示“第一个/最终一个/最好的一个/唯一的/恰好的/合适的……做某事的人/物”。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个来并且最终一个离开。
The last man to leave the sinking ship was the captain.最终一个离开正在下沉的船的那个人是船长。
4. Using his hybrid rice, farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. 用他的杂交水稻种子，农夫们种出的粮食比以前多了一倍。
倍数表达法
【考点】A＋be＋倍数＋as＋adj.＋as＋B
A＋be＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B
A＋be＋倍数＋（由某些形容词变化而来的）n.＋of＋B
I’m not going out with a man who’s twice as old as me. 我不情愿和一个年纪比我大一倍的男人一起参与社交活动。
We got three times as many people as expected. 来的人超过我们预料人数的两倍。
You’re not half as clever as you think you are.你可不像自己想像的一半那么聪慧。
【重点语法】
1． 作主语. 动名词作主语时，句子有两种形式：
①动名词直接置于句首主语的位置上。
1) Playing tricks on others is something we should never do．戏弄别人是我们万万不能干的.
2) Learning new words is very important for me．学习新单词对我来说格外重要。
3）Talking is easier than doing. 说比做简洁
②用形式主语it，把真正的主语——动名词结构移置句尾。但这种句子形式有确定的限制，作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词，如useful，useless，good，fun；no use，worth等。如：
1) It’s worth making the effort．这事值得去做。
2) It is useless trying to argue with Shylock．和夏洛克争辩是没有什么用的。
Is it any good trying to explain?想再解释一次有好处吗?
4) It is pleasant working with you．跟你在一起工作是令人快活的。
常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：
It +be +a waste of time doing 做……是铺张时间的
It is/was no good/use doing 做……是没用处的
It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做……不值得
It is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做……是值得的
There is no doing 无法……， 不允许……
There is no sense in doing 做……没有道理
There is/was no use doing 干……无意义
There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比……更糟的
There is/was no point doing 干……无意义
There is no point doing such a silly thing. 做这件傻事毫无意义。
There is no point doing such a silly thing
留意：There is no need to do sth 干……没必要，在此句式中to do 不行换为doing..
There is no need to tell her. 没有必要告知她。
There is no need to tell her
而在It’s important … / It’s necessary … / It’s advisable … / It’s essential … / It’s fitting … 这类句型中，只能用不定式，如：
It’s important to learn foreign languages.
It’s quite necessary to read it many times
2.动名词作宾语有两种状况。
一是有些动词只能后接动名词作宾语；二是有些动词既可后接动名词也可后接不定式作宾语。
①只能后接动名词作宾语的动词，常见的有avoid，consider，enjoy，keep，finish，suggest，dislike，delay，escape，cannot help，imagine，mind，miss，practise，cannot stand，cannot help等。如：
1)I can’t avoid going．我不能不去。
2) Have you considered looking for one special friend？你是否考虑过找一位挚友?
这类动词还有：excuse，fancy，give up，put off，risk等。
②既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词，常见的有：begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer，by，mean，forget，remember，hate等。
A．在like，love，hate，prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同，只是侧重点有些不同，动名词表示泛指的动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。
B．在begin/start，continue之后，用动名词和不定式，意义无甚区分，尤其是当主语是人的时候。
C．在动词forget，remember，regret之后，用动名词与不定式意义不同。动名词表示动作先于谓语发生，不定式表示后于谓语动作，如：
I remember posting the letter．
我记得我已把信寄了。
2) I’ll remember to post the letter．
我会记着去寄信的。
D．在try，mean之后，意义各不相同，如try to do (设法)，try doing (试试)，mean to do (打算，有意要做)，mean doing (意思是，意味着)。如：
1) We must try to get everything done in time．我们必需设法准时把一切搞好。
2)Let’s try doing the working in some other way．我们用别的方法做这工作试试。
．动词+介词+动名词，如：
1) I insist on taking proper food fort his expedition．我坚持为这次出行带足需要的食物。
下列短语中的to都是介词，所以后面跟名词或-ing形式：devote to，object to，pay attention to，get down to，lead to, look forward to，stick to，be used to等
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