名词性从句思维导图讲课稿.docx

名词性从句思维导图名词性从句思维导图表一：主语从句表一：主语从句表一：主语从句（1） 由连词that引导的主语从句。That you will win the medal seems unlikely. 你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。That she survived the accident is a miracle. 她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹（2） 用连接代词或连接副词或 whether 引导的主语从句。Which of them escaped from the prison is still a mystery. 他们哪一个是从监狱里逃跑的，仍然是个谜。 When they will come hasnt been made pubic. 他们什么时候来还不知道。 Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much. 她来不来都无关紧要。（3） 用关系代词引导的主语从句。 What you need is more practice. 你所需要的是更多的训练。 Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet. 两强相争勇者胜。 Whatever we do is to serve the people. 我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。固定用法和译法固定用法和译法（1） It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is good news that 是好消息 It is a question that 是个问题 It is common knowledge that 是常识 类似的名词还有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise等。 It is a mystery to me how it all happened. 这一切是怎么发生的是个谜。 It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. 鲸鱼不是鱼，这是常识。 It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game. 鲍勃会赢得这场比赛，这不足为奇。（2） It is +形容词+从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is clear that 很清楚 It is likely that 很可能 It is important that 重要的是 类似的形容词还有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc. It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in industry. 很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。 It is doubtful whether she will be able to come. 她是否能来令人怀疑。 It is essential that he should be here by the weekend . 周末之前，他应该到这里是必要的。 It seems obvious that we can not go on like this. 很明显我们不能这样下去了。（3） It is +过去分词+从句 It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证明 It must be proved that 必须指出 类似的过去分词还有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc. It is thought that he is the best player. 大家都认为他是最好的选手。 It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars. 过去一直认为新星是由于两颗星星之间碰撞产生的。 It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic. 还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车（4） It +不及物动词+从句 It seems that 好像是 It happened that 碰巧 It follows that 由此可见 It has turned out that 结果是 类似的不及物动词还有：seem, appear, occur, follow, happen, turn out, etc. It turned out that nobody remembered the address. 结果是无人记得那个地址。 It now appears that they are in urgent need of help. 看起来他们急需帮助。 It does not matter if I missed my train, because there is another later. 没有赶上这趟火车没有关系，稍晚还有一趟。 （当“及物动词 + 宾语”较短时，也可用这种结构。）例如：It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was. 让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。 It does not interest me whether you go or not. 我对你去不去不感兴趣。 It +某些固定结构+ 主语从句。例如：It doesnt make too much difference （It doesnt make any difference / It doesnt alter the situation），whether it rains or not . 下不下雨都没有多大关系。 It does not make any difference whether it rains or not . 下不下雨没什么分别。 It does not make the least difference to me what you do. 对我来说你做什么都无关紧要。 Is it of much consequence to you that Mr. Wang has failed to do it ? 王先生没有做成这件事对你有什么重要影响吗？3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how， 它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。表二：宾语从句表二：宾语从句表二：宾语从句一、宾语从句的连接词1. 连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。eg. He knew （that） he should work hard.2. 连词if 、whether，它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下3种情况只能用whether：a.在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.b.在介词前：It depends on（依靠） whether it is going to rain.c.与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.eg. Tom dont know if/whether his grandpa liked the present. He asked me whether or not I was coming.3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how， 它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。二、宾语从句的语序陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。Can you tell me who do we have to see?（）Can you tell me who we have to see?（ ）The teacher asked the students what they were doing. （ ）陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” She said she would leave a message on the desk.一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him. I asked him where the tickets are.三、时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）eg. I thought （that） you are free today. （）I thought （that） you would be free today. （ ）【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。eg. The teacher told us （that） the earth moves around the sun.四、注意宾语从句的语气1. 宾语从句一般用陈述语气，但是，当主句的谓语动词为advise, insist(坚决主张), suggest(建议), require, request, order, ask(要求)等表示请求、命令、要求、主张意义的动词时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气，即用“should+动词原形”(should往往可以省略)。she insisted that he (should) go there with her. 她坚决要求他跟她一起去那儿。The doctor suggested that she (should) take more exercise every day. 医生建议她每天多进行锻炼。2. 但当insist表示“坚持说”，suggest表示“暗示、表明”，ask表示“问”时，宾语从句用陈述语气He insisted that he didnt steal her watch. 他坚持说他没有偷她的手表。His smile suggested that he did well in the interview. 他的微笑表明他面试得很好。3. 动词wish 后的宾语从句也要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用过去式(针对现在情况而言)、过去完成时(针对过去情况而言)或用“would / should / could / might +动词原形”(针对将来情况而言)。I wish I were a bird. 我希望我是一只鸟。I wish we lived on the moon now. 我希望我们现在住在月亮上。五、注意宾语从句的否定问题当否定宾语从句时，一般直接对从句的谓语动词进行否定。I know that he wont tell a lie to us. 我知道他不会对我们说谎。He said he hadnt been to america before. 他说他以前没有去过美国。但是，当主句的谓语动词为think, believe, suppose, imagine 等，若时态为一般现在时，谓语动词前又没有副词修饰时，宾语从句的否定应该转移到主句的谓语动词上。如：I dont think that he will come to help us today. 我想他今天不会来帮我们的忙了。表三： 表语从句定义在一个复合句中其表语部分是一个句子，这个当表语的句子就是表语从句。表语从句位于连系动词之后。表三： 表语从句表三： 表语从句连系动词1.be 动词2. 感官动词look“看起来像是” smell“闻起来” sound“听起来” taste“尝起来” feel “摸起来，给感觉”3. 表变化的词seem,“似乎，好像” appear,“显得，看起来好像” keep, “保持的状态” remain,“仍是”stay“保持（某种状态）” prove “证明是” get“变成，变得起来” fall“进入（某种状态）grow“渐渐变得起来，长得” turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）go “变成（某种坏的状态） become “变成，成为（好坏均可的情况） come “变成为（已知的状态）等(1) that和whether引导的表语从句That仅起连接作用，无意义，whether意为“是否”，在从句中也不充当任何成分。1. The fact is that he doesnt really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。2. The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。【注意】1. 当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不用because。e.g. The reason why he was late was that he missed the train.(虚线部分是定语从句)3. whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。4. 主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等.(2)连接代词what, which,who,whom,whose等1. That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的事情。（what在复合句中连接主句跟从句，意思是事情，在从句中作宾语）2. That is what is called UFO.那个就是被叫做UFO的东西。（what意为东西，在从句中作主语）3. The dress is which I buy for my mom.这件礼服是我买给我妈妈。（which意思是那件，在句子中作宾语。4. The question is who (m) we should trust. 问题是我们应当相信谁。（who意思是谁，那个人，在句子中作宾语）5. The girl is whose leggs got hurt during the earthiquake. 那个女孩就是脚在地震中受伤的人。(whose意为什么人的，在从句中作定语)（3）连接副词连接副词有when, where, how, why等1. That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。2. Thats where I first met her. 那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。3. The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。4. Thats why he didnt come. 这就是他没有来的缘故。（4）其他连接词以及短语1）由as if / as though引导 as if / as though表示好像的意思，Now it was as though she had known Millie for years. 现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。2）由 because, why引导的表语从句Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。(Thats because.强调原因) Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。(Thats why.强调结果) what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。注意1. 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。（）The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. （）The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 2. 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。（） The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.（ ）The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.（ ） It looked as if he had understood this question.3. 不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。（ ）The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.（ ） The question is why he cried yesterday.4. that在表语从句中不可以省掉。5. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用should+动词原形 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion, order, proposal, plan, idea等。 e.g.：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。表四： 同位语从句表四同位语从句表四同位语从句定义同位语从句用于对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以由whether 以及连接代词和连接副词引导。常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, promise, doubt, thought, message, words 消息information, wish, answer, evidence, report, explanation,suggestion, conclusion，possibility等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。l have no idea when he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。 We heard the news that our team had won.我们听到消息说我们队赢了。Have you any idea what time it starts?你知道什么时候开始吗?It is a question how he did it.那是一个他如何做的问题。【注意】whether可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气should+动词原形They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.他们面对废除这个税的要求。They expressed the wish that she accept the award.他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。引导词引导词从属连词从属连词that无词义，在从句中不担任句子成分，有时可省略。主语从句It is important that we should learn English well. 宾语从句He told us (that) he felt ill.The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. 表语从句The fact is that we have lost the game.同位语从句The news that we won the game is exciting. whether/ ifas if if/whether, as if虽有词义，但在从句中不作句子成分。 主语从句Whether he will accept the invitation remains a secret. 宾语从句Attitude determines whether/if people are successful and able to enjoy life.Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 表语从句It looks as if it is going to rain. 同位语从句He was tortured(折磨) by the doubt whether he would accept their presents.连接代词 whatwhichwhowhomwhose 有词义，在从句中作成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 主语从句Who will win the match is still unknown. 宾语从句She wondered what he had done. 表语从句Thats just what I want. 同位语从句The question who should do the work requires consideration.表五：考点梳理表五：考点梳理表五：考点梳理【考点一】考查名词性从句的引导词“一分二划三看”三步法“一分”即分清从句类型：即分清从句是哪一种名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）“二划”即划分出从句“三看”即看从句句意是否完整：1. 句意不完整缺连接代词：指人时，用who, whoever（作主语）；whom, whomever（作宾语）;指物时，用what, whatever（作主语、宾语）；which, whichever（作主语、宾语）。2. 句意完整缺连接副词：指时间时，用when；指地点时，用where, wherever；指原因时，用why；指方式时，用how。3. 句意完整缺不作成分的连词:有含义的用if, whether（是否）；无含义的用that。【考点二】考查名词性从句的语序问题在名词性从句中，除了关联词在从句句首外，其他部分应用陈述语序。而考生们往往使用疑问语序，特别是在以wh引导的名词性从句中。克服这个问题的关键是要找准从句的主语。在试题的设置上会通过宾语从句、表语从句的语序来考查，尤其是一些与特殊疑问句有关的宾语从句或表语从句。 These shoes look very good. I wonder _.A. how much cost they are B. how much do they cost C. how much they cost D. how much are they cost解析：选C。根据题干中的及物动词wonder可知,how much引导宾语从句，而名词性从句要用陈述语序，故排除疑问语序的B、D两项;A项可以改为how much they cost或how much they are worth。故选C项。【考点三】考查宾语从句中的否定转移否定转移主要针对宾语从句。在宾语从句中，当谓语动词是think/believe/suppose/imagine/guess/expect/consider等表示“认为、相信、猜测”意义的词，并且主语是第一人称，时态是一般现在时，形式上是否定主句谓语动词的否定词，实际上否定的是宾语从句。在反意疑问句中，其中的附加问句要与从句保持一致，而且要把否定词转移到从句中去。I dont believe he treated the child like that, did he?Im sure youd rather she went to school by bus, _?A. hadnt you B. wouldnt you C. arent I D. didnt she解析：选B。题干中的be sure同believe, 而且句子的主语是第一人称，时态是一般现在时，所以附加问句（反意疑问句）与从句保持一致。【考点四】考查形式主语、形式宾语当主语从句较长，而谓语较短时，为了避免“头重脚轻”，常常将从句后置，而用it作形式主语，置于句首。动词后接复合宾语，也可用it作形式宾语。不能用this或that来代替it。It is a pity that he cant attend the party.We consider it necessary that he should improve his grammar.(that不可以省略)_ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It解析：选D。分析题干可知，it作形式主语，代替真正的主语 that从句。【考点五】考查名词性从句中虚拟语气的运用 (1)主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句都会涉及到虚拟语气，一些表示建议、要求、命令的动词，如insist（坚持）/suggest （建议）/order（命令）/request（要求、请求）/require（要求）/recommend(建议)/urge(催促,力劝)等后的宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即“should+do（动词原形）”，其中的should可以省略。对应的名词作主语跟表语从句，或对应的名词跟同位语从句，也要用虚拟语气。但是如果有其他意义则例外，如suggest表示“暗示”时,所跟的宾语从句就用陈述语气。The teacher suggested that we (should) have a rest.It is suggested that he should adapt himself to new conditions.My suggestion that he should adapt himself to new conditions hasnt been accepted.My suggestion is that we (should) read English newspapers to improve our English.(2)主语从句中的某些句型，如Its necessary/essential/strange/apity/a shame/no wonder；Its (high) time that .等句型中也常用虚拟语气，构成形式也是“should+动词原形”。It is necessary that we should master a foreign language.It is high time that the children should go to school.(should不可以省略)表六： 难点表六： 难点【难点一】that的省略问题用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确I believe _ you have done your best and _ things will get better解析：that在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位从句时，一般不省略。在引导宾语从句时,that可以省略。当由两个that引导的从句作同一个动词的宾语时，第二个that不可省。故第一个空可填that，也可不填;第二空填that。下列情况that不可省略： 当that作介词宾语时，that不可省略。 The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. 当宾语从句被it替代时，that不可省略。 She has made it clear that she will have nothing to do with the decision.当that引导的宾语从句中的状语紧靠that时，或that从句中含有主从复合句时，that不可省略。Im sure that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. 有插入语或其他成分把宾语从句和主句分开时，that不可省略。 He thinks, Im afraid, that he is always right. 当that引导的宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时，that不可省略。 They said that rubbing the girls leg might help. 从句的主语是that时，that不可省略。 She says that that is a real gold ring. 【难点二】whether与if用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确The question _ he will go or not has not been decided. Please let me know _ you want to go.解析：whether可以引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，而if不可以。在引导宾语从句时whether可以与or not直接连用，或是作介词宾语，但是if不可以。所以第题填whether;第题填whether或if皆可。只能使用whether的情形如下： 主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句中只能用whether。1.Whether he will succeed is still unknown 2.The question is whether it will rain. 介词后的宾语从句中只用whether。 That depends on whether they will come by bus. 后面直接跟动词不定式时只用whether。 He doesnt know whether to stay or not. 宾语从句中既可用whether也可用if引导，但是若后面紧接or not时，只能用whether。We