专四真题语法分析讲课讲稿.doc

专四真题语法分析

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反义疑问句. 前肯后否，前否后肯
陈述句+附加疑问句
一疑问部分的主语
1. 当陈述句部分的主语是everything, something, nothing 等指物的合成词是，疑问句主语用it.
Everything is arranged in a good order, isn’t it?

1-1 当陈述句主语部分是everyone, everybody, somebody, nobody, no one 等指人的合成词的时候，疑问句主语在正式语体中用he, 非正式语体中用 they
Someone has broken the glass, isn’t he?
No one knows the history of this Museum, do they?

2. 当陈述部分是there be 句式， 附加疑问句的主语也用there.
There’s something wrong, isn’t there?
There used to be a petrol station near the park, ______?
Answer: didn’t there?/ usedn’t there?
----当陈述句部分的谓语是used to时， 疑问句部分用didn’t +主语或者usedn’t +主语

3.当陈述部分的主语是不定式，动名词，从句或this /that 时，疑问句部分的主语通常用it.
Seeing is believing, isn’t it?
This is not as beautiful as that, isn’t it?

4.当陈述部分的主语是时不定代词one时，疑问句部分的主语可以用one(正式)或者you(非正式)
One can not survive without water, can you/one?

5.-1当陈述句部分是主从复合句，附加疑问句部分一般与主句的主语和谓语动词一致。
If you had come yesterday, you might have seen him, mightn’t you?
5-2但，当陈述部分的主句是第一人称+think， believe， suppose， suspect， except等结构是，附加疑问句往往与宾语从句中的主语和谓语保持对应关系，但是要注意否定的转移，I don’t think he will arrive here in time, will he?
5-3而该主语为非第一人称时，附加疑问句应与主句一致.(和5-1差不多)
They don’t believe she’s an engineer, do they?

二 特殊反意疑问句
1. 祈使句中的附加问句。
1-1 “祈使句+附加疑问句”构成的附加疑问句中，疑问句一般用will you, won’t you, would you; 否定的祈使句之后的附加疑问句只可用will you.
Sit down, won’t you?
Be quiet, would you?
Don’t move the CD, will you?
When you have finished with that video tape, don’t forget to put it in my drawer, will you?
1-2 在以Let’s开头的祈使句之后，附加疑问句用shall we.
Let’s go shopping, shall we?

2.当陈述部分含有以下含有否定意义的词： few little seldom hardly rarely never not no no one nobody nothing none neither, 疑问句需要用肯定结构
Few people know him, do they?
He seldom gives his wife a present, hasn’t/doesn’t he?

3.当陈述句部分带有“有”含义的动词have/has/had， 附加疑问句部分既可以用have/ has/had, 也可以用do/ does/did, 如果含义不是有，则必须用do/does/did.
You had breakfast, didn’t you?
He has a good memory, hasn’t /doesn’t he?

4.当陈述部分是I am 结构，疑问句部分在正式场合用am I not, 非正式口语中用aren’t I.
I’m lat, am I not/ aren’t I?

5.陈述部分是I wish 句式，表示询问或者征求意见时，疑问句部分用May I?
I wish to shake hand with you, may I?

6. 陈述句部分含有情态动词时，附加疑问句部分助动词的选择：
陈述句部分含有ought to, 附加疑问句部分用ought 或should.
We ought to go there, oughtn’t /shouldn’t we?
陈述句部分含有Used to 附加疑问句部分用used 或did
He used to smoke forty cigarettes a day, usedn’t/didn’t he?
陈述句部分含有Need/dare附加疑问句部分用need/dare. 当dare/ need为实义动词时，疑问部分用do/does/did/.
He dare not say so, dare he?
She doesn’t dare to go home alone, dose he?
陈述句部分含有must 时附加疑问句部分通常用must, 但如must作“有必要”解释时，也可以用needn’t, 表示一定，肯定推测意义时， 也可以根据上下文用其他动词
He must have waited here for a long time, hasn’t he?
You must have to got up late this morning, didn’t you?

倒装（Inversion）与省略
1 完全倒装。
将整个谓语动词或者整个谓语部分都放在主语前面时，称为完全倒装。使用完全倒装的情况有：
（1） 以here, there, now, then, from, out, in , down, up, away, on等副词开头的句子，且谓语动词都属于表示移动的含义，主语为名词时，如：
There followed a long silence.
Now come the long-waited guests.
From the distance came occasional shots.
Out rushed a tiger.
注意：如果上述情况中主语为代词，则句子不必倒装。如
Out he rushed.
Here he came.

(2) 地点状语置于句首，且主语为名词时。此类居中的谓语动词大多都是表示走动或者状态的不及物动词，go, come, stand, sit, lie等
Under the tree sat an old wrinkled man.
At the door stood a girl about the same height as mine

(3) 表语放在句首以加强语气时，主语要放在be动词后面形成完全倒装。
Below is the blue ocean.

(4) 有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词，过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装。
Standing t the door is a charming girl.
To be carefully considered are the following questions.

2 部分倒装
指将助动词置于主语前，谓语其余部分置于主语后是部分倒装。下列情况使用部分倒装：
(1)否定词及含有否定意义的副词或者词组置于句首时hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, seldom, nowhere, no sooner…than, hardly/ barely/scarcely… when, not until…, at no time决不, by no means, on no account,决不 in no way, in no case, on no condition, in/under no circumstances等.
---no sooner…than…/ hardly…when引导时间状语从句,主句用过去完成时,"than"后面的从句用一般过去时.
In no way am I responsible for what has happened.
No sooner had the bell rung than the students rushed out of the classroom.

（2）以Only修饰状语开头的句子，要部分倒装。
Only last week did they get married.
Only if I get a job will I have enough money to get the camera.
Only if both sides accept the agreement will a lasting peace to be established in this region.
注意:only属于主语的一部分时，不可用倒装结构。
Only a few people understood his point.

(3)以下列副词或者短语开头的句子，句子要部分倒装： so, such, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point.
Such was the weather that I could not go out.
To such a degree did the story touch me that I took notes of it.

(4)句首为so, nor, neither等副词，表明前句说明的情况也适用于该句，句子通常要部分倒装。
He didn’t say anything. No/Neither did his assistant.
People in Britain rest two days a week. So do Chinese.
注意当so放在句首只是对对方所述的内容表示肯定时，不用倒装
Tom wants to complete the important. So he does.

(5) 虚拟条件句可以省略连词if,把从句中的助动词（ were, should/might或had）移至主语前面，形成部分倒装。
Had you been here (If you had been) last night, you would have met her.
Be any person (If any person be ) guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
Were I you (if I were you) , I would go to look for him.

(6) AS 和though 引导的让步状语从句中通常用倒装结构， 把句中的表语，状语，谓语动词放在句首。
Small as it is, an atom can still be seen.
Sick as she was, she came to work.
Much as he needed for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from bank.

二 省略
1. 并列句中，如果后面句子和前面句子有相同的成分，往往都会省略，以避免重复。
To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard.
I guess Lisa will dance in the party but Jane won’t.
The central provinces have floods in some years, and drought in others.
This may preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals (from being) hunted in Africa

2.复合句中从句的句尾和主句想重复时，从句的句尾部分可以省略。
Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won’t ( sweep the floor)
He may leave if he wishes to (leave)

3.在以if, when, though, although, as, as if, 等连词引导的从句中，如果从句中主要动词是be, 可将主语和动词be 省去
He is very good at dancing, though (he is ) very old.
When (he was) asked about the advertising campaign of the new product, the manager said it was a great success.
This is an illness that can result in total blindness, if left untreated.

4.用do, so, do so, mot等替代居中的一部分。
4-1 do代替主动词，如
Laura looks very happy. She always used to do ( look very happy), I remember.

4-2 do so 替代谓语结构，有时可以和do that, do it 交替使用。
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so/that/it.

4-3 so+助动词+主语，该结构中的主语与前一句的主语指代不同的对象，表示…..也是如此。
I was tired, and so were they.
They want to see the famous basketball match and so do I.

4-4 so+主语+助动词 该结构中的主语指的就是前一句话中的主语，表示说话人认同对方的看法，意为 可不是嘛，的确如此
They will win the championship, so they will.

4-5 so 或not 可代替that 从句，常与I’m afraid, expect,fear, guess, hope, suppose, think等词语搭配。
Is he coming? I believe so/ I hope not.

4-6 So 与 not 可用来代替if 后面的从句。
Have you got a free evening next week? If so, let’s have dinner, if not, I’m going without you.

虚拟语气
一 IF 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气
由if引导的非真实条件句表示对现在、过去、将来的事实进行假设时， 主句与从句中位于动词的形式可以分为以下三类
假设类型
条件从句的谓语动词形式
主句谓语动词形式
与现在事实相反
动词过去式（be用were）
Should/would/ could/might+动词原形If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.
过去
Had+过去分词
Should/would/could/might/+have+过去分词
If he had been taken to hospital in time, he would have had a chance to survive.
将来
动词过去式，（should+）动词原形，were to+动词原形
Should/would/could/might+动词原形If there should be a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.

2.省略if 的虚拟条件句的用法
在虚拟条件句中，如果从句中有were, had 或 should 等词时，可将if省去，把were, had 或should等提到主语前，引起倒装。如果没有则不可以
Had it not been for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.
Should you have further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice.

3.错综时间虚拟条件句
If they had invited me, I would go with them now.
Would you be surprised if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?

二介词或介词短语表示虚拟条件
Without(没有) but for(要不是) in the absence of (如果没有) were it not for(要是没有) but that(若不是)
But for their help, we could not have finished the work on time.
Without electricity, there would not be modern industry.
In the absence of gravity, there would be no air around the earth.

三 宾语从句中的虚拟语气。
1. wish 引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气主要形式为：
对现在的假设，从句谓语动词一般为过去式（be用were）
对过去的假设，从句的谓语动词用had+过去分词/ could/would have+过去分词
对未来的愿望时，从句的谓语动词用 would/could/might+动词原形
Sometimes I wish I lived in a different time and a different place.
I wish I were as strong as you.
He didn’t go to the party, but he does wish he had been there.
I wish prices would come down.

2. had hoped 表示过去没有实现的愿望，意为“本来想要，但愿”，其后的宾语从句用would+动词原形 表示虚拟
I had hope that I wouldn’t bare you by talking about my children.

3. would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well, would prefer之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气表示愿望，意为 宁愿，但愿。
表示对现在或将来的愿望： would rather/sooner+主语+动词过去时（be 动词用were）
表示对过去的愿望 ： would rather/sooner+ 主语+动词过去完成时
I would rather I had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
I would rather/ sooner you came tomorrow.

4. 在表示命令，建议或要求等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气，谓语形式为 “should+动词原形” 这类词包括： ask, advise, request, commend, decide determine, insist, intend, prefer, propose, order, recommend, imagine
I suggested that you should try to understand him
They demanded that the aggressor troops should be withdrawn immediately.

四 主语从句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气用于主语从句中的常见结构是” “It is +形容词/名词/过去分词+ that 引导的主语从句” 主语从句的谓语动词为should+动词原形。

形容词： advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fundamental, imperative,命令的 important, necessary, proper, urgent, vital
名词： a pity, a shame, no wonder that
过去分词： arranged, desired, requested, suggested, recommended, required, demanded.

It is highly desirable that a new president should be appointed for this college.

五： 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议，命令，主张，目的，愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中常用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式（should）+动词原形
这类名词包括： suggestion, proposal, requirement, order, demand, decision, advice, desire, idea, importance, instruction, necessity, motion, preference, recommendation, resolution, request.
His desire is that he should be buried next to his wife.
The suggestion that the mayor should present was accepted by everyone.

六状语从句中的虚拟语气
1.在as if 或as though 引导的方式状语从句中，若从句中的内容并非现实，则需要虚拟语气
表示从句与主句动作同时发生，从句谓语用were 或动词过去时
表示从句动作可能在将来发生，从句谓语动词用 would/could+ 动词原形
表示从句谓语的动作发生在主句动作之前， 从句谓语用“ had+过去分词”
It seems as if it was (were) spring already.
It seems as if he would recover.
It seems as if she had been to England.
注意 as if 引导方式状语从句时，如果说话人对从句表达的内容比较有把握，则用陈述语气。
It looks as if it is going to rain.

2. Even if 的虚拟和if一样
Even though 不用虚拟
Even if he were my brother, I would not trust him
Even though he is my brother, I don’t trust him

3. 在 whatever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh- 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 may+动词原形（指现在或将来） 或“ may+完成式（指过去）”， 主句结构不限。
I will be waiting for him no matter how late he may come.

4.在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句的虚拟语气结构为“should+动词原形”，主句结构不限。
Although/ Though he should often be late, he is a good student.

5. lest, in case, for fear that “以防，万一，唯恐” 引导的目的状语从句常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should+动词原形。 Lest, for fear that 从句中的should可以省去， incase从句中的should通常不可以省略，但是in case引导的从句可以用陈述语气
He took the raincoat with him lest it rain.
I obeyed her lest she be angry
I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb you
In case he comes, let me know(陈述语气)

七 其他句型中的虚拟语气
1. It is (high/about) time 结构
在It is (high/about) time that 后面跟虚拟语气，谓语动词通常用一般过去式，有时也用 should +动词原形，意为 该是干。。。的时候了
It is high time that we went home now
注意： It’s the first/second/third time that…表示一种经历，that从句要使用完成时态
It’s the fifth time that he has rung you in a week.
That was not the first time he had betrayed us. I think it’s high time we took strong actions against him

2. If only 引导的感叹句表示“ 但愿，要是…就好了” 其用法和wish基本相同 。
If only he were here.
If only I had not been busy yesterday!
If only you would listen to our advice.

3. intend/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或 had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般按时虚拟语气，表示“本打算、计划、想要”
I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.

时态和语态
一般现在时simple present tense
do does
一般过去时simple past tense
did
一般将来时 simple future tense
will/shall do

现在进行时
present progressive
am/is/are doing
过去进行时
was/were doing
将来进行时
will/ shall be doing

现在完成时
has/ have done
过去完成时
had done
将来完成时
will/ shall have done
现在完成进行时
has/have been doing
过去完成进行时
had been doing
将来完成进行时
will/shall have been doing

6.时态的一致（sequence of tense)
再复合句，从句主要时宾语从句中的时态，常常受主句谓语动词的影响
6-1 如果主句的谓语动词为现在时或将来时，从句中的谓语动词该用什么时态就用什么时态
She knows you have been in Beijing for eight years
Can you tell me when you finished/will finished the work?
6-2 如果主句中的谓语动词为一般过去时，从句中的谓语动词要用过去相关的时态
如果从句中动作与主句动作同时发生，从句中必须用一般过去时或过去进行时
在主句动作之前， 从句用过去完成时。
后， 从句用过去将来时。
Lucy said she was busy then(同时）
I did’t know that she had been to Paris twice. 之前
They did’t know when they would have a rest. 之后
The student said there were a few points in the essay he had found impossible comprehend.

状语从句
如果一个从句用作状语，功能相当于副词并修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，那么这就是状语从句
一 时间状语从句 Adverbial Clause of Time
1. 引导时间状语从句的常用连词有
连词： after, as, before, once, since, till, not until, as soon as, when, whenever (no matter when) while, as long as, no sooner… than…, hardly/ scarcely/barely…when…
副词：immediately, directly, instantly
名词短语： the moment， the minute, the instant, the second, everytime等
介词短语： by the time等

Tom had scarcely/hardly/ seen me when/before he left the room.
Directly I received your letter, I came back at once.
Each time he came to Shanghai, he would call on me.
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.

2. 在 no sooner… than…和 scarcely/barely/hardly… when (刚…就…）结构中，若把no sooner, scarcely, hardly, barely 放句首，需要用倒装结构. 主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
Hardly had I set down when he stepped in.

3. 由till 或until 引导的时间状语从句。
till 和until 一般情况下两者可以互换，但时从句位于句首时，只能用until, 强调句型中多用until. 为“it is not until…that…” 如果主句中的谓语动词时shunjian动词时，必须用否定形式，如果主句中的谓语动词时延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但在肯定句中，表示 直到。。。为止， 在否定句中表示 直到。。。才
I didn’t go to bed until/till my father came back.
It was no until the meeting was over that he made a call to his wife. 直到散会之后，他才打了个电话给妻子。
please wait until i finished the book 请等到我看完这本书为止。

二 地点状语从句
1. 地点状语从句可由下列引导词引导： where， wherever, everywhere, anywhere 等。
Put in articles where it is necessary in the following passages.
Wherever he went, he was warmly welcome.
2.有时，where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面。
Where there is a will, there is a way
Where there is water, there is life.

三 条件状语从句
1. 条件状语从句（adverbial clause of condition) 的引导词有 if, unless, only if只要, if only,（但愿。。。就好了）， as/so long as(只要), provided/ providing that (假如) ,suppose/supposing that( 假如）， on condition that(条件是。。。）in the event that(倘若)， in case that(万一）
If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.
I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.
She will go unless it rains tomorrow.
Supposing that his words should prove to be true, what you have reported would be false.

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